Nemamiriro Internet: mirayiridzo inokosha

Nhasi, Indaneti haangavi kushamisa munhu. Access kuti samambure ichi zuva nezuva rinopa akawandisa vanoshandisa. Maererano nemashoko ose 2015, nhamba kunofambidzana vanoshandisa ave kupfuura mabhiriyoni 3,3. Zvisinei, haasi munhu wose anoziva kure ndicho nemamiriro mashoko pfuma Indaneti mukugadzirwa nemashoko. Most izvozvo, vose zvavo, hazvisi zvakakodzera. Zvisinei, nheyo vakaradzikwa nenhungamiro nokushanda World Wide Web kanenge vanoziva zvichiri kudiwa panguva chepuraimari chechetere.

Chii Internet ine monyorora ano

Kazhinji, kana totaura Indaneti nhasi, kazhinji pane kushandisa pfungwa World Wide Web, kana Web, iyo chinobatanidza makombiyuta kubva pose.

Kazhinji, ichokwadi, asi pano zvakafanira kuti kunyatsotsanangura. Sezvatinoziva, hapana kombiyuta munhu asina chokuita Internet chete kuburikidza basa Provider uko kunyange Mwari anoziva kuti vangani vamwe kwakabatana zviteshi kana vogadzira namano. Zvakaratidza kuti vari vose vakabatana pamumbure mumwe. Zvino akatumidza "richikurukura network" iri mupfungwa iyi, Indaneti.

Zvechokwadi, Internet kunobva sechivako mubatanidzwa, saka kutaura, subnets, uye ane yepamusorosoro akanyatsorongwa. Uyezve, kuwana imwe chinogona, hazvibviri kufungidzira pasina router, rinogona kusarudza zvakanaka nzira nokukurumidza kuwana kupiwa upfumi.

Uye chii chiri kunakidza. Indaneti hauna muridzi, uye nemambure pacharo zvikuru rakapotsa nzvimbo kuti zuva kunokanganisa munhu zvakanyanya, dzimwe nguva kunyange kutsiva chokwadi. Chakanaka kana chakaipa, hazvina kwatiri kutonga. Asi omerera zvinokosha chokuita kuvakwa uye nokushanda World Wide Web.

The nemamiriro World Wide Web: The Story of chidzoke uye kukura

Saka, sezvo tinozviziva nhasi, Indaneti hazvina kugara zvakadaro. Kana iwe kuchera kupinda munhoroondo, zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti wokutanga kuedza kuumba rakabatana mashoko network, izvo aizokwanisa kwete chete wokushandura data, asi uve rudzi "mushanduri" pamusoro yakatarwa mapurogiramu mitauro nokuda maonero mashoko, akatorwa kare 1962, panguva kukwirira "hondo inotonhora" pakati US uye USSR. Zvino kwaiva chirongwa pahwaro dzidziso packet nokuchinja kuti mashoko yedzimudzangara Leonard Kleinrock, yakanga ichitungamirirwa Dzhozef Liklayder. The rinonyanya kutaura kwete chete nokupfuuridzirwa mashoko, asi zvaro "indestructibility".

Pahwaro zviitiko izvi muna 1969 uye paiva wokutanga network, rinonzi ARPANet, akava tateguru Indaneti kana World Wide Web. Muna 1971, purogiramu yokutanga kutumira nokugamuchira e-mail, kusvika 1973, apo yakanga zvakaramba Euro-Atlantic waya yakazokudziridzwa, nemambure rava dzakawanda, muna 1983 akatamira TCP / IP rakabatana dzakati, muna 1984, akaonekwa IRC zvemichina unokubvumira Chat . Uye bedzi 1989 panguva CERN akaita yakura pfungwa yose padandemutande, iyo yava kunzi Internet. Chokwadi, yaiva kure muenzaniso unoshandiswa Zvisinei, zvino, mamwe mazano, zvinosanganisira nemamiriro Indaneti, uye achiri kumbochinja.

The kwezvivako the World Wide Web

Zvino ngationei, sei akakwanisa chokubatanidza mumwe kombiyuta zviteshi uye network yakavakirwa pamwe. Chinhu musimboti ndiko kushandiswa packet Data uchishandisa hwokutiparadza tichifunga dzakati inoshanda inogona kunzwisiswa chero muchina. Kureva ruzivo haisi muchimiro munhu matomu, bytes kana zviratidzo, uye chinopfuudzwa mune mashoko kusatombofunga (packet), iro ringave riine anofambidzana siyana panzvimbo refu sequences.

Zvisinei, Mukutepfenyura zvikasaitika tichimhanya-mhanya. In ichi hierarchical marongerwo uye pfuma Indaneti vane akawanda zvinhu mumatunhu:

• Line (kumhanya hurongwa servers chokuita nomumwe).
• network Large uye kuwana pfungwa chokuita huru mutsetse.
• Regional network chinzvimbo pazasi.
• ISPs kuti zvinopa mukana mabasa (ISP).
• End vanozvishandisa.

