Silver Age nhetembo: vadetembi, nhetembo, dzinokosha mirayiridzo uye zvinhu

Panzvimbo XIX remakore, razova nguva kunoshamisa richisimuka National nemagariro uye rakakura nokubudirira muminda yose uri uya kunzwisisa, azere zviitiko zvinoshamisa uye vanoshandura pfungwa XX remakore. Yendarama zera mumagariro uye unyanzvi upenyu chikatsiviwa vanonzi sirivha, akabereka kukurumidza kukura wokuRussia mabhuku, nhetembo uye prose iri itsva dzenzvimbo inopenya, uye zvadaro akava pokutangira rokuparadzwa kwayo. Munyaya ino tichakurukura omerera nhetembo ari Silver Age, funga ayo hunomusiyanisa nevamwe features, vanotaura pamusoro huru mirayiridzo, akadai okufananidzira, futurism uye Acmeism, chimwe nechimwe chine rinokosha Music ndima uye wakajeka manzwiro uye manzwiro lyrical gamba.

Silver Age nhetembo. Inokosha nguva muchiRussia mutsika uye nounyanzvi

Zvinofungidzirwa kuti kutanga Silver Age mabhuku Russian chakaita kwemakore 80-90. XIX remakore. Panguva ino, pane mabasa mazhinji vadetembi makuru: V. Bryusov, K. Ryleeva, K. Balmont, I. Ann - uye vanyori L. N. Tolstogo, F. M. Dostoevskogo, Saltykov-Shchedrin. Nyika iri kuenda kuburikidza dzakaoma. Paitonga Alexander I, pakutanga pane simba nyika kudzikama muhondo muna 1812, uye ipapo, nokuda chimbichimbi Kuchinja kare sunungukei mutemo wamambo, nzanga iri kusangana inorwadza nokuvhiringidzika uye rinorema tsika varasikirwa. Its ichatonga zvine mbiri nhetembo of Silver Age kusvikira 1915 Social upenyu uye enyika mamiriro ezvinhu kunoratidzwa rakadzika dambudziko, yakanyongana, kufashaira mhepo. Kukura vakawanda Kuratidzira, politicization upenyu uye panguva iyoyowo achisimbisa pachako ani. The Company anoita rinonetesa kuedza kuwana itsva yakanaka simba uye magariro. Uye vadetembi nevanyori vakachengeta vachifambirana nguva, kukudziridza matsva iwe siyana uye kupa pfungwa vakashinga. Human unhu hunotanga seurongwa kubatana rezvinhu zhinji: dzinongoitika uye magariro, zvoutachiona uye tsika. Muna February, waOctober Revolution uye Civil War of Silver Age nhetembo dambudziko. It Blok "On Nyanduri" (11 February 1921), wakakumikidzwa kwavari Writers muImba pamusangano pachiitiko 84 rakafa rufu Pushkin, inova yokupedzisira nevaya vari Silver Age.

mabhuku maitiro XIX - mangwanani XX emakore.

Ngatikurukurei zvaidiwa nhetembo yacho Silver Age. Chekutanga, mumwe mukuru zviri mabhuku iyoyo yakanga zvikuru nokusingaperi misoro: tsvaga zvinoreva upenyu wacho uye vanhu vose, chirahwe National hunhu, nhoroondo yacho, chipingaidzo rokunyika uye pakunamata, kubata kwemunhu uye hunhu. References pakupera yacho XIX remakore. Zvinonzi chaizvo kwouzivi: Vanyori anoratidza dingindira hondo, chimurenga, pachake njodzi kwevanhu kuti varasikirwa nokuda ezvinhu orugare uye kuwirirana rwomumwoyo. In mabasa evanyori uye vadetembi vakaberekwa mutsva, akashinga, kujairika, simba uye kazhinji nezvimwewo hunhu, zvakaoma kukunda vose nematambudziko uye zvinetso. Vazhinji basa pfungwa unobhadharwa kuti sei nyaya kubudikidza prism pfungwa dzake anoona njodzi magariro zviitiko. Chechipiri, kunyanya nhetembo uye prose akazova zvikuru kutsvaka yepakutanga unyanzvi mhando uye achishandisa kutaura manzwiro uye manzwiro. Verse chimiro uye senhetembo vakaita kukosha basa. Vanyori vakawanda takarasha dzekare romugove rugwaro uye wekuvamba nzira itsva, akadai Vladimir Mayakovsky akasika "manera." yake yakakurumbira Kakawanda vanyori kuti vabudirire rinokosha zvazviri akashandisa kutaura mutauro abnormalities, kusabatana, uye kunyange alogisms akabvumira chiperengo zvikanganiso.

