Palekh vakasiyana. Vanhu hove mumusha Palekh

Mumwe mhando zvavo rwokugadzira akanaka kwazvo chinhu Russian lacquer maduku, ano nzvimbo iyo dziri muna Palekh, Fedoskino, Mstera uye Kholui. muzinda Ancient ounyanzvi ichi - kumusha Palekh of Ivanovo nharaunda, iro vemifananidzo kwemazana emakore, kwete chete kupendwa mifananidzo, asiwo kupendwa madziro mumachechi Orthodox uye akadzorera mutana machechi uye machechi. Palekh maduku, izvo akasimuka somugumisiro magariro kuchinja zvakaitika Russia mushure October Revolution pamusoro 1917, akakwanisa kuchengetedza nemakore tsika kuvake kupenda uye kutamira navo itsva siyana uye muzadze zvimwe zvinokosha kuti vanhu tigutsikane.

Nhoroondo Russian lacquer

The Russian lacquer kupenda chakavapo nokuda anopfuura maviri emakore. Zvinonzi kuonekwa kutanga kuguma XVIII remakore, apo Moscow mushambadzi Korobov inotangwa fekitari kuti pagadzirwe lacquered visors aiendeswa yeRussia hondo neheti. Lacquered vakasiyana akazviratidza zvishoma gare gare, apo paRussian Imperial dare tsika nendiro vakava mufashoni. Korobov akakwanisa kukurumidza zvikuru kuronga kudhindwa mabhokisi lacquer vakasiyana - nendiro. Nokufamba kwenguva, gizmos izvi zvave kushandiswa vashongedze mumakamuri. Saizvozvowo, kushongedzwa zvinodiwa zvavo wakakwidzwa. Gare gare mabasa vemifananidzo Russian vari zvinooneka vakasiyana Western yemashoko sei magadzirirwo kuti vaurayiwe, uyewo panyaya aiva anzi National hunhu. Saka, muna Russian lacquer vakasiyana akazviratidza vatambi uye mifananidzo kubva chevarwere dzechembere uye ngano mabhuku Russian dzenhoroondo uye zvekare, zvinoratidza tsika Russian uye nzira youpenyu, zvichiberekana kunaka yakapoteredza muzvarirwo.

Inzvimbo Russian lacquer miniatures

In Russia nhasi pane nzvimbo ina, izvo zviri kushingaira kutanga kuponeswa tsika yekare Russian art vakasiyana lacquer kupenda: Fedoskino, Palekh, Holuy uye Mstera. Pamberi yaifamba 1917 ose nemisha kunze Fedoskino, vaizivikanwa kuRussia sezvo zvikuru nzvimbo kuvake painting, izvo akasika icon kwete chete, asiwo kugadzirira kudzorerwa tenzi uye rusvingo mifananidzo temberi. Mumwe nomumwe nzvimbo idzi asike nezvidhori tsika zvakafanana Orthodox, asiwo aiva yayo nevamwe insignia. Masters kuti Kholui, kusvikira sezvataigona iconography, vaiva pedyo Russian chinyakare realism, vagari Mstera vakatevera tsika Old Vakatendeka Nzanga kumatunhu Russian siyana, Palekh vemifananidzo kuita zvikuru akafuridzirwa Orthodox mifananidzo.

sei iconography muna Palekh

Muzana XVI remakore Palekh vagari pasi pokudzora kwomudzimu nzvimbo vavapo ambotaurwa iconography uye Kholui Shuya akatanga kuedza ruoko rwake kunyora mifananidzo. Kuedza dzaiva shoma uye akabudirira chaizvo kwete kuvadaidza.

Pakati XVII remakore mbiri ari Palekh kuvake Painters yakasvika Moscow, uye vaimbi vari kukokwa kuti aite basa iri ramambo. Kana ari XVII remakore iri mupurovhinzi Vladimir kuvake akanyora musha anenge ose guru, muna XVIII remakore vaiva chikuru mifananidzo matatu pakati: Holuy, Mstera uye Palekh. Paleshane, kusiyana vagari zvakawanda dzakapfuma Mstera Kholui uye, kusvikira pakutanga XIX remakore rechirume zvavo zvetsika kurima pamwe kunyora kwemifananidzo yako wakasununguka nguva mumunda. Vyrisovalas nokunyatsoongorora tsika kuzvidhori zvakasikwa zvishoma nezvishoma uye aidhura.

Pakutanga XIX remakore ichaongororwa ichatonga zvine mbiri Palekh kuvake kupenda. Started muna Palekh mifananidzo vakatengesa kwete chete muguta guru uye mumaguta makuru Russian, asiwo kumwe.

Pakazosvika pakati pezana remakore XIX muna Palekh akaronga musangano wokutanga kunofanira Safonov, Corinne, uye Nanykinu UDALOVA. By pakutanga XX remakore, kugadzirwa kwemifananidzo kwazopararira, isingadhuri uye zvishoma unhu. VeMubatanidzwa chisingakoshi mifananidzo, yakadhindwa typographically, kwakaita kuti kwokuderera iconography uye kubviswa anoverengeka vanozivikanwa muzvitoro. Mukutanga ramakumi remakore muna Kholui, Palekh uye Mstera kuchengetedza tsika Russian kuvake kudzidzisa kupenda kuitarisira Committee okudhindira dzakasikwa, iyo kusvikira 1917.

