Nhengo dzezvirimwa uye dzinobereka yemiti

Zvirimwa zvinoumbwa nhengo dzakadaro sezvinomera nekubereka. Mumwe nomumwe wavo ane mutoro wemamwe mabasa. Vegetative - yekusimudza uye kudya kunovaka muviri, uye nhengo dzinobereka yemiti dzinobatanidzwa mukuberekwa. Dzinosanganisira maruva, mbeu uye chibereko. Ivo ndivo vane mhosva ye "kuberekwa" kwevana.

Nhengo dzekudya

Kuonekwa kwezvirimwa zvinosanganiswa zvakabatanidzwa nekudiwa kwekuwana michero kubva muvhu. Izvi zvinosanganisira:

• Mudzi ndiyo nhengo huru yemiti imwe neimwe iri kukura muvhu.
• Pukunyuka.
• Iduti.
• Mashizha anotaridzirwa ne-photosynthesis.
• Itsvo.

Muti unhu hwezvirimwa zvose, sezvo hunozvichengetedza uye hudzipa, huchishandisa zvinhu zvinobatsira kubva mumvura. Icho chinobva kwaari chinotumbuka chinomhanya, pane mashizha anokura.

Kana uchidyara mbeu, itanga kutanga. Ndiyo nhengo huru yemiti. Mushure mokunge midzi inowana simba, hurongwa hwekushanduka hunooneka. Zvadaro tsvina inoumbwa. Pamusoro payo pane-lateral inoputika nenzira yemashizha neitsvo.

Iyo tsitsi inotsigira mashizha uye inoidyisa kubva kumidzi yezvibereko. Anokwanisawo kuzvichengetera mvura munguva yekusanaya kwemvura.

Mashizha aya anokonzerwa ne-photosynthesis uye gas exchange exchange. Mune zvimwe zvirimwa, vanoita mamwe mabasa, akadai seana rezvinhu kana kubereka.

Mune nzira yekushanduka-shanduka, nhengo dzinoshandura mutate. Izvi zvinobvumira mbeu kuti dzigadzirise uye dzirambe dzichigara mune zvisikwa Ikoko kune mitsva yemarudzi iyo iri kuwedzera yakasiyana uye isingateereri.

Root

Nhengo yezvinomera inobata shina inobatanidzwa mukugadzirisa mvura nemiriro kubva muvhu mukati mehupenyu hwemuti.

Yakamuka mushure mekubuda kweSushi. Midzi yakabatsira michero kufanana nekushandurwa pasi pano. Munyika yemazuva ano, kune zvimwe zvisingaiti - moss uye psilotoid.

Mune angiosperms, kukura kwemukati kunotanga ne embroyo inopinda pasi. Sezvo kukura kunokura, nhengo yakasimba inotanga kubva pacho kuputika kunopukunyuka.

Mudzi inodzivirirwa nehadzi, iyo inobatsira kuwana zvinhu zvinobatsira. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekugadzirisa kwayo uye zvinyorwa zvehombe yakakura.

Stem

The axial vegetative organ. Iyo tsvina inotakura mashizha, mapfundo nemaruva. Iko mutungamiri wezvibereko kubva pamidzi yevhu kusvika kune dzimwe nhengo dzomuti. Iyo tsanga yemhando yehaveceous inogonawo kuvepa photosynthesis, semashizha.

Inokwanisa kuita mabasa anotevera: kuchengeta uye kuwedzera. Iyo yakagadziriswa yakagadzirwa nekoni. Iyo epidermis, kana tissue, ndicho chimiro chikuru mumamwe marudzi emiti. Mu peduncles zvinonyanya kunetseka, uye zvinotsvaga, somuenzaniso, muhushoni, lamellar.

Iko inonzi photosynthesis inoshandiswa nekuda kwekuti tsinde ine chloroplast. Izvi zvinoshandura carbon dioxide nemvura muzvinhu zvakasikwa. Iko yezvinhu zvinokonzerwa nesita, iyo isingashandisi panguva yekukura.

Zvinofadza, mumiti inogadziriswa, simbi inoramba ichichengetedza mukati mehupenyu hwose. Mune dicots, inoshanduka. Inogona kuonekwa nekucheka miti, uko mari yegore negore inoumbwa.

