Russian muchina-kuvaka dzakaoma

Machine-kuvaka zvakaoma kuva nezvevamwe maindasitiri, zvigadzirwa izvo zvakasiyana michina uye zvigadziriswe. Uyezve, kunoratidzwa paumbwe ukama chaizvo kunzwisisa.

Machine kunzwisisa ane chimiro iri rakakura, rinosanganisira yakananga zvokuimba engineering rwekushanda nesimbi. Products kunzwisisa ichi kukonzera iri Implementation azvino nebudiriro nesayenzi yemazuva uye ano. Uye ichi ichokwadi kuti zvose nzvimbo upfumi.

The nemamiriro okugadzira bhora

Ichi chikuru kunzwisisa indasitiri rinopa zvose munyika upfumi zviridzwa uye michina. Nokuti vagari inobereka zvakasiyana siyana hazvo. The muchina-kuvaka zvakaoma inosanganisira kugadziriswa michina uye michini, uyewo zvesimbi. Mamirire nokuti iye ndiye kudzamisa ari specialization okuwana uye kuramba kuwedzera kuri kuitwa mabasa.

Sechivako muchina-kuvaka yakaoma rinosanganisira pamusoro pamatavi makumi manomwe. Zvose dzikarongwa maererano wemapoka zvigadzirwa, kufanana kwakaita pezvakaitwa uye mhando mbishi zvakashandiswa.

Sechivako muchina-chivako dzakaoma zvinosanganisira:

1. Power inoremerwa indasitiri. Izvi zvinosanganisira kugadzirwa simba, zvinhu kukurukurwa uye migodhi, kudhinda uye midziyo zvenyukireya, ngoro, turbino- uye locomotive chivakwa.
2. Machine, riri basa kugadzira nekuve muchina Ezvemutauro.
3. Transport engineering, izvo zvinosanganisira indasitiri kuti pagadzirwe mota uye zvikepe, uyewo akarondedzera avhiyesheni uye Aerospace munda.
4. Tractor uye purazi machine.
5. Zvishandiso, zvemagetsi engineering zvemagetsi goho, vakatenda kuti yakarurama zvokuimba mapurani.
6. Nyaya michina uye midziyo zvokudya uye chiedza indasitiri.

Kunze pamusoro dzakabatana zvinosanganisira zviduku youinjiniya yakaoma simbi, rinopfungaira kugadzirwa uye kuroorana simbi. Izvi zviri kuitwa foundries. nzvimbo idzi dziri panguva mumuchina kana panguva unyanzvi mabhizimisi. Inobereka tsika, vachikanda, nokuchengetedza weldments.

rinorema ouinjiniya

zvirimwa zvose zvinosanganisirei indasitiri ino, dzinoratidzwa yakakwirira simbi rinodyiwa. Panguva iyoyo zvavanokupai zvakakodzera michina uye kwemashoko zvebhizimisi chokuita migodhi uye zvemakemikari, migodhi, mafuta uye simba uye metallurgia zvivako.

Heavy michini miti vari zvinoriumba, nhengo (somuenzaniso, simbi mabhanzi nokuti tikaisa zvigayo), uyewo vakagadzirira akagadzirwa midziyo (turbines, boilers, Vacheri, midziyo remigodhi). Sezvo chikamu indasitiri pane gumi Sub-sectors. Pakati pavo, unonyatsoruramisa, kufamba, mabhomba, kudhinda, migodhi uye metallurgia engineering, uyewo dizele-, ngoro, emagetsi uye bhaira kuvakwa.

The chepamusorosoro kukosha zvigadzirwa iri rinorema michina indasitiri yakabereka kugadzirwa metallurgia michina. Vari vakapakata yemagetsi simbi uye kwebhosvo yamavira, uye sinter zvirimwa. The kudhura uye siyana zvokushandisa nokupwanya uye tikaisa kugadzirwa.

Products pakuchera michini emakambani vari dzakabatana dzinoshandiswa nokuda ubanguranyika uye kugadzirwa (akazaruka uye namahwindo netsika), vapfume uye nekuodza zvicherwa ane hwakasimba marongerwo. Izvi zvinosanganisira kurapwa mvura uye migodhi anosanganisa, achifamba uye mumugomo-nemavhiri Vacheri. Similar midziyo inoshandiswa musi asiri ferrous uye ferrous simbi, marasha uye makemikari Mazinga uyewo kugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvokuvakisa.