The Soviet kumwedzi

Mushure October Revolution, kusvika 1923, vakawanda vemifananidzo muna Palekh rovha. Mumwe akanga aenda kunotsvaka basa muguta, vamwe vakaedza kuita matoyi, nezvirongo kana ruka shangu. Kusvikira 1923, akaedza vakaitwa kuchinja yaimbova kamufananidzo kupenda mabhokisi, matoyi uye emapuranga midziyo. Zvisinei, zvinhu hazvina kufamba uyewo kudiwa kusunungurwa nemabhuku makuru yakaderera rates, uye chaiye ari chigadzirwa kwakaita kuti pagadzirwe kuderedzwa yepamusoro zvigadzirwa.

Musi kana akasikwa Palekh lacquer maduku, muchimiro umo tinoziva zvinofanira aionekwa kuguma 1922, kutanga muna 1923. Panguva iyoyo yemitambo Artist Ivan Golikov ferrous workpieces akagadzirwa paperi-mache maché kuumba munhu sezvamunoita "Adam muParadhiso." basa iri anofarira kurapa handicraft Museum (nhasi - Folk Art Museum), rakanga kupa blanks Artist uye mari basa rake. Mune ramangwana, muitiro chokuita I. V. Markichev, AV uye IP Kotuhin Vakurov. Vakasikwa vemifananidzo acho muna 1923 paNational Art uye Industry Exhibition muMoscow uye paakavapa ari dhipuroma of 1st dhigirii. Muna 1924, ivo vaimbi vakanga hwakaratidza muna Venice, uye muna 1925 - muParis, apo iye wakasika furor uye akabudirira zvikuru. izvi zvose zvakaita kuti chokwadi chokuti December 5, 1924 mu Palekh VV uye AV Kotuhinymi, AI uye AI I.Zubkovymi, Markicheva IV, IM uye hangu Bakanov . Golikov akasikwa Artel kuti kupenda yekare.

Achangoberekwa Palekh vakasiyana zvakati matambudziko: kutanga, taida kuva zvinhu zvitsva - a paperi-mache maché, ane ruzivo rwokugadzira haina kuzivikanwa vemifananidzo, Paleshane, uyezve, zvakanga zvakakodzera kufamba kubva kupenda sandara padandemutande mifananidzo kuti formatting zvinhu uye zvinhu zvinopa vhoriyamu uye chimiro.

A siyana maumbirwo uye dzakapendwa Palekh vanatenzi vanotongwa chaiva guru: nezvikorekedzo, bisernitsy, zvipfuva, mabhokisi, nyaya fodya uye mabhokisi nendiro, eyeglass nyaya uye mabhokisi upfu uye zvakawanda. Palekh vakasiyana nguva ane raidudzwa Sora pakutanga, asi haana wakajeka mifananidzo uye Virtual storyline. The nziyo dzakawanda kubudirira uye yakakurumbira nguva vaiva muhondo, ari cowherd, kuvhima, kumapati uye hwemwana hunokura kakapetwa katatu.

Safe kutaura kuti akanga ari 20s remakore rechimakumi maviri muna Palekh lacquer vakasiyana aumba pasi pokudzora zvose yekare Russian kamufananidzo kupenda tsika, uye nyika ounyanzvi.

Hondo Yapera

In gumi yorugare rokutanga, vanatenzi vazhinji Palekh miniatures mumabasa ake zvinoratidza siyana hondo zvikamu, vose vachangobva kudzidza kubva Second World War uye dzimwe hondo huru dzaiunza mukurumbira kuuto Russian. Munguva vamakumi mashanu, maererano vatsoropodzi vakawanda, lacquer vakasiyana Palekh kunzwa pachena dambudziko, iyo kunokonzerwa zvinowanzoitwa zhinji Artists kuti kunyanya realism, vasiyiwa basa uye dzorudo chakagadziridzwa hunhu nemabasa yapfuura makore. Palekh maduku, Photo akapa pazasi, chinoratidza zvakajeka pokudzora Soviet dzematongerwe nguva pamusoro vemifananidzo.

Kunwisa realism, monumentality uye pathos zvaizobatsira vakawanda mabasa akasika pamakore aya, kunyange, uye akaramba vamwe vanatenzi Maponesa tsika romanticism uye chikoro yekare.

The sixties vanoonekwa ne monumentality uye kunyanyisa zvoga go, asi chikomo kudanana maumi vakadzokera Palekh lacquer vakasiyana zvakare inova enhetembo uye ndeyokufananidzira. Panguva iyi, vemifananidzo paleshane kukumbira kwete chete kune achabatira zvinyorwa, asi vo mabasa dzekare mabhuku, uyewo nziyo ano. Panguva iyoyowo chinokosha munzanga zviitiko, zvakadai Somuenzaniso, munhu nzvimbo kutiza, uye vakawana kufungisisa kwayo mabasa vanatenzi.