Sheet

Ichi ndicho chinonzi lateral vegetative nhengo. Mashizha anosiyana mukuonekwa, chimiro uye mabasa. Nhengo inobatanidzwa mu photosynthesis, gasi kushandiswa uye kupera.

Kushanduka kwezvirimwa kwakatungamirira kune kuonekwa kwekutema mhando. Mashizha awo anobata zvipembenene uye anozvidya. Iyi nhengo mune dzimwe mhando yemiti inoshanduka kuva mutsara kana nenyuchi, zvichiita kuita chidziviriro kubva kumhuka.

Tsamba ine chitubu chinoubatanidza ichocho. Nayo, michero inopinda mashizha. Nheyo inogona kukura murefu kana muhupamhi. Pashure pake, stipules inokura. Girazi rine mitsetse, iyo yakakamurwa kuva mhando mbiri: yakazaruka uye yakavharwa.

Hupenyu huri hupenyu hwechirimwa ichi chiri chiduku. Miti inodzinga mashizha, sezvo ane zvigadzirwa zvezvinhu zvakakosha zvakasara mushure mefotoynthesis.

Vegetative reproduction

Chimiro chimwe nechimwe chine hupenyu hwehupenyu hwayo. Kune marudzi maviri ekuberekwa nekubatsirwa nhengo dzezvirimwa:

• Natural.
• Artificial.

Kuberekwa kwepanyama kunokonzerwa nemashizha, kushungurudza, midzi midzi, rhizomes, mababu.

Kuita zvekuzvipira:

• Gurai musango. Miti yakasvibirira yakakamurwa muzvikamu zvakasiyana uye yakadyarwa.
• Nzira yechipiri yakadzika midzi. Dzinogona kunge dzisingori midzi chete, asi mashizha uye shina.
• Pamuti wemubereki, unogona kushandisa zvikamu.
• Uyewo nzira yekubatanidza inozivikanwa. Iyi ndiyo apo chikamu cheimwe chimiro chinotamirwa kune imwe.

Nhengo dzekudya dzinobatsira nenzira yakafanana nhengo dzekubereka mukuberekwa. Zvirimwa zvinotora basa guru muhupenyu hwevanhu uye zvakasikwa. Pasi, vanoita nzvimbo yakawanda yakakwana.

Basa rezvibereko zvekubereka

Kukosha kwavo mune zvakarongwa nemaruva anovimbisa kuberekwa kwezvisikwa, kuchengetedzwa kwembeu nekupararira kwavo. Nhengo dzinobereka dze angiosperms maruva, mbeu uye chibereko. Zvishoma nezvishoma zvinotsiviwa.

Duva ishizha rakashandurwa iro zvishoma nezvishoma rinochinja maitiro. Mbeu iri mukati, inoibva uye inounganidza mishonga. Mushure mokunge uchisangana, inova fetus. Iyo inoumbwa nehuwandu hwembeu uye pericarp, inovadzivirira kubva kune mamiriro ekunze.

Izvo zvinomera uye zvibereko zvekubereka zvezvirimwa zvinogara zvichibatana. Pasina mumwe nomumwe, havagoni kuita mabasa avo.

Flower

Muzvisikwa, zvose zvinorongwa kuitira kuti maruva ararame maitiro avo. Sezvatareva kare, nhengo dzinobereka dzesango dzinosanganisira maruva, chibereko nembeu. Ivo vanobatana pamwe chete kuti vatsigire hupenyu uye vanoberekera zvizvarwa zvitsva.

Nhengo yakadaro yemichero yekubereka, yakafanana neduva, inokonzera kukonzera, kuisa mbeu uye mbeu yekuumbwa. Iyo ipfupa rakapfupika rinoshandiswa mukugadzirwa kwekukura.

Funga kuti maruva aya anogadzirwa kubva kupi:

• Pedicel - the axial part.
• Mukombe. Inosanganisira sepals uye iri munzvimbo yepasi ye inflorescence.
• Corolla. Icho chinokonzera kukora maruva uye inoumbwa nemakumbo.
• Stamen. Inobereka mungu, iyo inobatsira pakusvibisa.
• Pestle. Iyi ndiyo nzvimbo iyo maruva inomera.

Maruva akaparadzaniswa, uyewo, kuita zvepabonde nemurume mumwechete. Vakasiyana sei? Bisexuals vane zvose stamen uye pestle. Semuenzaniso, zviyo nehomwe. Unisexuals, kana monoecious, ine nhengo imwe chete. Izvi zvinosanganisira nettle, hemp. Duva ndiyo nhengo inobereka yemiti, iyo inokonzera mbeu kubereka.