Sechivako mashoko paIndaneti zvokuti zviteshi pamusoro rachinochengeterwa, akadana servers, uye tsika (verenga kana kuitora uye anotuma shure mhinduro uye Rwako) michina - workstations. Kuchinjwa chete mashoko, sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, chakavakirwa routers. Asi zano rakadaro rinotaurwa kuvinga nyore kunzwisisa nyaya. Kutaura zvazviri, zvinhu zvose zvikuru kuoma.

zvikuru protocols

Zvino tinosvika imwe pfungwa pfungwa, pasina iro hazvibviri kufungidzira nemamiriro Indaneti. Izvi zvakasikwa protocols. Nhasi, kune vazhinji, asi mukuru imwe Indaneti TCP / IP.

Saka zvinokosha kuti zvakajeka kusiyanisa pakati mazwi maviri. IP dzakati (Internet) inzira hwokutiparadza, kuti ndiye chete anokonzera chokuendesa mashoko omumasherufu, asi hapana nzira mhosva kuvimbika uye vakachengeteka mashoko zvitange. TCP dzakati, nekusiyana, inzira kupa chirongwa kubatana pakati yatumira uye mugamuchiri kunobva inonzwisisika kubatana pakati maviri pfungwa pamwe anonzi inosimbiswa chokuendesa omumasherufu, uye zvachose node.

Nhasi, TCP / IP ndiye mureza Internet of facto, kunyange pane dzimwe protocols zhinji, dzakadai UDP (chokufambisa), ICMP uchatumbura (routers), DNS uye ARP (kuzivikanwa pamumbure kero), ftp, HTTP, NNTP uye TELNET (chikumbiro ), IGP, GGP uye EGP (pasuo), SMTP, POP3, uye NFS (mabha- uye protocols kuwana mafaira ari kure zviteshi), etc.

The Domain Name System

Nezvadzo chinhu zvakasikwa ainoita zvinhu. Zviri pachena kuti nyora Kero peji akafanana 127.11.92.785, kuenda kutsvakwa zvekuvaka, kwete saka nyore, uye (ndoda rangarira zvose anofambidzana). Naizvozvo, panguva yakasiyana umambo zita maitiro yakazokudziridzwa kuti kubvumirwa kupinda kero muchimiro, sezvatinoona nhasi (mu Chirungu).

Asi pano, vane pachavo akanyatsorongwa kwavo. It, zvakare, pane zvakawanda siyana. Somuenzaniso, international pamusoro-pamwero nzvimbo ndivo zvinhu, pasinei nyika identifier (Govment - hurumende, ru - zvokutengeserana, EDU - Educational, NET - network, tri - zvechiuto, org - mukuru hwesangano, kwete chokuita chero apa marudzi) .

Izvi zvinoteverwa umambo mazita zvinhu, izvo zvinoratidza zvakajeka nyika identifier. Somuenzaniso, US - US, RU - Russia, UA - Ukraine, DE - Germany, UK - .. Great Britain, etc. Uyezve, nzvimbo idzi vane zvavo Sub-yomuropa kufanana COM.UA, ORG.DE etc. Mune .. dzokai, uye pano mumwe angawana zvakajeka kwakabatana chinzvimbo nhanho pazasi (KIEV.UA, KIEV.COM.UA uye t. d.). Nemamwe mashoko, kana kutarisa kero, unogona pakarepo kuona kwete chete munyika asiwo miganhu enzvimbo yacho zvekuvaka mukati maro.

Basic Internet Services

Sezvo mabasa, izvo nhasi anogona kuwanikwa paIndaneti, zviri Mapato zvavari akakamurwa mae-mail, nhau uye no fayoobmennye network, zvemagetsi mubhadharo hurongwa, Internet redhiyo uye TV, padandemutande forum, dzepaIndaneti, dzakadaro, Internet zvitoro uye Auktionen, zvirongwa zvedzidzo "Vicky", mavhidhiyo uye makaseti Hosting uye zvichingodaro. d. Kana yapfuura pasocial network vava kupfuura mukurumbira chemabhazi pamusoro maumbirwo yavo.

Nemamiriro evanhu Internet network

A kwakapararira kuchiitwa ichi paIndaneti munharaunda ndiko kuzvimirira kubva miganhu chinzvimbo kana citizenship. Mumwe mushandisi pave dzavo Profile pachavo (mufananidzo, suduruka web, zvaunoda ndiro zita), uye kukurukurirana zviri kuitwa kupararira pakarepo mameseji, asi kwete Via dzevakurukuri, uye muchivande nzira. With dzevakurukuri chete anogona kuenzaniswa Comment hurongwa. Uyezve, chero vakanyoresa mugari munharaunda iyi kungasiya vanonzi mbiru, kuudza vanhu zvimwe zvinhu kana kudyidzana kune mamwe mabhuku, uye zvichingodaro. D.

Internet mamiriro akadaro kuti nezvokupindira nedzimwe protocols, akadai TCP / IP uye IRC, zviri zvose zvaitwa zvikuru zvokutanga. The huru mugariro - yokunyoresa (kusikwa Username uye pasiwedhi kuti danda riri), uyewo chiratidzo kanenge shoma ruzivo pamusoro pachavo.

Hazvishamisi, pachavo nzvimbo uye Chats, zvishoma nezvishoma asi zvirokwazvo kupinda yokukanganwa. Kunyange kamwe-yakakurumbira "dialer" akafanana ICQ kana QIP haamiri chero makwikwi, nekuti social network ine zvakawanda.