The manonwe uye eighties of XX remakore yaiva nguva achibudirira pamusoro Palekh kupenda. Palekh Artists vanokokwa kutanga anoita konzati siyana zvirongwa, kushongedzwa vana uye tsika masangano.

modernity

Akapukunyuka zvakaoma 90s, paleshane vakasiya tsika hove. Ndiwe chikoro Palekh pagore unobereka vaduku vemifananidzo, vachinyatsoongorora kuchengetedza tsika uye unhu, izvo anonakidza saka Palekh vakasiyana. Nhasi pane cooperatives dzakawanda uye mabhizimisi mhuri, vakaitwa chinyakare Palekh lacquer zvavo.

nevamwe zvinhu

Palekh kupenda, somumwe Ndiwe acho anenge raumbwa dzimwe nzvimbo, ane yayo dzakasiyana zvinhu uye tsika. Sezvambotaurwa, nehove iconic emakore vakarumbidza Palekh. Lacquered Thumbnail mifananidzo akatorwa pamusoro achishandisa muzvizhinji pamusoro features, akadai Somuenzaniso, kuvaka akafanana, uye akangwarira nzeve zvizere. Tinogona kutaura kuti Palekh vakasiyana akasimuka mutsika yekare kuvake kupenda. Kubva zvimwe zvikoro voruzhinji Palekh lacquer kupenda Style kunoratidzwa anotevera zvinhu:

• prorisovyvanie zvikukutu nziyo uye vanotongwa;
• vakasiyana kupenda;
• hwakarongwa uye wakapfuma Sora muenzaniso;
• akangwarira kunyatsotevedzera nechimwe chine maatomu akafanana;
• elongation uye fragility pamusoro nenhamba yevanhu;
• fineness dzinocherwa muviri vanhu zvikamu;
• akasiyana-siyana ruvara kuchinja;
• Shandisa rima siyana;
• kushandiswa zai tempera;
• Painted goridhe.

Asi kuti the artist akakwanisa kutanga asika thumbnails, unofanira kutanga kuumba paperi-mache maché chigadzirwa kuti zvichaita wemasaini.

How kuti paperi-mache maché?

It chakagadzirwa makadhibhokisi, iro kare racherwa rinoparadza, akazorwa namatidza, yakabikwa hwakatsetseka gorosi, uye rinoshandisirwa muforoma (vara) bindepinde. Mushure unowana inodiwa ukobvu, pamwechete makadhibhokisi clapper ndee mune chaiyo muchina. Under kumanikidzwa, vari dzikwanise sepombi maumbirwo dzakasiyana-siyana. Compressed saka Bonding aoma pa nzvimbo tembiricha kwevhiki dzinenge mbiri. The preform waoma iri akatura usiku ushamwari mafuta linseed nokuda impregnation, pashure izvo vari raakapwisa kwemazuva mana chaiyo muovheni umo tembiricha anodzokororwa pa 120 ⁰ C. In rinotevera danho workpiece ivhu uye primed. Pashure vachikuya rayo pamusoro akawanda superposed akaturikidzana pamusoro matema lacquer, uye yomukati - Oil varnish pamwe cinnabar. Panoperera kwacho pepasi lacquered vanoverengeka akaturikidzana ose lacquer chiedza. Pashure kushanda neimwe paiva pakati preform yapwa pane imwe tembiricha iri sechoto. Chete pashure manipulations izvi zvose, yokudhirowa achakwanisa kutanga kupenda.

Unyanzvi uye nzira

Sezvatotaurwa, mumwe zvainyanya akadzadzwa Palekh lacquer vakasiyana kupenda ndiyo zai tempera pendi. Kuti akapenda havasi kusundwa kuti kumeso varnish pamusoro, zviri zvikuru kurapwa aine pumice ibwe. The gandiwa of mufananidzo ramangwana rinoshandisirwa chigadzirwa, rakapinza penzura uye aita underpainting. Zviri kwaari uye richashandiswa kuti tenzi uye muzvizhinji kuti segirazi matete akaturikidzana kuti kupenda. Total matanho anokosha rakasikwa mufananidzo shanu:

1. Roskrysh - huru basting silhouettes uye contours.

2. Residence mvumo - kugadzirisa contours uye maketeni.

3. Plavi - kushandisa mura nuna lessirovochnomu pendi zvokurova.

4. Blikovka - notching akaita yanyungudiswa goridhe.

5. kugadzira mapango okuvaka kupenda goridhe muenzaniso.

Zvadaro, goridhe chishongo configured sezvo neagati yakabwinyiswa cône kana mhumhi zino, ipapo nyaya yose zvinenge zvakazara 6-7 akaturikidzana ose lacquer. Pashure kushanda neimwe basa waoma, rinobwinya riri chaiwo makorari pamakumbo, uye ipapo inopfuura kupedza ruoko yakabwinyiswa. Lacquered hukawanika, kukwenenzverwa girazi kumugumo, achipa mufananidzo chimwe kudzika uye kunoita pendi "yakanaka" zvikuru mupfumi uye munyoro.