Pharmaceuticals - chii ichi?

Pharmaceuticals - Bazi iri maindasitiri, inotsvaka vakawanda kugadzirwa kwezvipimo mishonga. Ndiyo nhoroondo kuenderera chemishonga. Vaviri Dzidziso uye nzira yokuwana zvinodhaka musiyano chinokosha.

Pharmacy uye Pharmaceutics: chii musiyano?

Pharmacy rave richizivikanwa kubvira dzekare, pazvakava wokutanga kugadzirwa mishonga. To musi, chemishonga - masayendisiti chirango chiri kuitwa zvinosanganisira pakusikwa mishonga, kudzidza rakavimbika dzavo, ongororo pamusoro kwetunhu uye kugadzirwa zvinodhaka, kudzidzwa mashandiro chiito zvinodhaka vanhu uye zvakawanda. Uyewo nyaya yokudzidza ari kutsvaga uye kuidzwa dzinongoitika somushonga mari. Pharmacy chete - ndiwo mashoko maindasitiri kugadzirwa mishonga, rinotevera padariro kukura chemishonga kuti zvinodiwa mukanyiwa pamusika.

Pharmaceuticals sorutivi chemishonga akazviratidza muzana remakore rechi19, pazvakava pachena kuti-refu anozivikanwa nzira nokuda kwezvifananidzo zvaAtemisi zvinodhaka havagoni kupa mukanyiwa pamusika, uye zvichiguma zvigadzirwa vari artisanal hunhu mukugadzira. Mhedzisiro ane mushonga gadzira nomumwe vakanga kazhinji matambudziko vari varwere, neimwe nyanzvi - "mishonga" - akanga yayo yokuwana rimwe mushonga, pakanga pasina vakawanda Pfungwa uye Standardization mishonga.

Kubva remakore rechi19 vakatanga nenguva Standardization uye kwaita mishonga necheni, sangano rakatanga muUnited States, pashure kunzwisisa profitability kwezvisikwa pamusika zvokurapa. Drugs akatanga kubudiswa vakawanda pashure yokutanga pamwero mukuru Enterprises. Saka, Pharmaceuticals - ichi muzvigadzirwa kugadzirwa zvinodhaka nenhumbi dzayo mushandi zvinodiwa yepamusorosoro indasitiri.

Ko Pharmaceuticals

Munyika yanhasi ine Pharmaceuticals - ndiyo nzvimbo zivo uye tsika nezvido maindasitiri, vakawanda uye mutengo hwakakwana kugadzirwa zvinodhaka uye zvinhu. It kudzidza zvose zvinobatanidzwa vakawanda-anogadzirwa zvigadzirwa. In kugona kwayo:

• Kudzidza kubudirira zvinodhaka uye migumisiro yazvo pamusoro womunhu.
• Kudzidza kwemakemikari vomumatunhu Medicine (chipimo chemushonga, wevasungwa, uye zvichingodaro.).
• Mhando chipimo chemushonga siyana, nzira chourongwa mukurima uye okutengesa.
• The inoti zvokunyama somushonga zvinhu (saizi, chimiro, uye zvichingodaro. D.).
• Mabikirwo vakawanda kugadzirwa, michina nemidziyo maindasitiri, midziyo kugadzirwa pemitsara.
• Mishonga Excipients vavo simba hwokupedzisira chigadzirwa uye muviri womunhu.

Kugadzirwa Pharmaceuticals

Neindasitiri inogadzira mishonga yakabuda munzvimbo yechipiri yezana remakore rechi19. Panguva iyi, kwaiva chemishonga vokutanga apo zvinodhaka zvisina kuitwa, asi chete kutengeswa. Mune Implementation pamusoro patented zvinodhaka akawa. Mapiyona ari maindasitiri kugadzirwa zvinodhaka zvave mapoka maviri: Kambani yakabereka amoniya Bohm uye Pelletier - Quinine. Muenzaniso wavo zvakateverwa varidzi chitoro Pharmacies nemhaka iyo chikuru kugadzirwa ndokumuka mushure,.

Kana enterprising vemishonga vakaziva kuti Pharmaceuticals - zviri nani chaizvo, vakatanga kuvaka mabhizimisi avo pachavo. Muna 1827, mishonga Merck akatanga kubudisa zvinodhaka kwakavakirwa dzinongoitika zvinhu (morphine, Quinine uye nezvimwewo.), Izvo mberi vakaenda naye pakusikwa kambani hombe. Hwaro vakawanda vanozivikanwa mishonga pezvitsiga yazova dzose chemishonga Somuenzaniso, "Schering" (Germany) uye "Park-Davis" (USA).

