Nzira dzepurojekiti yekuongorora uye kuenzanisa kwavo. Black-box test and white-box testing

Testing Software (SW) kunongedza pakakoromorwa, zvikanganiso uye zvikanganiso zviri bumbiro zvinofanira kugadziriswa. Rinogonawo se muitiro Kuongorora functionality uye yakarurama usashandisa achibatsirwa ari kuongorora. Basic nzira kusangana uye kuidzwa-software zvikumbiro uye nechokwadi unhu ndiko kuedza Specification, magadzirirwo Coding, kuvimbika kuongorora, chivimbo chakasimba uye ongororo.

nzira

Chinangwa chikuru-software yokuedzwa - nokusimbisa unhu-software hurongwa kuburikidza enderana debugging zvikumbiro pasi nokungwarira kudzora mamiriro kuziva kukwana kwavo uye zvakarurama, uyewo vasabatwa zvikanganiso zvakavanzika.

Nzira ongororo (yokuedzwa) zvirongwa zvinogona rakakamurwa kunofambira mberi uye simba.

Aimbova zvinosanganisira kurongwa, kuongorora uye zvekushandisa review, rokuongorora danho nedanho, pachisara Auditing, uyewo kunofambira mberi mashoko kuyerera kuongorora uye kutarisirwa.

Dynamic unyanzvi vari:

1. White bhokisi kunovhenekwa. Ichi kudzidza womukati pfungwa uye nemamiriro chirongwa hwakadzama. Zvakakodzera zivo kunobva remitemo.
2. Black bhokisi kunovhenekwa. nzira iyi haatarisiri ruzivo chero pamusoro yomukati kushanda kushanda. We funga chete dzinokosha zvinoumba ezvinhu, kwete ukama kana chokuita vashoma kwayo womukati musoro marongerwo.
3. Gray bhokisi nzira. Chine yapfuura mharidzo mbiri. Debugging vasina zivo womukati kushanda chikumbiro unobatanidzwa pamwe zivo inokosha zvinoumba hurongwa.

njenjemera yokuedzwa

The chena bhokisi nzira uchishandisa bvunzo mumanyoro kudzora nemamiriro Maitiro zvakagadzirwa. Nzira iyi inobvumira kuti kuzivisa Implementation zvikanganiso, akadai murombo utariri yekubvuma ezvinhu nokuongorora chikamu yomukati nokushanda software. Izvi bvunzo nzira dzinoshanda kuti kusangana, module uye maitiro mumatunhu. The tester anofanira kuwana kunobva remitemo uye kurishandisa kutsvaka kuti chikwata achiita zvisina kunaka.

Achiedza zvirongwa ne chena-bhokisi rine zvinotevera zvazvakanakira:

• Kunoitawo kuti tione chikanganiso mubumbiro yakavanda nokubvisa zvisingakoshi mitsetse;
• kushandisa kurutivi-zvinokonzerwa;
• kunonyanyisa nhau zvinoitwa kunyora bvunzo manyorero.

payakaipira:

• soro-mutengo muitiro, rinoda unyanzvi debugger;
• nzira dzakawanda kuramba unexplored nokuti kwazvo cheki zvikanganiso zvose zvinobvira yakavanzwa zvikuru kunzwisisa;
• vamwe bumbiro zvichabviswa vakapfuura kuzviona.

White bhokisi kunovhenekwa dzimwe nguva dzakataurwa vachimuidza munhu yakajeka kana rakavhurika bhokisi, STRUCTURAL, musoro yekuedzwa, inobva kupi code, uye pfungwa mapurani.

Huru mhando:

1) achiedza kuerera kuzvidzora - STRUCTURAL urongwa kushandisa chirongwa kudzora kuyerera womuenzaniso uye sezvo chemumwe kupfuura nyore nzira vashoma zvikuru kunzwisisa;

2) The Bazi yakagadzirirwa kudzidza debugging yega (chokwadi kana kuti nhema) mumwe kudzorwa opareta, izvo zvinosanganisirawo mhinduro vasanganiswa;

3) kuidzwa huru nzira, iyo rinobvumira tester kumisa musoro kunzwisisa chiyero Maitiro nezvacho nevamwe zvaiva akaisawo kuuraya nzira;

4) kuongorora umboo rukova - kuerera kudzora nzira kutsvakurudza pedyo annotations kuverenga mashoko pamusoro AD uye kushandisa chirongwa variables;

5) Zvinonzi yokuedzwa - zvizere nezvezvandaifanira yakarurama mudzimu cyclic kwendangariro.

zvounhu debugging

Black bhokisi yokuedzwa ichibata Software se "bhokisi dema" - ruzivo pamusoro yomukati nokushanda yepurogiramu hadzina kuverengwa, uye ikadzivisa chete dzinokosha zvinhu kuti gadziriro. Panyaya iyi, kuti tester anofanira kuziva hurongwa mavakirwo pasina kuenda kunobva remitemo.

