Phonology ndeye ... Phonology: tsanangudzo, nyaya, mabasa uye zvakakosha

Pakati pemitemo yakawanda yemitauro, zvinonyanya kukosha kutaura nezvechikamu chakadai sefoni. Iyo isayenzi inodzidza shanduro yakagadzikana yemutauro, kugona kwemaphonemesi mairi. Tanga chirango ichi mumitambo yekutanga yezviitiko zvakabatana nekushandura, kudzidzisa mitauro, zvikurukuru Russian.

Tichakurukura kuti chii chinonzi phonology, chinangwa chayo uye mabasa, chimiro chemurimi wedu pane iyi. Edzawo kuziva izwi guru rechikamu chino.

Tsanangudzo

Ngatitangei kukurukura kwedu nechinangwa chairo.

Phonology ndiyo chikamu chemazuva ano chimiro chinotsvaga chimiro chakanaka chemutauro, kushanda kwemashoko akasiyana-siyana mumamiriro ayo uye maitiro avo.

Iyo inoreva zvinyorwa zvedzidzo. Icho chinonyanya kushandiswa mumutauro unodzidza kuti zvidzidzo zvezesayenzi ndiyo phoneme.

Yakabva muna 70-80s yezana remakore rechi19 muRussia. Muvambi wayo - Ivan Alexandrovich Baudouin de Courtenay, nyanzvi yeRussia nePoland midzi. Mumakore makumi matatu ezana remakore rechi20 yakave yakagadzirwa semusayenzi akazvimirira. Nhasi ndechimwe chepfungwa huru yekupilogical and ranks first in the cycle of subjects of theory grammar of the language.

Nyaya nemabasa

Kungofanana nedzimwe svesa, chikamu ichi chemitauro chine mabasa ake uye zvinyorwa.

Chinhu chinonzi phonology ndiyo phoneme, iyo inonyanya kudzidza mutauro. Inodzidziswa nevana phonologists. Vadzidzi vokunzwisisa vanogona kufunga kuti nyaya yacho yakanaka, asi izvi hazvisi izvo. Muzvokwadi, ivo vanodzidzwa nedzimwe chirango - phonetics.

Nyaya yechipiri inofanira kuongororwa ndiyo basa. Izvi zvinosanganisira:

• Kutevedzera mumutauro;
• Kuongororwa kwezvinyorwa;
• Kuumbwa kwehukama pakati pe phoneme nekurira;
• Tsanangudzo ye phoneme system uye kugadziriswa kwavo;
• Tsanangudzo ye phonological system;
• Kubatana pakati pephoneme nemamwe maumbirwo anokosha emutauro - morphemes nemashoko emazwi.

Uye izvi hazvizi mabasa ose epafoni. Zvakakosha kuziva kuti zvinyorwa zvataurwa pamusoro apa zvezvikoro zvose zvepodological.

Nyanzvi dzakakurumbira dzemitauro

Sezvatotaurwa pamusoro apa, Ivan Alexandrovich Baudouin de Courtenay akava mushesi wesayenzi. Akatangira nheyo dzayo, akakurudzira kushandiswa kwayo mberi.

Vadzidzi vake vanonzi Nikolai Sergeyevich Trubetskoi, avo vakanyora "Mahedheni ePhonology" akakurumbira. Akanyanyisa kuwedzera masayenzi ezvidzidzo zvekuranga, akarondedzera zvinyorwa zvitsva uye pfungwa.

Takashanda muchikamu chino chemitauro uye Roman Osipovich Yakobson, Lev Shcherba, Avram Noam Chomsky nevamwe vazhinji.

Basa rakawanda rezesayenzi rakazvipira kumatambudziko echikamu chino chemizimi. Inofanira kuonekwa nenyaya dzinotevera uye monographs, iyo ichapa mufananidzo wakazara wekusimudzirwa kwesayenzi, iyo inotangira mberi:

• RI Avanesov, VN Sidorov akadhinda monograph "Phoneme system yeRussia" munguva yakakodzera.
• Basa raS. S. Bernstein "Mhemberero Dzakanaka yeMafanenzi" inonyatsozivikanwa.
• J. Vahek, "Phonemes uye phonological units".

Vaya vanofarira nhoroondo yenyaya yacho, bhuku rinobatsira LR Zinder "Zvikoro zvepodological zvikuru."

Cherechedzawo basa:

• SV Kasevich, "Phonological Problems General and Oriental Linguistics".
• TP Lomtem, "Phonology yemitauro yeRussia yemazuva ano maererano neshoko rakagadzirwa".
• VI Postovalov, "Phonology."

AA Reformersky ndiye munyori wemabasa matatu umo zvinyorwa zvesayenzi zvinotsanangurwa zvakadzama:

• "Kubvira munhoroondo yepodology yepamba."
• "Mitsara pounology, morphology uye morphology."
• "Phonological etudes."

Zvikoro zvepodological

Zvikoro zvakasiyana-siyana zvemitauro zvakatarwa nefoni. Basa rakakurumbira kupfuura masayendisiti avo vaiva nhengo dzomuPurgue denderedzwa yemitauro, iyo yaisanganisira N. Trubetskoi naRa. Jakobson.

Chiratidzo chake chakaitwa nevasayendisiti kubva kuMoscow Phonological School, iyo A. Reformersky yaive. Vamiririri vehutungamiri uyu vakanyatsoteerera kuongororwa kwekuzivikanwa kweiyo phonemic shells.

Vamiririri vechikoro cheLeningrad, kusanganisira mutauro anozivikanwa anonzi L. Scherba, vaidavira kuti sayenzi, asi, inofanira kuongorora kusiyana kwavo.

