Pre-Raphaelite mifananidzo nemazita okuremekedza. Pre-Raphaelite mifananidzo madingindira

Sezvo 1850s muEngland, vakatanga kuva nhungamiro chitsva nhetembo uye kupenda. Rainzi "Pre-Raphaelites." Nyaya ino pfungwa huru iri zvinoyevedza munharaunda, okugadzira zvinhu dingindira, Pre-Raphaelite mifananidzo nemazita okuremekedza.

ndivo Pre-Raphaelites Ndiani?

Mukuedza kutiza hakunakidzi zvedzidzo tsika uye chaizvoizvo aesthetics ari Victorian yaitonga, boka vemifananidzo akasika yake negwara unyanzvi. It hwapinda zvinenge zvose mabhora oupenyu, akaumba imwe maitiro uye kudyidzana creators dzavo. Uye uri gwara, uye vamiririri Painters vaiva chete zita - the Pre-Raphaelites. Pictures akaratidza wanano dzavo mangwanani Renaissance. Kutaura zvazviri, Fraternity zita anotaura woga. Painters creators vanofarira aishanda pamberi kuwedzera Raphael uye Michelangelo. Pakati pavo - Bellini, Perugino, Angelico.

Direction yakatanga panguva yechipiri yezana remakore rechi19.

chidzoke

Kusvikira 1850s iwe zvose British zvakanga pasi Bapiro Royal Academy of Arts. Mutungamiri wayo, Sir Joshua Reynolds, uyewo mimwe mumiririri mukuru masangano vasingadi kugamuchira zvakagadzirwa uye kuedza akakurudzira vadzidzi vake.

Pakupedzisira, izvi yakamanikana pakupedzisira wakaita vemifananidzo dzakati zvakafanana maonero uri vakawanda vakabatana muukama. The rokutanga vamiririri vayo akava Holman Hunt uye Dante Rossetti. Vakasangana pagungano pashoo ari chikoro uye Pavaikurukura, vakanzwisisa kuti maonero avo akafanana chaizvo.

Rossetti akanyora mufananidzo "Youth kuti Mariya" panguva ino, uye Hunt akamubatsira kuipedza hazvina basa, asi shoko. Nechekare muna 1849, ari kanivhasi yakanga pamagwatidziro dzinoratidza. The vechiduku vakabvumirana kuti ano Chirungu kupenda chinoenda kuburikidza yakanaka nguva munhoroondo yacho. Kuti zvimwe vamutsidzirwezve ichi unyanzvi chimiro, zvakanga zvakakodzera kuti vadzokere zvinokosha doakademicheskim, nokuti nyore uye utere.

The chikuru dzinomiririra

Pakutanga, Pre-Raphaelite Hama, ane mifananidzo upenyu. hutsva kupinda tsika British, raiva vanhu vanomwe.

1. Holman Hunt. Akararama upenyu hurefu, kugara wechokwadi maonero ake pamusoro uri kusvikira parufu rwake. Akanga muvambi mabhuku akawanda, kutiudza pamusoro nehama nhengo uye kutsanangura pre-Raphaelite mifananidzo. Pakati yakakurumbira mifananidzo yacho painter - "worufu" (yechitendero mufananidzo waJesu), "Isabella uye muhari Basil" (inobva munhetembo Dzhona Kitsa), "pembudzi" (zvakanyorwa pachishandiswa nyaya zvebhaibheri).

2. Dzhon Mille. Anozivikanwa sezvo mudzidzi muduku Academy of Arts, izvo akazova mutungamiri wayo. John pashure kwenguva basa manyorero Pre-Raphaelite hama zvasiya. Kuti mhuri yake, akatanga kunyora Portraits pamusoro hurongwa uye akabudirira. Chinonyanya chinoshamisa basa - "Kristu Mumba Parents ake" (yechitendero mufananidzo, azere zviratidzo upenyu nezveramangwana uye rufu Kristu), "Ophelia" (zvakanyorwa pamusoro pechiitiko maererano "Hamlet"), "matema" (mufananidzo ava kunopera nguva okugadzira zvinhu, rava yakakurumbira sezvo pakushambadzira sipo).