Zvakanakira nzira iyi:

• kunyatsoshanda nokuti huru yechiratidzo chidimbu;
• shungu maonero tester;
• mushandisi nemaonero anosiiwa zvakajeka kubva yokuvaka kumaonero (programmer uye tester zviri pasina mumwe);
• zvakawanda nokukurumidza chisikwa yomuedzo.

Testing Software bhokisi dema nzira ine zvinotevera payakaipira:

• zvirokwazvo akaita yevashoma nhamba yokuedzwa nyaya, zvichiguma dzisina nhau;
• kushaya zvakajeka Specification zvakaoma kuva bvunzo mumanyoro;
• yakaderera kunyatsoshanda.

Other mazita zvemichina ichi - zvounhu, dzisiri segirazi, chadzo yokuedzwa uye debugging nzira bhokisi wakapfigwa.

chikamu ichi zvingasanganisira zvinotevera Software yekuedzwa unyanzvi:

1) yakaenzana partition, zvinogona kuderedza seti yokuedzwa Data sezvo chiyamuro Software module Data rwakoromoka kupinda dzakasiyana;

2) muganhu ukoshi kuongorora chinotaura pamusoro ongororo miganhu kana kunyanyisa muganhu tsika - shoma, kunonyanyisa, uye mifananidzo tsika kukanganisa;

3) fuzzing - kushandiswa pave kutsvaka kuburikidza inputting zvikanganiso kana kukanganiswa date poluiskazhennyh mu otomatiki kana Semi-otomatiki rudzi;

4) hazvibatsiri kuti Matambudziko - imwe nzira inobva pakusikwa calculators uye kuziva ukama pakati chiito uye zvikonzero zvayo: Kuzivikanwa, negation, musoro OR uye musoro UYE - zvina vanonyanya kutaurwa, achiratidza kuti ukama pakati chikonzero uye kushanda;

5) Verification pamusoro orthogonal arrays kushandiswa nezvinetso duku chiyamuro nharaunda huru mukana dzoga tsvakurudzo;

6) achiedza mbiri zvose - munhu nzira apo boka yokuedzwa tsika unotora zvose zvinobvira binary mubatanidzwa peya nerimwe chiyamuro parameters;

7) debugging hurumende Kuchinja - imwe nzira chinobatsira kuongorora mamiriro muchina, uyewo kufamba kubudikidza y user.

Black bhokisi yokuedzwa: Mienzaniso

dema-bhokisi unyanzvi inobva nokurondedzerwa, mapepa, uye rondedzero usashandisa inowanikwa kana hurongwa. Uyezve, unogona kushandisa mienzaniso (kusununguka kana kurongwa), rinomiririra anokarirwa maitiro ari software.

Kazhinji, nzira iri kushandiswa kuti debugging User inowanikwa uye kunoda kudyidzana pamwe kushandisika Pakusuma date muunganidzwa uye zvabuda - kubva chidzitiro, kubva mishumo kana printouts.

The tester, saka, interacts pamwe Software kubudikidza inputting, nokuita pamusoro haizoshandisi, mabhatani kana zvimwe interfaces. Pakusarudza chiyamuro data, hurongwa chourongwa kana kutevedzana kwezviitiko nezviito zvinogona kutungamirira hombe uwandu anofambidzana, sezvinoratidzwa zvinotevera muenzaniso.

How nemiedzo yakawanda vanofanira kuita kuti aone zvose zvinobvira tsika nokuda 4 mahwindo mureza uye mumwe-kure munda, akaisa nguva mumasekonzi? Pakutanga kuona kukarukureta iri nyore: 4 muminda maviri zvinobvira inoti - 24 = 16, izvo zvinofanira kane nokuwanda zvichibvira zvepamusoro kubva 00 kusvika 99, i.e. 1600 zvinogoneka nemiedzo.

Zvisinei, kuverenga izvi zvakaipa: tingaziva kuti vaviri-pfungwa munda kunogona iine nzvimbo, kuti ndiye E., It inoumbwa maviri alphanumeric zvinzvimbo uye zvingasanganisira alphanumeric vatambi, anokosha vatambi, dzezvimwe, nezvimwewo D. Saka, kana.. hurongwa iri kombiyuta 16-yati, rukazvidzora 216 = 65536 imwe chinzvimbo nomumwe ari nomuuyo 4294967296 bvunzo nyaya zvinofanira kane 16 mubatanidzwa mireza inopa vanosvika 68.719.476 736. Kana yavanobata pana 1 bvunzo pa wechipiri, yose cont nekuongororwa olzhitelnost ndiyo 2 177.5 makore. For 32 kana 64-yati mugadziriro, nguva kunyange zvakawanda.