Great zvoupfumi kukosha kuti National zvoupfumi ane zvigadzirwa kugadzirwa nevanhu kumusoro-uye-zvifambiso mapurani. Pashure pezvose, pamwe midziyo yakadai vanhu vanenge mamiriyoni mashanu kushanda Russia. Izvi Sub-kwemauto yakabereka zvemagetsi uye panhongonya Cranes, conveyor uye mira conveyors, uyewo zvokushandisa Comprehensive Mechanisation kuti yokuchengetera zvinhu nzvimbo.

Kugadzirwa nengoro, locomotive chivako chiri chakagadzirirwa pengarava chokufambisa bhora zvakakodzera nokuti. Izvi Sub-kwemauto nyaya uye urongwa kufamba zvakakodzera kuti njanji nomoto, tichigadzira, chando kubviswa uye mamwe basa.

Kana turbine kuvaka, chikuru chinangwa chayo kushongedzera zvinodiwa midziyo kuti simba zvekutepfenyura hwenyika. Zvigayo izvi subsector magungano dziripo hydraulic uye zvenyukireya, chafariz simba zvinomera uye gasi turbine. Iye ndiye zvokushandisa huru gasi mapaipi uye wedzerai jekiseni, compression uye marara ose aggregates wakashandiswa petroleum nezvinhu zvemakemikari Mazinga, uyewo ferrous uye vasiri ferrous simbi.

renyukireya ouinjiniya miti dzidzira kweShanduro zvakasiyana-siyana zvokushandisa simba renyukireya zvinomera. Pamazita Izvi zvinosanganisira uye tangi reactors.
Shoma Vhoriyamu okuwana anosiyana rokudhinda muchini. emakambani zvayo conveyors nokuda vaidhinda, yokudhinda uye zvichingodaro. D.

muchina-turusi kuvaka

The indasitiri pave muchina-kuvaka dzakaoma:

- rwekushanda nesimbi turusi;
- wokudhinda-nokuchengetedza midziyo;
- Machine Ezvemutauro;
- kuveza michini.

Kuwedzera goho ose apera zvigadzirwa, zviri indasitiri ndiyewo anokonzera centralized kugadzirwa vezvikwata, kushandiswa simbi.

zvokufambisa ouinjiniya

Mumwe awo ndiwo avhiyesheni indasitiri. Nokuti kugadzirwa mishonga vachishandisa zvinhu uye zvakasiyana-siyana midziyo anobudiswa panguva emakambani zvinenge mapazi ose zvokuimba okugadzira. On the avhiyesheni indasitiri mafekitari zvinobatanidzwa kwazvo unyanzvi mainjiniya uye vashandi kugadzira zvinhu uye mutakurwi ndege. With Makambani aya vaende conveyors uye helicopters okunatsiridza siyana.

Kugadzirwa chitundumuseremusere uye nzvimbo indasitiri zviri orbital chitundumuseremusere uye ngarava aigarira uye zvinhu mhando. In pamotokari idzi, zvakakwana rinobatanidza yakakwirira rwokugadzira uye yakafara muchinjikwa sectoral Integrated kugadzirwa.

Shipbuilding indasitiri kushandiswa kwayo kugadzirwa yakawanda zvesimbi. Asi, pasinei ichi, placement kwavo rinoitwa munyika yakakura metallurgia chawo. Izvi imhaka matambudziko makuru kutakurwa apedza motokari. Shipbuilding indasitiri vava pamwe ukama mafekitari sectors vazhinji upfumi. Izvi zvinobvumira pamusoro mvura chokufambisa zvinoreva kuisa siyana zvokushandisa.

Kudeuka muchina-kuvaka indasitiri ndiyo motokari indasitiri. Regai ibereke anowana kushanda kwayo munyaya dzose National upfumi. Cars dziri kudiwa ari chitoro kutengeserana.

Tarakita uye purazi Machine

indasitiri ino kunoratidzwa specialization mumativi. In nedanho gadzira mishonga kwayo nechokuita vashoma miti inoita zvikamu nemagungano zvakasiyana siyana nzendo kwacho.

Tarakita okurima michina vakohwi kugadzirwa siyana. Izvi zvinosanganisira lnouborochnye uye anobatanidza, donje vamapepa uye Corn, mbatatisi nezvimwe michina. Yakabudiswa pamusoro indasitiri mafekitari okunatsiridza siyana mavhiri uye yakawana nematarakita anofamba.

Instrument uye Electrical Industry

The zvigadzirwa kugadzirwa kunoitwa emakambani pamatavi izvi, anosiyana zvishoma simba uye zvinhu rinodyiwa. Zvisinei, ayo kusunungurwa zvinokosha kusarudza vashandi vane unyanzvi uye tsvakurudzo netsvimbo.