Kazhinji kazhinji, inflorescences inoumbwa. Iri iboka remaruva anoverengeka. Izvo zviri nyore uye zvakaoma, zvinoreva, neye pedicel kana kuti yakawanda. Nhamba yavo inogona kusvika makumi ezviuru pane imwe mbeu.

An inflorescence iboka remaruva. Inowanikwa pamagumo ehova, pamwe nematavi emiti. Most inflorescence inoumbwa kubva kumaruva maduku. Izvo, zvakare, inopatsanurwa kuva nyore uye yakaoma. Yokutanga ine imwe nhesi, apo maruva aripo. Izvozvo zvine matavi ekupedzisira.

Mhando dzakawanda dze inflorescences :

• Brush - mu shiri cherry, maruva emupata.
• Chibage - mumunda.
• Basketball - chamomile kana dandelion.
• Mabhiriyamu ndeeari cherries.
• Shongwe - peari.

Complorescences dzakaoma zvakaoma. Kubva kwavo kunobatanidzwa nebasa rekuita. Iyo inowedzera nhamba yemirasi, inokurumidza mapureni inotamiswa.

Fetus

Nhengo dzinobereka yemiti inonyanya kuita basa rekuberekwa. Muchero unochengetedza mbeu kubva pakugoverwa kwavo nguva isati yakwana. Iyo yakaoma kana yakaoma. Mbeu dzinoumbwa mukati memichero, zvishoma nezvishoma kubereka. Vamwe vavo vane zvigadzirwa zvinobatsira kuparadzira, somuenzaniso, dandelion inopararira mumhepo.

Mhando huru yemichero:

1. Imwe-mbeu nematatu matatu - cherry, apricot, peach.
2. Multi-mbeu nemaspire - mazambiringa.

Mbeu yakaoma mbeu yakawanda inobata ne septum - kabichi, uye isina iyo - peas. Oki ine mbeu imwe chete.

Nhengo dzinobereka dzemiti yemaruva dzakarongwa nenzira iyo mbeu dzinoparidzirwa nenzira dzinoverengeka:

• Pamvura.
• Kupfurikidza nemhepo.
• Nekubatsira kwemhuka.
• Kuzviparadzanisa.

Nhengo dzakarongeka kuitira kuti mbeu dzipinde kuburikidza nekugadzirwa kwemidzi kusvika pakuberekwa. Zvibereko zvakagadzirirwa kutakura nemhuka. Izvi zvinopiwa nezvakagadziriswa sezvikoti, parachutes, mavara emagetsi uye kunakidza kunonakidza.

Mbeu

Kuziva kuti nhengo dzipi dzinosanganiswa nekubereka, iwe unogona kunyatsonzwisisa kuti dzinobereka sei. Mbeu inobereka vana uye inoigadzirisa iyo yekurima. Iyo yakaumbwa nepeel, embryo uye mishonga inouya kubva padhu.

Mbeu ine mapuroteni, mafuta uye makhahydrates. Muzvokwadi, embryo ndiyo germ ye stem, midzi uye mashizha. Icho chikamu chikuru chembeu uye zvinoitika kune imwe kana maviri cotyledons.

Mbeu dzakaparadzaniswawo mumhando dzakasiyana-siyana. Mune zvimwe, michero iri mu endosperm, vamwe havana mavara ose ematokisi.

Mbeu yeganda inodzivirira kubva kumhepo, mhepo nemhuka. Pashure pokukura, inobatsira kudyara muti. Mamwe mhando dzezvitoro zvinochengetedza mucheka.

Mbeu dzevanhu nemhuka ndiyo zvokudya. Zvazvinoreva pasi pano zvakakwanira zvakakwana, semucheche. Izvi zvikamu zvinomera zvinopinda muhupenyu hwezvipembenene nemhuka, nokudaro zvichivapa zvokudya.

Miti yakakwirira

Munyika yekurima, zvinhu zvose zvinorongwa kuitira kuti zvipenyu zvigone kukura zvachose. Miti yakakwirira ine nhengo dzakadai sedhimwe uye midzi. Izvo zvakasiyana pakuti inonzi embryo inowanikwa mukugadzirwa kwehutano.