3. Dante Rossetti. The Mifananidzo vakazadzwa kunamatwa runako uye eroticism vakadzi. Mukadzi wake Erizabheti akava chikuru neMuse pamusoro rokupenda. afa vasanyanya ari Dante. Akaisa kwake pabhokisi zvinyorwa zvake nhetembo, asi pashure pemakore mashomanana, apengenuka, wakaita pekufukunurwa uye vakatora kubva muguva. Chinozikamwa mabasa: "Akaropafadzwa Beatrice" (anofananidzirwa mukadzi Dante, riri pakati upenyu uye rufu), "Proserpina" (mwarikadzi weRoma ane girinedhi muruoko rwake), "Veronica Veronese" (wokufananidzira kupenda kuti unoratidza okusika muitiro).

4. Maykl Rossetti. mukoma Dante vake, uyo akadzidza ari Academy. Asi pakupedzisira ndakasarudza nzira mutsoropodzi uye munyori. Pre-Raphaelite mifananidzo vakanga kakawanda pasi payo zvachero. Zviri Biography mukoma wake. Iye akagadzira inokosha yokuti mirayiridzo.

5. Tomas Vulner. Aiva muvezi uye nyanduri. In basa rake mangwanani iye vaitsigira pfungwa yaivapo Raphaelites, vakadzinga hunhu uye kufungawo tuzvikanganiso mashoko. Akabudisa nhetembo mumagazini sehama, asi vakafamba kubva pfungwa dzavo uye pfungwa dzenhoroondo siyana.

6. Frederick Stevens. Artist uye uri mutsoropodzi. Pretty nokukurumidza akava nezvaiitika tarenda iri painter uye pfungwa kutsoropodzwa. Aiona basa rake kutsanangura chinangwa paruzhinji nehama uye vakudze Pre-Raphaelite mifananidzo. It akachengetedzwa vamwe emifananidzo ake: "The Marquis uye Griselda", "Amai Mwana", "Kufa Mambo Arthur."

7. Dzheyms Kollinson. Ndaiva mutendi, saka iye kupendwa nyaya dzechitendero. Ndakasiya munharaunda pashure Millet kupenda paakatsoropodzwa pachaunga akadana rokumhura. Pakati mabasa ake - "The Holy Family", "Kuramba Elizabeth Hungary", "Hanzvadzi".

Pre-Raphaelite mifananidzo iyo hwakonzera makakatanwa, akanga wandei dzakafanana vanhu. Vakanga vasiri hama, asi vakanamatira pfungwa huru. Pakati pavo - womufananidzo L. Aruma-Tadema, mugadziri F. M. Brown, kuti painter William Deverell, nomusoni M. Morris, illustrator Hughes nevamwe.

The kutsoropodzwa ari kutanga kwekupwanyiwa

Pakutanga, pre-Raphaelite mifananidzo wazvakataura ne vatsoropodzi zvikuru kudziya. Vakanga yakafanana nokufema mhepo yakachena. Zvisinei, mamiriro ezvinhu kwakawedzera mushure Tinote'rera chiedza mifananidzo anoverengeka yechitendero, rakanyorwa asiri zvaidiwa canons.

Kunyanya, kupenda "Kristu Mumba Vabereki Vake" Mille bhurasho. On the kanivhasi zvinoratidzira wakaoma ezvinhu, dura, pedo kufudza makwai. Mhandara vachipfugama pamberi Jesu muduku, uyo kurwadzisa rwake ane chipikiri. Millet akazadza mufananidzo uyu zviratidzo. A ruoko ropa - chiratidzo yemberi kuroverwa, mbiya nemvura, ine John Mubhabhatidzi - chiratidzo Epiphany, njiva agere pamatanho, anotaurwa noMweya Mutsvene, makwai - pamwe mhosva.

Vatsoropodzi ndakadana kupenda ichi rokumhura. Pepanhau "The Times" vaimudana kupenda Kupanduka unyanzvi. Vamwe, achinongedza fananidzo Family Holy nevanhu vakaderera, inozivikanwa se basa Millet kuti dzokunyanyisa uye zvinosemesa.

Rossetti mufananidzo "Annunciation" uyewo pasi kurwiswa. Painter akapindira kure mubhaibheri seakafuridzirwa, Mhandara akapfeka nguo chena. On the kanivhasi unoratidzwa achitya. KANA Stone mutsoropodzi akafananidza Pre-Raphaelite kushanda pamwe maturo akiyoroji.