Pharmaceutics uye Chemistry

Kwete chete Pharmacies hakugumiri indasitiri ino. Pharmaceutical chokuita zvakananga makemikari indasitiri. Chemical tsvina vaiva pokutangira kuti nhamba makambani Somuenzaniso, akadai "Bayer". State mutemo patenting mishonga mazita zvakonzerawo kukura indasitiri.

Chero mugadziri unogona kuuya kwako zita zvinodhaka uye akazvitengesa pasi vayo muchiso, izvo haana kurambidza vamwe kuziva chete chigadzirwa pasi mazita akasiyana. Kunobudirira kumusika rutsigiro vakaita zvinodhaka "asipurini" zvikuru 24 nguva zvinodhura pane aspirin, raakanga, chokwadi, aiva.

Zvakaitika hondo pakati Prussia uye Austria muna 1866 kuti zvinowedzera kugadzirwa Pharmaceuticals. Zvakazoitwa kurwisana kwemauto muEurope, uyewo aiva zvakasimbisa kukurumidza kuwedzera pamwero mukuru kugadzirwa patented mishonga. mutungamiriri neindasitiri inogadzira mishonga pamberi Hondo Yenyika I akanga Germany, ayo musika mugove waiva 20% of zvachose turnover mishonga. Gare gare, utungamiriri yakaendeswa US kambani.

Pharmaceuticals Russian

Pharmaceuticals muRussia yakatanga kukura dzaro dzemamongi, apo kutambura vagamuchira zvokudya zvomudzimu kwete chete asiwo kubatsira kurapa zvirwere, vakawanda mazano varapi. Muna 1091 muRussia, muchipatara rokutanga initiator yakanga Pereyaslav mupristi Efuremu yakatangwa. YaMakoronike Maponesa mazita akawanda yemamongi varapi, uye vamwe vavo vakafanirwa emakore chinonamatwa Somuenzaniso, Pimen Postnik uye Dimian Tselebnik.

Mongol-Tatar Kurwisa, uye emakore anoverengeka muuranda matsime kukura nesayenzi munzvimbo zhinji zvokurapa kushanda havasisipo. Kufarira zvakanzi vainzi mumhuri youshe muna 1547, apo kudare kubva Europe vakauya nyanzvi dzinoverengeka.

Wokutanga chemishonga akazviratidza muMoscow paitonga Ivan vanotyisa, mitoro wetsvimbo yaiva yemhuri youmambo. Chakava hwaro pakusikwa Aptekarskaya Chamber. Yokutanga mashoko akavimbika pamusoro chemishonga haana kurarama. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti zvakanga yaiva pamberi Chudov wemamongi muna Kremlin. basa rose rakanga zvachose inodzorwa, zvokubikisa rakashandiswa chaiyo remazita zvaiona kugadzirwa mushonga vaipa chinyorwa, izvo zvinoratidza zviri nomumwe rokuti uye nhamba uye zita mishonga akasika mushonga. Bhuku iri kuchengetwa vakuru Aptekarskaya Chamber pamwe mishonga yose.

Petro kuchinja

Muna ra1654, chikoro chokudzidzisa vanachiremba uye vemishonga akanga akazaruka. Public chemishonga akazviratidza muMoscow muna 1672, uye akanga asiri kure Red Square, iye akapiwa zita idzva, kwete kuti kuvhiringidzwa yamambo. Progress munzvimbo iyi akauya chikuru muvandudzi yeRussia - Peter I. Muna 1701, maererano nechirevo chake, muMoscow kubudikidza sere kuzvitoro dzakadaro akazarurwa. The Kudeuka uye zvemberi chemishonga panguva iyoyo riri Butcher Street muna 1706. Basa sangano iri harisi chete zvinodhaka zororo akasiyana-siyana vatengi, asiwo kugoverwa mishonga mauto dzakabatana.

Muna 1714 Petr Veliky akapedza chinotevera kuchinja of Medicine uye zita wezvinonhuhwira wadhi muna Medical Office. New Masangano vakanga dzinodzorwa nemauto uye zvokurapa mabasa, mutemo vemishonga. Pakati pezana remakore rechi18, guta guru rakavambwa 14 Pharmacies, uye vakaonekwa mumaguta makuru akawanda.