Nhengo dzinobereka dzezvirimwa zvakakwirira, kuwirirana nemiti, Shandura mararamiro avo. Zvinosanganisira madhipatimendi mana:

• Miti inokura munzvimbo dzakanyorova. Dzinosanganisira horsetails uye plauny. Chimiro chavo chinosanganisira mudzi, stem uye mashizha.
• Mabhiyophira iboka repakati. Mumuviri wavo une mavara, asi haana midziyo. Urarame zviri zviviri muvhu rakaoma uye rakaoma. Moss inobereka kwete kwete chete ne spores, asiwo nehupombwe uye zvinomera mbeu.
• Gymnosperms. Izvo zvakasimwa miti yakare. Kazhinji kazhinji inonzi "coniferous miti" uye "shrubs". Izvo hazvibudi, uye michero yavo inogadzira koni ne mbeu mukati.
• Angiosperms. Izvo zvinomera zvakanyanya. Izvo zvakasiyana pakuti mbeu dzinonyatsochengetedzwa pasi peganda re fetus. Kuberekwa kunoitika nenzira dzinoverengeka. Dzinopesana pakuti dzine nhengo dzechikadzi uye dzechikadzi munhengo.

Zvose izvi zvinomera zvinokura uye zvinokura pasi pasi kwenguva refu. Dzinopesana kubva kune imwe neimwe nenzira yekuberekwa uye kuvapo kwezvimwe nhengo. Zvisinei, zvinofanira kuonekwa kuti mbeu inobatsira zvikuru muupenyu hwevanhu.

Miriza mbeu

Iyi mhuka ndiyo yakawanda kwazvo mumunda wepasi. Miriza, kana zvipembenene zvinyorwa, zvakange zvichikura panyika kubvira pamazuva ekare. Mafudzi ari mukushanduka-shanduka akaparadzaniswa kuva marudzi akawanda.

Nhengo huru dzinobereka dzemichero inomera mbeu. Zvinodzivirirwa nechibereko, chinovabatsira kupona kusvikira vapararira. Zvinofadza, boka iri rezvirimwa ndiro roga rinogona kuumba mamiriyoni evanhu vakavakidzana. Uyewo, maruva anoparadzanisa kuva maviri subspecies: monocotyledonous uye dicotyledonous.

Mhedzisiro yakakura yemaruva ndeyekuti nhengo dzinobereka yemiti isaruva, chibereko nembeu. Kupisa kwemvura kunoitika kuburikidza nemhepo, mvura, zvipembenene nemhuka. Muzvigadziro zvemutiro kune vakadzi nevakadzi kukura, uye kaviri kuwedzerwa kunoitwawo.

Mbeu iyo, iyo inomera, yakazara nemvura uye inokurumbira, ipapo kuchengetedza zvinhu zvakaparadzana uye kupa simba rokumera. Mishonga inowanikwa kubva mumumbryo, iyo inotevera inova maruva, muti kana uswa.

Gymnosperms

Iyi mhuka yakaonekwa mamiriyoni emakore akapfuura. Gymnosperms yakawanda ne spores, uye mukushanduka kwekushanduka-shanduka, mbeu dzakabuda. Muchikamu chayo, chibereko chikafu. Mbeu iri pasi peyero uye haina kudzivirirwa.

Mumagymnosperms, nhengo dzinobereka dzinogona kuva dzemhando dzakasiyana-siyana. Vamwe vane cones, vamwe ivo vakaita semabriji.

Izvi zvinosanganisira kwete chete coniferous, asiwo miti yakashata. Mumagwenga eKenya, zvinomera zvinoshamisa zvinokura, izvo zvine mazai maviri makuru. Muzukuru wake ndi ephedra. Ichi chine gymnosperm, ine zviduku zvakapoteredza ma berries.

Nzira yekuita mararine

Sezvazvinozivikanwa, nhengo dzekubereka dzesango dzinosanganisira maruva, chibereko nembeu. Kuti urongwa hwekuita hurumende huitwe, kusvibisa kunokosha, kunobatsira kuonekwa kwevana.

Mune ma angiosperms, kusanganiswa kwemasero evarume nevakadzi kunoitika. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekupora-kupisa. Iyi ndiyo nzira yekuendesa mungu kubva kune rimwe ruva kuenda kune rimwe. Mune zvimwe zviitiko self-pollination inoitika.