Asi pasinei nemafungiro, masayendisiti anonamatira kune izwi rimwechete uye tsanangudzo.

Terminology

Sezvatotaurwa, phonology isayenzi inoongorora phonemes. Kungofanana nedzimwe sango rezivo, rine zvigadziridzo zvaro.

Mhemberero dzaro dzinosanganisira: phoneme, allophone, phoneme position, hyperphoneme, archiphoneme nevamwe. Funga nezvemashoko makuru.

• Fonema ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa mutauro wechikwata. Iyo inoshanda pakuvaka mafomu emashoko uye inoita basa rinogadzirisa chinangwa. Iyo inozadzika nekubatsirwa kwemashoko - mamiriro. Zvinofanira kuonekwa kuti zvakanyatsojeka kubva pamanzwi chaiwo ekutaura.
• Allophone ndeyekuziva kweimwe phoneme, zvichienderana nenzvimbo yayo yefoni.
• Hyperphoneme - phoneme, iyo inosanganisira zviratidzo zvemaviri mapfumo.
• Archiphoneme iyi phoneme ine ruzhinji rwezviratidzo zvekubvisa phonemesi.
• Nzvimbo ye phoneme ndeyekuziva kwayo mumutauro. Kugadzirisa uye kushamwaridzana maitiro kunomira.
• Nheyo yepamutemo ndiyo yekuziva kweponeme zvichienderana nenzvimbo iri mumutauro. Semuenzaniso, syllable isina kushungurudzika kana kuti yakasimudzirwa mavhavha.

• Combinatorial position - kushandiswa zvichienderana nenzvimbo yefoni. Semuenzaniso, mavhavhari muchinzvimbo mushure mekunyora kwakasimba kana kwakanyorova vane maitiro akasiyana.
• Nzvimbo yakasimba ye phoneme ndiyo nzvimbo iyo inoratidza zvakajeka nzvimbo dzayo.
• Izvo zvisina simba (zita rechipiri nderutivi rusingatauriri) ndiyo nzvimbo iyo phoneme haina kuita basa rakasiyana.
• Neutralization - kusanganisa kwemazita akasiyana-siyana mune imwe nyanzvi.
• Kusiyana kwezviratidzo zvemafemeni ndizvo zviratidzo zvavanopesana pakati pavo.

Iri haisi rondedzero yakakwana yemashoko ayo phonology inoshanda pa. Linguistics inowanzoshandisawo mamwe acho mune zvimwe zvikamu - foni, grammar.

Chimiro chechimiro cheRussia

Mutauro mumwe nomumwe unozivikanwa nehurongwa hwepodological. MuRussia nhasi manamato 43 amire kunze. Pakati idzi, 6 mavhirivha uye makumi matatu nemasere.

Muchiitiko ichi, chimwe nechimwe chazvo chinoratidzwa nekuvapo kana kusavapo kwerimwe chimiro chezvinhu.

Vowel phonemes ine mhando dzakatevera dzehutano hunoshandiswa: chiyero chekumusoro, uko kumusoro, pakati nepasi yakakwirira kunoratidzika, kusavapo kana kuvapo kwe labialization.

Consonants ane imwe inonakidza yakawanda yemamiriro. Pano zviratidzo zvinotevera zvinoratidzwa, zvizhinji zvaro zvakakamurwa kuvaviri. Saka, phonemes nde:

• Mheremhere kana mwanakomanaorous;
• Matsi kana mwanakomanaorous.

Nenzira ye dzidzo:

• Stoppers;
• Affricates;
• Slotted;
• Kutya;
• Labial;
• Dental;
• Palatine;
• Akaoma kana kuti akaneta.

Zvinhu izvi zvinonyatsozivikanwa kune avo vanodzidza mutauro weRussia. Telefoneti, phonology ndiyo sciences inoshandisa pane izvozvi, uye vadzidzi-philologists vanomanikidzwa kwete kungoyeuchidza izvi zvakagadziriswa, asiwo vanogona kuzvishandisa mumashandiro, vachifananidzira aya kana mamwe mahedheni zvichienderana nenzvimbo yavo muzwi.

Podological transcription

Imwe tsanangudzo, iyo inoshanda ichi chikamu chemizimi, inonzi phonological transcription. Ichi chimwewo unyanzvi hunodiwa, hunofanira kudzidziswa nevadzidzi-philologists. Nhamba yezvinyorwa zvinyorwa ndeyekunyora kwekuparidzirwa kwekutaura kwemashoko achishandisa zviratidzo zvakasiyana-siyana zvinoratidzira zvinoratidza phonemesi inoshandiswa mumashoko.

Panguva imwecheteyo, chete phoneme huru inogadzirirwa pamapepa, allophone haisi kuratidzwa. Nokunyora, zvinyorwa zviviri zveCyrillic nechiLatin zvinoshandiswa, uyewo maverengeka ezvinyorwa zvinyorwa.

Mhedziso

Porology ndiyo imwe yezvikamu zvikuru zvemizimi. Izvi zvesayenzi zvinodzidza kushanda kwemaphonemesi, mashoma emitauro. Rine makore anopfuura zana ezvakanyorwa, iro rayo mazwi echirevo, maitiro uye nyaya yekutsvakurudza.

Vadzidzi-philologists vanoidzidza mugore rekutanga reyunivhesiti, vasati vambozivana nefonitics kana zvakafanana nayo. Kuziva zvivako zvechirango ichi munguva yemberi kunobatsira kwete kungonzwisisa chete grammar, asiwo mitemo yekupelera uye orthoepia.