Polymer - chii? polymer kugadzirwa

Zvinoshamisa sei siyana zvinhu zvakatipoteredza, uye zvinhu kubva yavakanga dzakaitwa. Pakuvamba, pamusoro XV-XVI emakore, chikuru zvinhu vari nesimbi, huni, girazi gare gare, kusvika nguva dzose, porcelain neyevhu. Asi aripo remakore - nguva Polymers, izvo huchakurukurwa.

Pfungwa Polymers

Polymer. Chii? Unogona kupindura kuti siyana pfungwa maonero. Kudivi rimwe, mumwe zvinhu ano inoshandiswa mukugadzira munhu muzvizhinji unyanzvi uye zvemumba.

Ukuwo, tinogona kutaura chinhu zvikurukuru synthesized chakaita zvokugadzirwa fuma hwokurara pamwe zvakafanorongwa ehupfumi zvokushandisa navanopinda specialization.

Mumwe nomumwe tsanangudzo iyi yakarurama, chete wokutanga tichitarisa veimba, uye wechipiri - kubva pfungwa nemaonero makemikari. Chimwe kwemakemikari tsananguro iri sezvinotevera. Polymers - ichi yeimwe macromolecular izvo kwakavakirwa kumatunhu pfupi pamusoro Morekuru cheni - monomers. Ivo recur kakawanda dzichiumbwa polymer macrochain. The monomers zvingava zvose Organic uye inorganic yeimwe.

Saka mubvunzo: "? Polymer - chii" - kunoda mhinduro hwakadzama uye kugadzirisa zvose zvivako uye anoshandisa izvi zvinhu.

marudzi Polymers

Kune vazhinji classifications Polymers nokuda siyana maitiro (namakemikari hunhu, kupisa nemishonga, neketani mamiriro nezvimwewo). Zvinotevera tafura zvishoma kukurukura dzinokosha marudzi Polymers.

Also kusiyanisa pakati Linear Polymers, muchinjikwa kwakabatana uye mapazi marongerwo. polymer hwaro kunoita kuti thermoplastic kana thermosetting. Vanewo kusiyana kukwanisa deform pasi kwomuzvarirwo ezvinhu.

The ehupfumi pamusoro polymeric nezvinhu zvinooneka

Basic uwandu hwezvinhu zvose zvabatanidzwa. ezvinhu maviri, hwakanga Polymers ndiko:

• amorphous;
• sekristaro.

Mumwe nomumwe anozivikanwa pachake yakatarwa ayo zvivako uye ine zvinokosha inoshanda kukosha. Somuenzaniso, kana ari polymer iri amorphous ezvinhu aripo, ipapo zvingava vyazkotekuschey mvura uye rakaita segirazi zvinhu uye elastomeric mukomboni (rubbers). Vakawanda kushandiswa kwemakemikari maindasitiri, kuvakwa, unyanzvi hwokugadzira zvinhu, kugadzirwa maindasitiri zvinhu.

The crystalline Mamiriro Polymers zvikuru kwakajairika. Kutaura zvazviri, hurumende iri yaiteverwa pamwe amorphous zvikamu redunhu, uye vakawanda yose Morekuru zvinoitika nyore kwazvo pagadzirwe kuchinja, asi panguva imwe chete mukuru uye zvakasimba fibers.

Utsotso pfungwa nokuti Polymers zvakasiyana. Vazhinji amorphous uchanyangadika pa nzvimbo tembiricha, uye vamwe chakaita zvokugadzirwa crystalline budirira kumbonyanya yakakwirira tembiricha (plexiglas, girazi faibha, polyurethane, polypropylene).

Polymers zvinogona kupendwa mune mavara mavara, pasina chinhu kurambidzwa. Nokuda mamiriro avo, vanokwanisa yokufungisisa pendi uye kuwana kupfuura unoshamisa uye kujairika mavara.

Chemical Properties pamusoro Polymers

Chemical ehupfumi ose Polymers nedziya yakaderera samolecular uremu zvinhu. Izvi imhaka kukura Morekuru, kuvapo zvakasiyana dzichipfekeka mapoka ayo mamiriro, vanhuwo ndiri werudzi ari activation simba.