Vabatsiri vanodikanwa pakupora-kupisa. Chokutanga pane zvose, izvi zvipembenene. Vanotapira mapureni akanaka uye vanoitakura kubva pahuva kusvika kuhuva pamashizha avo nemapapiro. Mushure meizvi, nhengo dzekubereka dzemiti dzinotanga basa ravo. Maruva ayo anobva muhomwe nemubatsiro wezvipembenene akavezwa muhuni uye yakaoma shades. Mushure mekuvaraidza, ivo vanokwezva nekunhuhwirira. Insects inonzwa maruva, kuva kure nayo iri kure zvakakwana.

Mhepo yakasvibira-iyo inofanirwawo nemichina yakakosha. Anthers avo vakanyatsosununguka, saka mhepo inotakura pollen. Somuenzaniso, poplar inoputika mumhepo. Izvi zvinoita kuti zvikwanise kutakura muruva kubva kune mumwe muti kuenda kune mumwe usina zvipingamupinyi.

Iko kune michero umo shiri shomanana dzinobatsira mukugadzira. Maruva avo haana chakanaka chinopisa, asi akashongedzwa nemavara matsvuku. Inokwezva shiri kunwa nectar, uye panguva imwechete inoita mapurisa.

Dzidziso yezvitsva

Mushure mekuuya kwenyika, zvakasikwa zvakachinja. Zvirimwa zvishoma nezvishoma zvakashanduka, uye zvakatsiviwa nemafern vakauya nemaruva, shrub uye miti. Izvi zvaive zvakakonzerwa nekuonekwa kwemuitiro, miviri nemasero.

Pamusana pemhando dzakasiyana dzezvibereko zvekuberekwa zvei angiosperms, zvinowedzera zvipenyu uye subspecies zvakaonekwa. Nokuda kwekubereka, spores nembeu zvakatanga kuonekwa umo maitiro ehutano akanga aripo.

Zvishoma nezvishoma zvakaonekwa zvakasviba, mashizha nemichero. Mushure mekunge vasvika panyika yakaoma, mbeu yacho inokura mumativi maviri. Vamwe (gametophytic) vaiva nezvikamu zviviri zvekufambisa, vamwe (sporophytic) vakapfuura kubva kune imwe kuenda kune imwe.

Zvirimwa zvakagadziridzwa uye zvakagadzirwa. Zvinyorwa zveporesi zvakatanga kusvika kusvika mamita makumi mana pakureba. Zvose zvitsva zvekubereka zvemiti zvakatanga kuonekwa. Kushanduka kwavo kwakabva kune simba rekunze kwakatipoteredza.

Mukati membeu, mucheche wakaumbwa, uyo mushure mokumera uye kumera kunomera. Achienda kuvhu, akadya zvinhu zvinobatsira uye akachinjwa kuva muchero.

Evolution of muchangosangana kwacho kwakaita kuti chimiro angiosperms, ane mbeu zvaichengeterwa muchero.

Kukosha nembesa kwevanhu

zvakasikwa nekuda vabatsirwe vanhu zvikuru. Plants kwete chete emit magasi, munyu nemvura, asi vari kutendeukira inorganic zvinhu zvakakodzera kuti upenyu. Uchishandisa midzi, iyo mabukira uye kunosiya gasi Exchange kunoitika.

Green zvinomera kuunganidza chinokosha Organic zvinhu, mhepo anatswa carbon dioxide, apo rokunyorovesa paro oxygen.

Nokuda zviwanikwa vanhu vari kuwana zvigadzirwa zvakawanda zvinokosha, zvakakodzera kuti upenyu. Plants kuva zvokudya mhuka uye vanhu. Ivo anoshandiswa kurapa zvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana zviri kugadzirwa zvizoro.

Sezvo nhengo dzokubereka reDare chirimwa ndiwo muchero uye mbeu, vava chinokosha zvokudya vanhu. Michero kuti rikure pamakwenzi, sezvinoita zvinenge zvose. Chii kunakidza, marasha uye mafuta dzakabva rezvinomera. Peatlands - ndiko kwaita algae uye ferns.

Vegetative uye nhengo dzokubereka nadzo kuti maruva zvinomera basa rinokosha muupenyu hwavo. Ivo ndivo muviri, budiriro uye kubereka. Kana upenyu kutenderera inoguma, mbeu dzakamera dzikatanga vakapararira kumativi chirimwa chitsva.