Chechitatu, Silver Age wokuRussia nhetembo vadetembi vakasununguka kushandisa chete mifananidzo yaibvira kutaura. Mukuedza kutsanangura zvakaoma, kazhinji dzinopikisana, "kugadzikana" kwehasha mupfungwa, vanyori zvazova shoko idzva rinoreva vakuru nhetembo dzake kubudisa dzisinganyatsooneki noruvara zvaanoreva. Zvekuvharisa kutsanangura zvakajeka chinangwa zvinhu: rudo, zvakaipa, tsika dzemhuri, tsika - rava womutariri tiivistelmä mupfungwa rondedzero. Chaiwo Pfungwa akasvimha zvahungava hwakaita zvakavimbika uye innuendo. munhu kusiyana-siyana kwakadaro, fluidity kutukana tsika nokuramba chakajeka madimikira, anowanzoshandurwa inobva simbi kwete zvakajeka kufanana zvinhu kana mananara, uye nonobvious zvinhu.

Chechina, dzinoratidzwa itsva nzira dzokukurukura pfungwa uye manzwiro lyrical nhetembo ari Silver Age. Poems nevanyori vakawanda vakasikwa kushandisa mifananidzo, motifs mutsika dzakasiyana, uyewo kwakakwana uye yakajeka Citation. Somuenzaniso, vakawanda vemifananidzo yaisanganisira mumashoko zvaakasika avo mifananidzo yose kubva muchiGiriki, Roman uye gare gare necheSalvic rengano. In mabasa J. Ann, Marina Tsvetaeva uye V.Bryusov mungano rinoshandiswa kuvaka zvakasikwa mupfungwa mienzaniso kunzwisisa munhu kwevanhu, kunyanya ayo chikamu pakunamata. mudetembi imwe neimwe Silver Age inobwinya munhu. Zviri nyore kunzwisisa pakati pavo ndezvaJehovha ichi kana kuti ndima. Asi vakaedza kuita basa ravo zvikuru kuonekwa uye mupenyu, azere mavara, saka kuti chero muverengi anogona kunzwa shoko ose uye mutsetse.

The chikuru nhungamiro Silver Age nhetembo. Chirevo

Writers uye vadetembi, kuti kushora kwacho realism, akazivisa kusikwa itsva, iwe ano - modernism. Pane nzira nhatu dzinonyanya kutapuriranwa mabhuku kufamba pamusoro Silver Age nhetembo: Chirevo, Acmeism, futurism. Mumwe nomumwe wavo aiva yazvo chaiyo yakajeka. pakutanga Chirevo rakamuka France somunhu kutsutsumwa pamusoro hwezuva nezuva chokwadi akaratidza uye Bourgeois kusagutsikana noupenyu. Madzitateguru nzvimbo iyi, kusanganisira J. Morsas aidavira kuti chete pachishandiswa rinokosha ruvhevhe - chiratidzo, unogona kudzidza zvakavanzika zvose. MuRussia, Chirevo chakaonekwa mukutanga 1890s. Muvambi kufamba ichi chaiva DS Merezhkovsky, uyo akazivisa rake rinonzi nhatu dzinokosha postulates zviri unyanzvi hutsva: ". Kuwedzera romubati kunzwisisa" Chirevo, usingaonekwi kugutsikana uye

Older uye muduku Symbolists

The Symbolists wokutanga, yainzi mukuru, akatanga VY Bryusov, kd Balmont, FK Sologub, ZNGippius, NM Minsky nevamwe. Poets. Basa ravo riri kazhinji dzinoratidzwa unopinza Paakaramba chaicho. Ivo anofananidzirwa upenyu chaihwo sezvo hakunakidzi, dzakanga dzakashata uye mapenzi, kuedza kutaura kupfuura namano nuances manzwiro avo.

The nguva kubva 1901 kusvika 1904. Kunoratidza kutanga idzva rinokosha wokuRussia nhetembo. Symbolist nhetembo akaiswa mushonga wokuuraya Revolutionary mweya uye fungidziro zvinhu zvichauya. Muduku Symbolists: Blok, V. Ivanov, A. White - haana kuramba nyika, akamirira ake Utopian kusanduka, kushevedzera waMwari runako, rudo uye romukadzi zviri chokwadi kuchinja chokwadi. Ndizvo chete chitarisiko pamusoro mabhuku pachimiro muduku Symbolists mumabhuku kunosanganisira pfungwa hunhu. Vadetembi kunzwisisa sechinhu chinoumbwa nezvinhu zvakawanda shoko inoratidza nyika, "denga", musimboti pakunamata uye panguva imwe chete, "umambo yepasi."

Kwokufananidzira mumakore chimurenga

Russian Silver Age nhetembo muna 1905-1907. kuchinja. Vakawanda Symbolists, kufunga pamusoro socio-enyika zviitiko, kuongorora maonero avo nyika uye runako nzvimbo munyika. The yokupedzisira zvino kunzwisiswa se kurwa nenyonganyonga. Vadetembi pave mifananidzo munyika itsva, iyo anouya kutsiva vakarasika. . V. Ya Bryusov anosika nhetembo "Kuuya Huns", Alexander Blok - "Barca upenyu," "rinobuda kubva murima wedzimba ..." uye vamwe.