Nebudiriro vemishonga Russian

Domestic Pharmaceuticals akaita rakakura nyika nesayenzi. Chinonyanya unoshamisa zvakawanwa vakaita mune Medical-Nzira Academy (St. Petersburg). Pahwaro tsika, Purofesa OV Zabelin akaronga murabhoritari apo kuedza zvinoitiswa pharmacological. Kuburikidza mabasa A. A. Sokolovskogo anoranga akadai pharmacology uye pharmaceutics zvidzidzo Moscow University. Mupiro pave zvinodhaka uye vagadzirire masayendisiti akawanda vachishanda pakutanga kwezana 19-20 emakore.

mishonga zvigadzirwa muSoviet nguva wakabudiswa chete pashure yakareba yokuedzwa, kusimbisa efficacy uye kuchengeteka kushandiswa kwayo. The nyika akagadza richikurukura mumarabhoritari uye mabhizimisi makuru pamusoro kwetunhu zvinodhaka dzakaoma. Kugadzirwa zvigadzirwa vaiva high quality. Parizvino Russian mishonga indasitiri zvakazara sezvarayirwa dzakawanda nemitemo. Unoshanda munhu richikurukura mumarabhoritari uye kugadzirwa anoramba kuva chokusika mishonga mitsva, kuedza uye tsvakurudzo inoitwa.

Russian mishonga mafekitari kubudisa nhumbi dziri kudiwa pamusoro zvipfuwo uye dzimwe kumusika. Vashanu remasangano mishonga emisasa Russian Federation sezvinotevera:

• "AstraZeneca".
• JSC "Vertex".
• STADA Kishi.
• "Microgen".
• JSC "Grindeks".

Basa "mishonga"

Pharmaceuticals - ndiye sayenzi maindasitiri okuwana, rinoda unyanzvi vashandi. Zvikoro Medical vanorovedza unyanzvi mumabasa maviri - vemishonga uye vemishonga. Mishonga - chipatara, mumwe dzakagadzirirwa ndagadzirira mumakoreji, kurovedza kunotora makore 4. Mishonga basa tenzi mu Africa kwemakore anopfuura 7 makore (6 years + 1 gore internship).

Knowledge garo vemishonga vari munzvimbo mana makuru. Pashure nokusunungurwa nyanzvi mumunda vari kushanda Pharmacies mune mishonga dzokuchengetera, mumarabhoritari, unyanzvi tsvakurudzo anotanga. Pharmacy vadzidzi vanokwezvwa wokuita zvakawanda uye dynamism. Mazvikokota harifaniri chete kusunungura mishonga, asi kupa mazano nzira sarudzo. Uyezve, kuunganidza ruzivo hwaro achibvumira kunzwisisa sei zvinodhaka zvakaitwa, chii migumisiro dzavo uye contraindications.

Ndiani anogona kumhanya zvebhizimisi mushandi basa iro - Pharmaceuticals? A mushonga upi chirwere chinoitwa achifunga uye zvaidiwa mitemo yakasimba uye rwokugadzira. Nokuti mishonga ine basa chero chikamu vachida. Nzvimbo basa nyanzvi:

• The mishonga-mutengesi - kushanda chitoro Pharmacies. The zvezvinotaurwa mabasa anosanganisira kukurukura vatengi, vaitamba chinyorwa, kugadzirwa inonyorwa zvinodhaka, yakarurama kuchengetera mishonga, restocking.
• The mishonga-mutsvakurudzi achishanda murabhoritari. Zvinangwa vaongorori vari kudzidza chirwere, achirapa pezvakaitwa, unhu mabhakitiriya, mavhairasi, microflora, etc. kupfuura ngaiteerere nenyanzvi kuwana kune ngozi utachiona mhando (AIDS, Ebola, etc ...) Kuti pokumuka yokudzivirira pamusoro zvirwere izvi ...
• Vemishonga, Distributors zvinoda ari nemakambani anogadzira mishonga muzvirongwa Implementation pachavo mishonga yavo kana tiri vamiririri Makambani makuru.

Pharmaceuticals - a kwetunhu sayenzi nemaindasitiri. Medical gadziriro Serial kugadzirwa kushandisa zvinenge chinhu. A matauriro kuti kudyiwa mishonga hwezvekukurukurirana kwerunyararo utano uye kupora nezvirwere zvakawanda.