Naizvozvo pane chikonzero kuderedza ichi nguva kuti zvinogamuchirika chechetere. Nokudaro, nzira inofanira kushandiswa kuderedza nhamba yokuedzwa nyaya pasina kuderedza chiyero yokuedzwa.

yokuenzana partitioning

Vakaenzana partition ndiyo nzira iri nyore kuti rinoshanda chero variables kuti varipo vari software, kana chiyamuro kana goho tsika, dzokufananidzira, Numeric, uye nevamwe. Kwakavakirwa papfungwa kuti vose mashoko kubva nerokuti pamusoro partition kuchaita kubatwa zvakafanana uye mirayiridzo chete.

Panguva yekuedzwa, akasarudza mumiririri mumwe nomumwe chaiyo yokuenzana partition. Izvi zvinobvumira kuti zvakanyatsorongwa kuderedza uwandu zvichibvira bvunzo nyaya pasina kurasikirwa mishumo mirayiro uye mashandiro.

Mumwe mugumisiro partitioning uyu kuderedza combinatorial kuputika pakati akasiyana variables uye akabatanidza rutapudzo yokuedzwa nyaya.

Somuenzaniso, muna (1 / x) ^1/2 kushandisa mashoko sequences matatu, matatu nerechiHebheru partition:

1. All zvakanaka nhamba vachava kubatwa saizvozvo uye vanofanira kupa zvakarurama zvabuda.

2. All kunaka nhamba zvagadziriswa zvakafanana pamwe chete mugumisiro. Izvi kururama, nekuti pamudzi zvakaipa nhamba iri zvekufungidzira.

3. Zero richaitwa sei yoga uye kupa kukanganisa "kupesana ne razero". Ichi chikamu chimwe chete ukoshi.

Saka, tinoona akasiyana zvikamu zvitatu, mumwe icho ipfupi kune rimwe ukoshi. Pane imwe chikamu "zvakarurama", iro rinopa hwakavimbika zvabuda, uye vaviri "zvakaipa" ne kururama nemigumisiro.

muganhu ukoshi ongororo

Processing pamusoro miganhu vakaenzana partitioning anogona kuitwa zvakasiyana pane kutarisirwa. Kuongorora kuti muganhu tsika - inozivikanwa nzira ongorora maitiro usashandisa munzvimbo dzakadaro. chidobi Izvi zvinoita kuziva zvikanganiso izvozvo:

• kushandiswa zvisina kufanira ndeyeukama dzaishandisa (<,>, =, ≠, ≥, ≤);
• kukanganisa chete;
• matambudziko zvinogara uye iterations,
• Mhando zvakaipa kana kukura variables inoshandiswa kuchengeta mashoko;
• chakagadzirwa zvausingakwanisi chokuita nemashoko mhando uye variables.

translucent yokuedzwa

wachena bhokisi nzira kunowedzera bvunzo nhau, unogona kufunga zvose zvakaoma kwevari ezvinhu kuburikidza mubatanidzwa nzira black chena.

Tichishandisa nzira iyi, iyo tester kuti kukura yokuedzwa tsika vanofanira ruzivo yomunyika mashoko zvivako uye algorithms. Mienzaniso vachena-bhokisi kunovhenekwa nzira ndeinotevera:

• mapurani muenzaniso;
• Dzibatane Modelling Language (UML);
• mamiriro womuenzaniso (finite hurumende machine).

Mune nzira iri pfumbu bhokisi kutanga bvunzo nyaya akadzidza modules mu chena injiniya Codes, uye muedzo chaiwo rinoitwa pamusoro interfaces ari mutema rwokugadzira zvirongwa.

Izvi kuedza nzira vane zvinotevera zvazvakanakira:

• mubatanidzwa mikana michena mabhokisi mukoti;
• Tester inobva inowanikwa uye dzichipfekeka Specification, uye kwete anokonzera remitemo;
• debugger anogona kuita muedzo mukuru zviitiko;
• cheki yakaitwa kubva pfungwa nemaonero inodzidzisa, kwete akagadzira chirongwa;
• kusika tsika bvunzo kukura;
• zvinhu sezvazviri.

payakaipira:

• bvunzo nhau iri ema hakuna kuwana kunobva remitemo;
• kunzwisisa zviparare mu vakaparadzira mafomu;
• nzira dzakawanda kuramba unexplored;
• kana software yokuvaka wakatanga kurwisa muedzo, ipapo mamwe kuongorora kungava kunyanyisa.