Ndiani anoziva kungadai njodzi Fraternity, kana asiri kurutivi rwake akaita mutsoropodzi Dzhon Roskin, vane maonero inoverenga zvose.

Effect yakavimbika munhu

Dzhon Roskin aiva unyanzvi wenhoroondo uye zvakanyorwa anopfuura rimwe basa nesayenzi pamberi Kunyatsoziva basa Pre-Raphaelites. Chii chakanga ake kushamiswa paakaona kuti zvose pfungwa uye pfungwa yakataurwa munyaya yayo, vakawana nzvimbo dzavo hama yacho kanivhasi.

Ruskin waitsigira kupinda mumba musimboti zvakasikwa, nzeve zvizere, kuti kuturika zvavakatemerwa pedyo canons uye mufananidzo noruzhinji sezvo vaifanira kuva. izvi zvose Rinowanikwawo uye pre-Raphaelite chirongwa.

A mutsoropodzi akanyora nyaya dzakawanda kuti "The Times", iro akarumbidza basa nenyanzvi. Akatenga vamwe emifananidzo yavo, kutsigira vaimbi, uye mutsika, uye mari. Ruskin aifarira itsva uye kujairika werudzii kupenda mifananidzo mafuta. Pre-Raphaelites vakazoroorwa akasika Portraits wandei mudziviriri ake uye anorichengeta.

zano

Pakutanga, vaimbi akatendeukira chete kune Dudziro nyaya, kufunga zvakaitika creators chepakuvamba Renaissance. Havana kutsvaka kuuraya mufananidzo kereke canons. Mukuru raiva rokutsvaka uchatamisa pfungwa ouzivi pamusoro kanivhasi. Ndokusaka pre-Raphaelite mifananidzo sezvo hwakadzama uye kwokufananidzira.

"The Youth pamusoro Mariya" Rossetti aiva maererano nezvinodiwa Victorian yaitonga. It Akaratidza musikana mwero achitarisirwa mai vake. Kazhinji vanoratidzwa kuverenga Dante rakaiswa muruoko Musikana tsono. Iye nezvakarukwa pamusoro kanivhasi rehapa - chiratidzo kuchena uye kusava nemhosva. nemaruva matatu Rutsanga - Baba neMwanakomana uye Mutsvene. Palm mashizha uye thistle neminzwa - mufaro uye Mabote Mary. The mufananidzo haasi maturo zvinhu, mavara uye zviito - zvose zvakagadzirirwa achibva youzivi pfungwa.

Papera chinguva, kuti Pre-Raphaelites Painters, ane mifananidzo akakwezva paruzhinji ngwariro vakatanga kuenda nyaya kusaruramisira kwevanhu ( "Lady Lilith"), kudzvinyirirwa vakadzi ( "Woken mwero"), kuenda kumwe ( "The Last England").

Basa rinokosha hama kwamabasa vakaridza mifananidzo inobva mabasa Chirungu vadetembi nevanyori. Painters akafuridzirwa nemabasa Shakespeare, Keats, uye rokuItari Dante Alighieri.

munhukadzi mifananidzo

Mifananidzo nemisoro vanhukadzi vatambi vari Pre-Raphaelite zvikuru zvakasiyana. Vakanga vaine chete chete - on canvasses dzavo hadzi runako ushe. Ladies vanoratidzwa kunokonzeresa akanaka, akadzikama, ane kubatwa chakavanzika. Kune akasiyana nyaya: kutuka, rufu, rusina kukwana mberi rudo, pakunamata kwomwoyo.

Kazhinji hazvina akamutsa nyaya upombwe, apo mumwe mukadzi ari pachena kuti chiedza zvisakafanira. Chokwadi, iye ane chirango utsinye nokuda kuita kwake.

Kazhinji vakadzi nemuedzo uye ruchiva iri mifananidzo iri Pre-Raphaelites ( "Proserpine"). Asi pane neizvi rangano, apo murume chaikonzera kuwa vakadzi (sapamazuva mifananidzo kuti "Marianne", "Woken mwero").