Plants vanoita zvishandiso setup uye kuisa kushandisa michina michina. mabasa avo anosanganisira Software kukura, magadzirirwo uye kugadzirwa mano vezvokurapa, wachi, hofisi midziyo uye zvishandiso. zvinogadzirwa zvakadai muri mukuru rwokugadzira uye rinoshandiswa kuti otomatiki muitiro kuzvidzora uye ruzivo enyika.

At nezvinomera Russian re magetsi youinjiniya indasitiri, pari unobereka vanopfuura zviuru zana mazita zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana.

zvigadzirwa izvi vanowana kushanda kwavo zvinenge mabhora ose National upfumi. Bhuku zvigadzirwa kugadzirwa nenzira magetsi indasitiri, chinopfuura nhamba mishonga izvo zvinoitwa sectors vose rinorema ouinjiniya uwandu hwezvinhu zvose zvabatanidzwa.. The chikuru-siyana zvigadzirwa zvakadaro chinomirirwa emagetsi kune hydraulic, gasi uye chiutsi turbines uye Motors, zvemagetsi michina, transformers uye converters, electrothermal, electrofusion uye okuvimba michina.

Zvokuimba ouinjiniya zvokudya uye chiedza indasitiri

In bhora ichi okuwana anosanganisira Sub-sectors zvinobereka zvokushandisa knitting uye Whitehead Textile, shangu uye nenguvo, makushe nematehwe, zvokudya nharaunda hwenyika. Nzvimbo yomugariro miti yakadaro kunobva napedyo kuti mutengi.

Basa iri National upfumi

Kukosha muchina-kuvaka indasitiri hunokosha. Pashure pezvose, indasitiri iyi ndeimwe vaitungamirira Russian rinorema indasitiri. Panguva emakambani ane nemauto ichi anosika huru uye kupfuura tichishingaira guru pazvinhu yesangano, izvo zvinosanganisira zvokushandisa. Mukuwedzera, muchina-kuvaka kunzwisisa ine zvinokosha simba pamusoro mirayiridzo uye kumhanya okukura musayenzi uye kwesayenzi mberi, kukosha basa negoho kukura, uyewo zvimwe zvinhu zvakawanda kuti kukanganisa kunyatsoshanda okuwana.

The yose Vhoriyamu zvigadzirwa chinoitirwa Russian muchina-kuvaka yakaoma, anopfuura mumwe pavatatu zvose chinhu zvigadzirwa anobudiswa munyika. Panguva emakambani ane nemauto ichi hwenyika anoshandisa 2/5 yose inowanwa maindasitiri vashandi kugadzirwa. It akagadzawo anenge kota vose pazvinhu yesangano ose maindasitiri hunhu zvinowanikwa munyika.

Zvakakosha kuti tikoshese ouinjiniya zvakaoma muupenyu huru nzvimbo Russia. Uyezve, padanho kukura emakambani aya kunoenderana pokumuka mabhora ose National upfumi. Basa zvokuimba engineering mukuita reRussia kudzivirira kugona.

Features chokuita kuparadzira Enterprises

Russian muchina-kuvaka kunzwisisa ane paupamhi Inter-sectoral linkages. Asi mhiri kuti, inotungamirwa ichi ane vanoverengeka nemamwe zvinhu. Vanofanira kuyeuka apo rikaisa maindasitiri akasiyana mune imwe nharaunda.

Chokutanga, ivo zvokuimba ouinjiniya indasitiri zvakagadzira specialization. Nemamwe mashoko, mabhizimisi avo vari kusimbiswa pagadzirwe mumwe kana, pane vakawanda, imwe mhando mashoma zvigadzirwa. Panguva iyo pane mukuru yevasungwa. Ichi chinhu pamusoro zvokuimba engineering, kugadzirwa apera zvigadzirwa kana kuita makambani akawanda panguva imwe chete. Somuenzaniso, motokari chirimwa. zvigadzirwa ayo ndiwo chete nzira yokufambisa.

Zvakafanira kuti pagadzirwe nemotokari kana zvikamu chirimwa akadaro anogamuchira vakagadzirira akagadzirwa kubva mamwe mabhizimisi, uwandu zvinogona kuva dzakakura chaizvo. chinhu ichi ane inokosha nezvainoita placement ari muchina-kuvaka yakaoma, izvo kunokosha zvakanaka senga Links. Ndokusaka vazhinji indasitiri pakati nemauto iyi upfumi vari Volga nharaunda uye Central Russia. Zvechokwadi, munzvimbo idzi mune zvakanaka dzakabudirira chokufambisa Network.