Chimwe zita nokuti pfumbu bhokisi mitoo - translucent debugging.

chikamu ichi zvinosanganisira nzira yokuedzwa kwakadaro:

1) orthogonal vakarongedza - kushandisa subset ose inobvira anofambidzana;

2) chizvaro debugging kushandisa mamiriro chirongwa mashoko;

3) regressive rokuongorora inoitwa nokuchinja itsva usashandisa;

4) template bvunzo kuti inoongorora magadzirirwo uye mavakirwo achashanda zvakanaka.

Kuenzanisa-software yokuedzwa unyanzvi

Kushandisa nzira guru kunotungamirira munhu combinatorial kuputika nhamba miedzo kuti zvinoda kugadzirwa, chinozoiswa uye kuitwa. nzira dzose inofanira kushandiswa pragmatically, achitora painogumira nezvarwo.

The chete nzira yechokwadi hakuwaniki, panongova avo kuti vari nani unoenderana zvariri akapoteredza. Structural ouinjiniya unotipa kuwana asingabatsiri kana ruvengo code, asi havana kunzwisisa uye havasi kushandiswawo zvirongwa makuru. Nzira inobva nokurondedzerwa - chete ndivo vanogona kuziva asipo code, asi havagoni kuziva munyemba. Dzimwe nzira dziri nani kuti ufambidzane bvunzo pamwero, kukanganisa mhando kana chechinyorwa kupfuura vamwe.

Pazasi pane pfungwa kusiyana vatatu simba yekuedzwa mitoo - anopiwa tafura kuenzanisa pakati vatatu siyana debugging software.

Kuonekwa	The Black bhokisi nzira	Gray bhokisi nzira	White-bhokisi nzira
Kuwanikwa mashoko pamusoro Kuronga chirongwa	Inoongorora chete inokosha zvatinoita	Ruzivo rushoma pamusoro womukati nemamiriro chirongwa	Uoinde kunobva remitemo
Mwero kusabatana chirongwa	yakaderera	nechepakati	yakakwirira
Ndiani unobereka debugging?	Kupera vanozvishandisa, testers uye Developers	Kupera vanozvishandisa, Developers uye debuggers	Developers uye testers
hwaro	Testing anobva kwokunze zvashata ezvinhu.	Mifananidzo Database, mashoko aibuda diagrams, mamiriro yomunyika neruzivo algorithm uye mapurani	The womukati mudziyo anonyatsoziva
The mwero nhau	Zvishoma nzwisisika uye kunoda kushoma nguva	nechepakati	Vanokwanisa yakakwana. Time-unoparadza
Data uye zvemukati miganhu	Debug chete kutongwa uye kukanganisa	Inogona aitarisa date nzvimbo uye dzimwe miganhu, kana vanozivikanwa	The yakanakisisa bvunzo Data nzvimbo uye zvemukati miganhu
Suitability yokuedzwa algorithm	kwete	kwete	ehe

kushandisa michina

Automatic nzira-software yokuedzwa iri zvikuru nyore chirongwa rokuongorora, pasinei michina kwezvakatipoteredza uye mashoko akapoteredza. Ivo zvinoshandiswa nyaya mbiri:

1) kuti michina yacho richikunetesa, yokudzokorora. kana akangwarira mabasa akadai faira kuenzanisa zviuru zvakawanda mitsara kuitira kusunungura nguva wevasungwa pamusoro tester kukosha pfungwa;

2) nokuita Tracking kana mabasa kuti hazvigoni nyore anoitwa vanhu zvakadai waivako ongororo kana ongororo nguva mhinduro kuti kuyerwa mune hundredths chechipiri.

Test maturusi zvinogona Classified nenzira dzakasiyana. Rinotevera nokupesana inobva mabasa vanotsigira:

• bvunzo kutarisirwa, izvo zvinosanganisira basa utariri rutsigiro, shanduro configurations, pangozi pachisara bvunzo Tracking, zvikanganiso, kuremara, uye nhau Ezvemutauro;
• zvinodiwa utariri, izvo zvinosanganisira okuchengetera zvinodiwa uye nokurondedzerwa, tarisa navo kukwana uye unoreva zvakawanda, avo pokutanga uye traceability neimwe bvunzo;
• yakaoma ongororo uye kunofambira mberi pachisara kusanganisira kuyerera zvichiongororwa, uye mabasa, kunyora uye kuchengetera nemashoko, kuremara kuonekwa uye akaronga padzimwe utariri Links kuti checklists uye mitemo, club kukurukurirana panobva magwaro uye bumbiro kunofambira mberi pachisara kuziva kuremara, achivimbisa zvaidiwa mitemo kunyora code, Kuongororwa pezvivako uye dependencies, kukarukureta pamusoro arşive parameters ari bumbiro uye mapurani. Uyezve, kushandisa compilers, analyzers, emagetsi uye ukama pakati okutarisawo;
• Modelling, izvo zvinosanganisira maturusi kuti Modelling mabhizimisi maitiro uye edzai yokutevedzera;
• bvunzo kukura chendangariro chizvarwa nemashoko vaitarisira pachishandiswa ezvinhu uye User inowanikwa yokutevedzera uye code, dzichengete kusika kana kuchinja mafaira uye Databases, mameseji, mashoko chivimbo chakasimba maererano nemitemo management, Statistical kuongorora mamiriro ezvinhu uye njodzi;
• munhu akaoma maonero nokupinda ari mashoko kuburikidza graphical User inowanikwa, API, murayiro mutsetse kushandisa comparators kubatsira kuona miedzo vanobudirira uye kundikana;
• rutsigiro debugging ezvinhu unokubvumira yokutsiva asipo Hardware kana software, muna Vol. h. Simulation michina inobva vakatsunga goho subset, chinouraya Emulators, mobile phones uye nomumbure midziyo, zvakatipoteredza kuongorora mitauro, anodawo hurongwa uye Hardware nokutsiva chisipo zvinoriumba mutyairi, zvekunyepera modules, nezvimwewo, uyewo maturusi kuti anokunda uye kunatsiridza Os Inokumbira CPU simulation kukamurwa, RAM, ROM, kana samambure .;
• .. Kuenzanisa date mafaira, Databases, tarisa inotarisirwa zvabuda panguva uye mushure bvunzo zvakakwana, incl aishingaira uye batch mangé enzaniso, Automatic "chaiwo";
• yokunamisa kuyerwa nokuti localization okuyeuka idonhe uye kururama ayo kudzora maitiro kupima maitiro pasi simulated mutoro urwu mutoro zvikumbiro, Databases, network kana servers ari musoro Muchiitiko yokukura yokuyeresa, ongororo uye ongororo Gadziriro zvinhu ripoti;
• chibatiso;
• waivako nekuongororwa, mutoro uye aishingaira ongororo;
• zvimwe zvokushandisa, muna Vol. h. kuongorora chiperengo nemarongerwo, nomumbure kuchengeteka, Kuwanikwa zvose Website mapeji uye nezvimwe.

mafungiro

With changing nezvemaitiro Software indasitiri, chirongwa debugging kuri pasi kuchinja. Kune nzira itsva-software yekuedzwa, akadai basa-orientirovannae mapurani (SOA), Wireless ruzivo, mobile mabasa, uye zvichingodaro. E., akavhurwa itsva nzira yokuedzwa software. Vamwe kuchinja kutarisirwa ari indasitiri pamusoro mashomanana akatevera dzakarongwa pazasi:

• testers achagovera muenzaniso lightweight kuti Developers vachakwanisa kuongorora bumbiro yenyu;
• budiriro yokuedzwa nzira, kusanganisira kuona uye Modelling zvirongwa vachiri Danho, ichabvisa vazhinji kupokanidzana;
• kuvapo vakawanda interceptions bvunzo kuchaita kupfupisa munguva yokukanganisa kuonekwa;
• Kunofambira mberi analyzer uye kuonekwa zvinoreva kushandiswa munzvimbo dzakawanda;
• kushandiswa chicherwa matrices, akadai nhau yacho Specification, kukura kwebasa muenzaniso uye bumbiro nhau achasarudza pokumuka mabasa;
• combinatorial zvishandiso kubvumira testers kuziva yokutanga nzvimbo debugging;
• testers achagovera kupfuura nzwisisa uye anokosha mabasa ose Software kukura kwacho;
• debuggers kugona zvokushandisa uye Software nekuongororwa nzira akanyorwa uye kuwadzana siyana mapurogiramu mitauro;
• Debugging nyanzvi kuva zvakawanda nenyanzvi achange vakadzidziswa.

Kuchatsiviwa mutsva bhizimisi vaifarira Software nekuongororwa nzira, kushandura nzira kudyidzana pamwe nehurongwa uye mashoko zvavanokupai apo yokuderedza pangozi uye kuwedzera zvakanakira bhizimisi kuchinja.