The Model

Akawanda yokutevedzera nokuda mifananidzo yake womufananidzo anosarudza shamwari uye hama. Rossetti kazhinji akanyorera amai vangu uye hanzvadzi ( "The Youth pamusoro Mariya"), asi akarwawo kuminamato tenzikadzi wake Fanny ( "Lucretia Borja"). Apo Elizabeth mupenyu, mudzimai wake waaida, hadzi mifananidzo yakawanikwa chake.

Effie Gray, mukadzi Millet uye aimbova mudzimai Ruskin, richatorwa pamusoro firimu "The kuti kusunungurwa" Portrait of John uye bhurasho.

Annie Miller, Mwenga Hunt, akabvunza anenge ose vemifananidzo nehama. It anoratidzwa mune mifananidzo kuti "Elena Troyanskaya", "Woken kuzvininipisa", "Mukadzi mu tsvuku."

nharaunda

Nharaunda akanyora chete vamwe vemifananidzo mune mirayiridzo iyi. Ivo vakabuda masvingo mumahofisi uye aishanda pakachena mhepo. Izvi zvakabatsira Painters kunombata ose okupedzisira nechimwe, mufananidzo wavo akakwana.

Maawa Pre-Raphaelites zvakasikwa, kuitira kuti vasarasikirwe chimwe nechimwe. basa iri raida mumwe titanic kushivirira uye kukwanisa kusika. Zvimwe nokuda zvechadenga chirongwa haana kuwana nzvimbo nhungamiro kuwanda akadai dzimwe Genres.

misimboti vakawanda kupenda zviriko mifananidzo Hunt zvakazara akaratidza "Chirungu kwemhenderekedzo" uye Millais 'Autumn Akasiya ".

disintegration

Mushure kuratidzira anoverengeka vakabudirira of Pre-Raphaelite Ukama akatanga isaparara. Kuunganidzwa rudo rwavo kuMiddle Ages haana kukwana. Vose achitarisa nzira yake. Hunt oga akaramba akatendeka kusvikira nenhungamiro muitiro uyu kusvikira pakuguma.

Chokwadi vakauya 1853, apo Millais aiva Nhengo Royal Academy. Brotherhood vakarambana zvachose. Vamwe vakatamira kure kupenda kwenguva refu (semuenzaniso, Rossetti akatora kunyora).

Pasinei chaiko kumira wenyama, Pre-Raphaelites akaita sezvo mirayiridzo imwe nguva. Zvisinei, tsika kunyora mifananidzo uye huripo shoma akavhiringika.

mukupera Pre-Raphaelites

Vemifananidzo, rinomiririra akazotevera Danho Chokwadi, vanosanganisira Simeon Solomon (basa rinoburitsa musimboti rwokufamba ngochani aestheticism vavariro), Evelyn De Morgan (akanyora rengano madingindira, akadai "Ariadne on Naxos"), illustrator Genri Forda.

Kune akawanda vemifananidzo vanenge uchiumba Pre-Raphaelite mifananidzo. Photos vamwe vavo kazhinji akazviratidza muBritish wokudhinda. It Sophie Anderson, Frenk Diksi John Godward, Edmund Leighton nevamwe.

ukoshi

Prerafaelitizm akadana rinenge yokutanga zvinoyevedza pokutungamirira England, riri nomukurumbira munyika. mutsoropodzi ose kana munhuwo zvake ane pfungwa yake uye kodzero rokuongorora okugadzira zvinhu pamusoro Painters. Hapana mubvunzo mumwe chete chinhu - zviri kuti rakapinda mumba zvose zvinobatanidzwa vanhu.

Zvino reinvented zvikuru. Akanyorwa mabasa matsva dzesayenzi, akadai "Pre Raphaelites-. Life uye basa 500 mifananidzo." Mumwe akauya pakugumisa kuti vamiririri ichi muitiro kwaiva mugadzi ari Symbolists. Mumwe akati pamusoro pokudzora kwomudzimu Pre-Raphaelite hippie uye kunyange Dzhona Tolkina.

Pamatende hwakaratidza mukutungamirira Mumamiziyamu muBritain. Kusiyana nezvinofungwa nevakawanda, pre-Raphaelite mifananidzo iri Hermitage haina kuchengetwa. Exhibition emifananidzo yakatanga kuratidzwa Russia muna 2008 panguva Tretyakov Gallery.