Phylogeny - kunzwisisa muitiro

Pane here chinonzi phylogeny. Tichaedza kunzwisisa uye kupa chaiyo tsananguro kuti chiitiko ichi.

sazivikanwa pfungwa

Kakawanda sei iwe kunzwa pamusoro phylogeny? Ndine chokwadi vazhinji vachafunga kuti phylogeny - ndiye zvipenyu, kana, kuti kunyatsoenderana - tsanangudzo inoshandiswa zvipenyu. Asi, Ungangove, kwete ose munhu akadzidza anoziva chaizvo chii dzichakurukurwa. A nokukurumidza ongororo gumi nevaviri vanhu yakaratidza kuti:

- phylogeny - ndiye "zvakafanana photosynthesis" (sezvo pfungwa ina kubva gumi);

- phylogeny - the mutation masero mapenyu (maviri gumi);

- phylogeny - Tsanangudzo zvaishandiswa genetics uye inotaridza muitiro "kusikwa vanhu chitsva" (gumi);

- vamwe vanhu vatatu kana mubvunzo, chii phylogeny, ane kushamisika shrug.

Zvisinei, pasinei pachena kushaya ruzivo panyaya iyi, hapana vakabvunzurudzwa havana kuramba hanya. Mumwe nomumwe wavo aida kuziva: chii phylogeny?

Phylogeny (bhayoroji)

Phylogeny - the shanduka kukura chero zvipenyu hurongwa. Izwi akanga chakaunzwa nesayenzi kuparadzirwa wokuGermany dzinongoitika musayendisiti uye muzivi Ernstom Genrihom Haeckel muna 1866. Tsanangudzo iyi rinoreva kuchinja kuitika panguva Kushanduka-siyana siyana zvipenyu. Hwaro nokuti chidzoke mumunda zvipenyu chokuita nokudzidza phylogeny, aiva "dzidziso yokushanduka-shanduka 'kuBritain zvakasikwa uye mufambi Charles Robert Darwin.

Kamwe pfungwa phylogeny, sayenzi yakabuda uye vamwe kuti zvakasiyana tsanangudzo yepakutanga. Saka, Shmalgauzen Ivan Ivanovich, zvipenyu Soviet ndakanzwisisa phylogeny risingakanganwiki munhevedzano qualifiers ontogeneses interconnected se "mubereki-mwana".

Phylogeny - mumwe muitiro zvikuru refu, zvinoita kunotora mamiriyoni akawanda emakore. Ndokusaka harigoni kuva chinhu yakananga zvaakazvionera uye kudzidza kuburikidza recreating uye simulating nechekare zviitiko uye zvakavapo. Kana kushanduka uku zvinonzwisiswa sezvo neurongwa hwakashandiswa majini mutsetse (madzitateguru) zvinowanisa bazi (zvizvarwa) pamwe dzinongoitika kuchinja zvakaitika mukufamba iyi, kana zvachose kwakatungamirira kunyangarika mhuka.

Nhamba phylogeny uye ontogeny

Ontogenesis - vanzwisise kuti wakapinda kushandiswa nesayenzi kusati kwatombova dzidziso phylogeny uye izvo zvinoratidza paumbwe imwe private wemabhuku mumuviri uye vakatsungirira navo mukufamba upenyu zvinotevedzana transformations. Pashure okutanga ari pakati XIX remakore Fridrihom Myullerom uye Ernst Haeckel biogenetic mutemo phylogeny anodzidzwa mu ukama kuti ontogeny.

Pasi mutemo uyu, chero ontogenesis, chokwadi, iri pfupi uye kukurumidza uchidzokorora phylogeny iri mhuka. Panguva iyo ontogeny uye phylogeny inogona anoonekwa somunhu "voga uye mukuru." Kubatana pakati pfungwa mbiri uye yavewo yasimbiswa naCharles Darwin padzidziso yake recapitulation, anoparidza Kudzokororwa anenge ari nedanho ontogenesis zviratidzo madzitateguru avo pamusoro phylogeny. Charles Darwin akataura huru mbiri mhando recapitulations: atavism uye rudiment.

Kushandisa sayenzi siyana phylogeny

Phylogeny - dzidziso iri rinokosha chaizvo wandei sayenzi, kusanganisira embryology, paleontology, kuenzaniswa anatomi, uye kunyange zvepfungwa. Panguva iyoyowo, phylogenetics, izvo kudzidza nhoroondo kukura dzakasiyana siyana zvinenge kudzidza shanduka ari inonyatsobudirira Panguva iyi zvinoreva nebudiriro sayenzi akadai nemakemikari omuviri, physiology, genetics, ethology, makemikari ezvinhu zvipenyu, uye vamwe.

Phylogeny mu kwepfungwa

In zvepfungwa, phylogeny inoratidza nhoroondo kukura chinhu ari mubishi yemhindumupindu. Phylogeny mu zvepfungwa - kupangidza kukura kuburikidza epfungwa vanhu. Animal hunhu nezveuchenjeri kuvapo munyika, yakavakirwa hunenge. mhuka yakakwirira, nevamwewo vari zvakare yokusafa uye nokuratidzwa pfungwa. Uyewo, vanhu vari kuwedzera pamusoro apa unhu, uyewo ane kuziva uye kufunga. Zviri kuburikidza phylogeny zvepfungwa anokwanisa kuita zvidzidzo zvakadaro, kuwana hwaro uye zvinoita kuti kuumbwa zviri psyche munhu ari muchimiro nayo iripo panguva.

zvichireva phylogeny

Phylogeny - ichi ndechimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha Links kukura zvose zvipenyu zvose. Sezvo sumo yayo zvesayenzi kusango, akatora unokosha nzvimbo iri kunzwisisa shanduka uye kukura kwete chete evanhu, asi zvose zvipenyu. Studies venyika Fani iyi zvinodiwa kukura mukuru dzidziso yokushanduka-shanduka uye kuvakwa dzinongoitika ezvinhu zvipenyu. Hwaro pamusoro izvo redzidziso nenzvimbo phylogeny akavaka, iri dzidziso rwokuzvarwa vakasarudzwa. Panguva iyoyo, tinofanira kutaura kuti phylogeny namapoka zvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana akadzidza vanoiswa, zvakatemwa nokuda siyana zvasara zvisaririra uye, maererano ringaita yakavimbika kuvaka phylogenetic (dzemadzinza) muti. Iye zvino, kupfuura kudzidza ndiye phylogeny kuvakuru mapoka vertebrate. Kana isu kutaura pamusoro invertebrates, vamwe vavo kupfuura kudzidzwa zvinosanganisira mollusks, arthropods, brachiopods, uye nevamwe.

Zvechokwadi, mune chiedza kuvapo zvikuru kwakabva nyika, yenhengo dzayo uye, chaizvoizvo, munhu ane nesayenzi chakajairika sezvo phylogeny, zvinokosha zvikuru kuziva vanhu pacharo uye rwakapoteredza nyika.