Kazhinji, pane mhando dzakawanda inokosha wanda yo Polymers:

1. Reactions zvichawanikwa pakutsvaga dzichipfekeka boka. Kuti, kana polymer ari boka OH, zvinowanzoitika alcohols, saka, nezvinoita iyo vachauya kuva akafanana nevaya alcohols (kupera muviri, oxidation, zvinoderedza, kupera muviri, etc.).
2. Kudyidzana pamwe HMC (yakaderera-samolecular yeimwe).
3. Zvinoitika pakati Polymers vaite crosslinked macromolecular network (zvakarukwa Polymers, mapazi).
4. Zvinoitwa pakati dzichipfekeka mapoka mukati polymer macromolecule.
5. Disintegration of macromolecule pamusoro monomers (cheni kudzikisirana).

Maitiro zvose izvi zvikuru muna tsika, achigadzirira Polymers pamwe zvakafanorongwa zvivako uye vakasununguka murume. Polymer Chemistry unokubvumira kusika kupisa nemishonga, asidhi uye alkali-uchapupu zvinhu, vane panguva yakakwana mukana wokushandiswa uye isimbe.

Kushandisa Polymers hwezuva nezuva

Kushandiswa yeimwe izvi yose. Vashoma kuyeuka minda indasitiri, upfumi, zvesainzi, vasingadi havo polymer. Chii - a polymeric zvoupfumi uye kushandiswa zvakapararira, uye sei Aneta?

1. Chemical indasitiri (purasitiki kugadzira, tannins, makemikari kwetunhu mikuru yeimwe).
2. Zvokuimba engineering, avhiyesheni, mafuta painocheneserwa.
3. Medicine uye pharmacology.
4. Kuwana madhayi uye zvinoputika, mishonga yokuuraya zvipembenene uye sora, zvipembenene mune zvokurima.
5. Construction indasitiri (simbi alloying, magadzirirwo inzwi nokupisa kuputira, zvokuvakisa).
6. Kuita matoyi, nezvirongo, sepombi, mabhokisi, zvemumba uye housewares.

Polymer Chemistry anobvumira kuwana zvakawanda, ndicho inoshanda ehupfumi pakati zvinhu, ichazombova izvo kwete pakati simbi kana pakati pehuni kana negirazi.

Mienzaniso polymeric zvinhu

Tisati taura dzakananga zvigadzirwa kubva Polymers (vava zvisingaiti kunyora zvose, yakawandisa kusiyana kwavakaita), unofanira kutanga kunzwisisa chii anopa polymer. Mashoko acho, ayo inotengwa kubva Navy, uye achava hwaro ramangwana zvigadzirwa.

Basic zvinhu yaigadzirwa Polymers, muri:

• mapurasitiki;
• polypropylenes;
• polyurethanes;
• polystyrene;
• polyacrylates;
• phenol formaldehyde Inogadzirwa nemasiridzi anobuda mumiti;
• epoxy Inogadzirwa nemasiridzi anobuda mumiti;
• Capron;
• viscose;
• nylons;
• polyester fibers ;
• adhesives;
• firimu;
• tannins nevamwe.

Izvi chete duku mazita chii siyana yarinopa kemisitiri ano. Asi pano yatova pachena chii zvinhu uye zvigadzirwa zvinoitwa kubva Polymers - chero zvemumba, mushonga uye nedzimwe nzvimbo (mapurasitiki mahwindo, zvikwepa, kicheni midziyo, maturusi fenicha, matoyi, mafirimu, etc.).

Polymers mu minda zvesainzi siyana

Takatodzidza akabata pamusoro mubvunzo nharaunda umo Polymers dzinoshandiswa. Mienzaniso vachiratidza kukosha mune zvesainzi, zvinogona kuguma zvinotevera:

• kushandiswa rabha;
• antistatic coatings;
• nhovo remagetsi;
• Zviitiko zvinenge zvose imba midziyo yemagetsi;
• transistors;
• LEDs, uye zvichingodaro.

Hapana rairambidzwa kushandisa polymeric zvinhu zviri zvokungofungidzira munyika nhasi.

polymer kugadzirwa

Polymer. Chii? Koda zvose tichigara. Where Vari anogadzirwa?

1. Petrochemical (kunatswa) indasitiri.
2. Special miti yokuti pagadzirwe polymeric zvinhu uye zvigadzirwa kubva kwavari.

Ndiro huru hwaro pamusoro izvo vakawana (synthesized) polymeric zvinhu.