Changes uye zviratidzo. Zvino haringorevi kuti nhaka yekare, uye kune Russian ngano uye necheSalvic mungano. Pashure pokuchinja, pane kupesana pakati Symbolists achida kuchengetedza unyanzvi Revolutionary zvinhu uye nekusiyana, vari kushingaira vanofarira evanhu hondo. Mushure 1907 gakava Symbolists kupedza pachavo, achitsiva kunobva kutevedzera uri kare. A 1910 Russian kwokufananidzira ari mudambudziko, zvakajeka kuratidza ayo zvinorwisana kuzvipokanidza.

Acmeism mu Russian nhetembo

Muna 1911, N. S. Gumilev anoronga mabhuku boka - "Shop vadetembi." Chaiva vadetembi S. Gorodetsky, Osip Mandelstam, Ivanova uye G. Adamovich. kutungamirira mutsva uyu asina varamba dzakapoteredza chokwadi uye kubvuma chokwadi sezvazviri, kuramba kukosha kwayo. "Poets Musangano" vakatanga kuzivisa Magazini yacho "Hyperborean", uyewo pakudhinda anoshanda mu "Apollo". Acmeism, akatanga kuva chikoro chaicho kuwana nzira kubva dambudziko okufananidzira, vakabatanidzwa yakasiyana chaizvo pfungwa uye unyanzvi zvivako vadetembi.

Imwe yakakurumbira vanyori-Acmeists aiva Anna Akhmatova. mabasa ake ave azere norudo zvakaitika uye kuva akafanana kureurura varwadziswe kuchiva munhukadzi mweya.

Zvinoumba Russian Futurism

Silver Chizvarwa Russian Poetry nokuda kwounyanzvi imwe nzvimbo inonakidza inonzi "Futurism" (kubva muchiLatin. Futurum, kureva, "ramangwana"). Kutsvaka itsva zvinoyevedza siyana nemabasa hama H. uye David Burliuk, N. S. Goncharovoy, N. Kulbin MV Matyushina achava chinodiwa kuti kuberekwa muitiro uyu Russia. Muna 1910 ukabuda kudhindwa futuristic muunganidzwa "Zadhoki vatongi", umo dzakatorwa mabasa zvikuru vadetembi sezvo V. Kamensky, V. Khlebnikov, Burliuk hama, E. Guro. Vanyori ava vakaumba chinoumba inonzi Cubo-Futurists. Gare gare vakanga vakabatana Vladimir Mayakovsky. Muna December 1912 akauya Almanac - "mbama Pasinei Public Papilas". cubofuturists Verses "Buch Lesin," "Vakafa Moon", "inodzvova Parnassus", "Gag" akava nyaya dzakawanda nharo. Pakutanga, vakanga vachinzwisisa senzira seka muverengi kuti tsika, asi pedyo perusal padzakacherechedza chido kuratidza chiratidzo itsva munyika uye rinokosha munzanga usanganidzo. Anti-nemachira yachinjwa kuva dzoutsinye kurambwa, nyepera runako, unhu mashoko tinoshandurirwa inzwi revanhu.

Ini-Futurists

Kubofuturizma Uyezve, kwakanga kuchine zvakawanda kuitika, kusanganisira egofuturizm akananga I. Severianin. It akabatana vadetembi akadai V. I. Gnezdov, I. V. Ignatev, K. Olympia, etc. Ivo akasika imba imwe kubudisa "Petersburg Herald", yakabereka magazini uye anthologies nemazita yepakutanga: ". Nebokopy", "Makondo nepamawere rikapinda" "shuga fitment" uye zvichingodaro. d. nhetembo avo zvakasiyana zvokushamisira uye kazhinji vakanga anoumbwa zvakasikwa navo mashoko. Kunze Ini-Futurists, isu vakavhura mamwe mapoka maviri: "Centrifuge" (B. L. Pasternak, N. N. Aseev, S. P. Bobrov) uye "Mezzanine nhetembo" (R. Ivnev, SM Tretyakov, VG Sherenevich).

pachinzvimbo mhedziso

Silver Chizvarwa Russian Poetry akanga pfupi, asi vakauya pamwe chakajeka renyeredzi matarenda vadetembi. Vakawanda nhoroondo dzeupenyu idzi kwakanga kuchirwadza, nekuti kuda wematambudziko vaifanira kurarama uye kushanda vari yenhamo yakadaro nokuti nyika, inokosha nguva chimurenga uye post-echimurenga makore nyonganyonga, hondo yevagari vemo, kuvhiringidzika uye kuberekwazve. vadetembi vazhinji vakafa mushure zvinosuwisa (Khlebnikov, A. Block), vazhinji vakatama (K. Balmont, Z. Gippius, IA wokuchamhembe, Marina Tsvetaeva), vamwe vakatora upenyu hwake, vakapfurwa kana akaparara mumisasa Stalin raMwari. Kunyange zvakadaro, vakakwanisa kuita mupiro huru Russian tsika yacho uye Munoipfumisa pamwe zvikuru anotaurisa, mavara, yapakuvamba mabasa.