The jogirafi of muchina-kuvaka dzakaoma weRussia, anotungamirirwa nokubudiswa kwazvo uye nzira itsva zvigadzirwa (zvemagetsi uye redhiyo injiniya), chokuita kuti kutsvakurudza zvikuru chinhu. Ndokusaka maindasitiri aya riri muMoscow, St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk, uye zvichingodaro. D. riri pedyo nenzvimbo nesayenzi hwaro zvakanaka yakatanga.

Machine-kuvaka maindasitiri, vane zvigadzirwa chokuita nemauto-inokosha chinhu, sezvo mutemo, ari pamaguta "Akanyatsovharwa". It Snezhinsk, Novouralsk, Sarov, uye vamwe. Dzimwe kurimwa riri pedo echiuto.

The muchina-kuvaka dzakaoma zvinhu kuti dzinochinja kukura kwayo, uye zvinosanganisira kuvapo chinokosha nhamba pemudonzvo vakakodzera. Saka, zvikuru basa-nyanyisa maindasitiri vanoonekwa muchina-chishandiso uye chiridzwa. Ndokusaka nezvinobvamo dzakadaro anoiswa kumatunhu pamwe chepamusorosoro wevasungwa chavagari, kuti zviri muMoscow, Voronezh, Penza, Ryazan, uye zvichingodaro. D.

Paivakwa rinorema okugadzira emakambani chakaita kuti kwavo kukuru zvokunyama rinodyiwa. Nokuti goho mumaindasitiri izvi zvinoda yakawanda nesimbi. Chete kana zvichibvira kuti ape wemari metallurgia uye simba michina. Makambani aya riri Urals (Ekaterinburg), Siberian (Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk). Izvi imhaka aivapo munharaunda idzi huru metallurgia chawo. Dzimwe nguva rinorema ouinjiniya zvebhizimisi nezvatinovavarira pamusoro kupinza mbishi zvinhu. Ivo zviripo St. Petersburg.

Kune dzimwe mhando motokari, kudiwa iyo kusangana kumatunhu mashoma. Izvi zvinoshandawo, Somuenzaniso, nematarakita anofamba pamusoro aina matanda neshinda vakohwi. imwe nzira kwakadaro hakusi nyore zvekufambisa, uye naizvozvo, zvinonzi zvakanakisisa apo pane chikonzero izvozvo.

matambudziko ruzivo

Kukura muchina rokuvaka yakaoma pamwe 90-ies wekupedzisira remakore, yave akaderedza zvikuru avo prices. Vamwe Makambani aya nyore akavhara pasi, apo vamwe akaderedza zvikuru kugadzirwa mavhoriyamu. Kunyanya kuderera kwenhamba zvinhu panguva mafekitari runobereka michina, zvokurima midziyo, uyewo zvakarurama ouinjiniya zvigadzirwa. Chii chaiva chikonzero chikuru kuti izvi? Iye akarara varombo risanyatsobuda edu, vakakoniwa kukwikwidzana pamwe kupinza zvigadzirwa. Uyezve, mushure Soviet Union paiva kumbozorora pakati maindasitiri ukama kuti kare hwaivapo pakati chinoda munyika.

Nezvinetso zvokuimba okugadzira vari akafukidza zvakawanda yabvaruka zvishandiswa. Maererano nenhamba, wasvika anenge 70%. mamiriro ezvinhu aya iripo mune vertoleto- uye shipbuilding, uyewo Electronics. Avhareji yezera Michini vari muchina-kuvaka miti iri anenge 20 makore. Hazvikwanisiki kushandisa iri kugadzirwa Nzira michina mitsva. Nhasi, matavi mazhinji engineering kunoda yakakura mazuvaano pamusoro michina. Chete iyi, zvigadzirwa zvavo zvichava yemakwikwi pamusoro pamusika.

Kubatsira kusembura zvinhu, makambani vazhinji vatorwa. Rakapinza musika yedu, makambani akadaro yekudyidzana zvinowedzera padanho makwikwi.

Chimwe chinetso chakakomba ndiko kushaya michina indasitiri vashandi. Kuti urongwa kurovedza manpower, iyo yaiva USSR, raingoreva kuparadzwa. Pari, zera vashandi vane unyanzvi kare kusvika mudyandigere. Nokuda rikwanise kuperevedza muduku mudonzvo yekudyidzana kunokutadzisa chirongwa mazuvaano of muchina-kuvaka kugadzirwa. Asi mamiriro ezvinhu aya akaipa ari kuvandudzika zvishoma nemhaka inivhesitimendi muzvirongwa. Akavaka uye akavaka miti itsva kare, kunze vavakezve yekare emakambani, kutanga zvitsva uye akadzorera pre-huripo kugadzirwa ukama.