NATO. NATO nhengo. NATO zvombo

NATO - chakasimba kupfuura mauto enyika nemasangano munyika. Pane makore anopfuura 60. Pakutanga akasikwa sezvo sungano mamiriro, yakagadzirirwa tidzivise mutemo USSR uye mukana unoponesa vemauto zvinotarisirwa capitulating Germany. Pashure pokuwa kweSoviet Union, NATO wevashumiri vakawanda Eastern nyika dzaiumba bloc Soviet European. Vamwe vaongorori vakati pamusoro tarisiro kupinda unit (kunyange munguva yemberi iri kure) kuna Georgia uye Ukraine. An dzinonakidza ndechokuti oedza kubatana NATO (kana kuzivisa Joint nemauto-enyika pamwe iri kiyi pose nyaya) uye akaita USSR uye Russia ano. Zvino NATO zvinosanganisira munyika 28.

A aitungamirira basa nemashoko zvechiuto musangano uyu kuridza United States. The chikwata mutariri chirongwa "Partnership Norugare", vachishanda pamwe Russian Federation anoronga basa Council "Russia-NATO". Inoitwa zvivako zviviri - International Secretariat uye Committee Military. It ane chihombe nemauto pfuma (Zvauchapindura Force). dzimbahwe NATO iri muBelgian guru kweBrussels. The Alliance ane mitauro miviri pamutemo - French uye Chirungu. Sangano rinotungamirirwa Munyori General. NATO bhajeti rakakamurwa mhando nhatu - rehurumende, mauto (zvikuru capacious zvemari) uye mari purogiramu kuchengeteka. Alliance nemauto zvinobatanidzwa kanga muBosnia and Herzegovina (makore 1992-1995), Yugoslavia (1999 ndipo), Libya (2011 ndipo). NATO yave ichitungamirira remarudzi rehondo kuitira kuchengeteka kuKosovo, paChikoro Mutongo nemauto-enyika matambudziko muAsia, kuMiddle East uye Africa. It monitors nesungano pakati muchiuto hurongwa mu yeMediterranean, kuzivisa masangano munyaya nerubatsiro zvombo zvinoparadza. The Alliance iri vachishingaira mumabasa dzakawanda nhaurirano pamwe Russia, China, India uye mamwe masimba makuru. Maererano nedzimwe ruzivo, makakatanwa pakati NATO uye Russia sezvo wepamutemo mutsivi Soviet Union haasati anyangarika, uye ikozvino richikura.

Kuunza NATO

NATO rakaumbwa muna 1949 ne gumi inoti. Nepariri, achitungamirira sangano munyika zvaakasikwa, kusanganisira United States - kupfuura simba mune zvematongerwo enyika uye zvehondo ehurumende akanga kuenda Atlantic Ocean, izvo kukanganiswa zita idzva dzakawanda marongerwo. NATO (NATO) - ichi North Atlantic Treaty Organization, iyo North Atlantic sangano kushanda pasi chibvumirano. inonzi Alliance kakawanda.

Chinangwa chikwata rakanga zvinopesana enyika zvinotarisirwa Soviet Union uye nyika neushamwari muna Eastern Europe uye dzimwe nyika. Maererano zvibvumirano pakati NATO nyika kupa vaviri muchiuto kudzivirira kana yaiparadza pamusoro rechiKomonisiti inoti zvenyika. Zvisinei, mubatanidzwa uyu enyika vakabatsira kuti kusangana nezvemaitiro dzakagamuchirwa akaiumba. Muna 1952, vakabatana NATO, Greece uye Turkey, muna 1956 - West Germany uye muna 1982 - Spain. Mushure muSoviet kuparara chinogumbura mberi vawedzere simba rayo munyika.

NATO pashure pokuwa USSR

Apo Soviet Union yakaparara, zvingaita sokuti, kudiwa mberi kuvapo Alliance akanyangarika. Asi wakatendeuka kubva zvose zvakaipa. NATO nhengo havana chete vakasarudza kuchengeta Unit, asi kuti atange chokuwedzera nawo. Muna 1991, zvakanga akasikwa kubudikidza Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council, waiva mutariri tichishanda munyika kuti havasi nhengo NATO. Gore iroro, kuti bilateral zvibvumirano vakanga yakasainwa pakati inoti iri Alliance, Russia neUkraine.

Muna 1995, imwe purogiramu hwakagadzwa pamusoro kuvaka Nhaurirano kuMiddle East (Israeri uye Jordan), North Africa (Ijipiti, Tunisia) uye reMediterranean. Akanga akabatana se Mauritania, Morocco uye Algeria. Muna 2002, zvakanga akasikwa neKanzuru "Russia-NATO" kuti kubvumira nyika kuramba kuvaka nhaurirano pamusoro dzakakosha wenyika zvematongerwo enyika - pakurwisa ugandanga, kushomeka kupararira zvombo.

Kuumba varwi NATO

Pezvakaita NATO, izvo kupfekedza masoja chinogumbura asina dzibatane. Military kamafurashi mitemo yenyika, zvose zvikuru kana zvishoma akafanana - zviri girini uye noruvara "hacks". Pane dzimwe nguva varwi kufuka dzimwe mhando zvipfeko (ainzi kamafurashi overalls) munguva chaiyo kushanda mune chaiyo runyararo (murenje kana inowanzorimwa). Mune dzimwe nyika, NATO chimiro chine siyana mazano uye mapatani, vachibvumira kuita zvakanakisisa varwi masking.

Mune US Somuenzaniso, kupfuura mukurumbira kamafurashi muenzaniso shanu moyo mitemo. Chekutanga, zviri musango - mbatya noruvara mana zvakasvibirira. Chechipiri, ichi gwenga 3 ruvara - yunifomu kuti akavhiyiwa zvechiuto mugwenga rine maketeni matatu. Chechitatu, ichi gwenga 6-ruvara - dzimwe mbatya Ipfungwa kurwa murenje, nguva ino noruvara matanhatu. Uye pane dzakasiyana mbiri yunifomu chando - yechando (chiedza kana samafuta ruvara chena) uye chando chando (zvachose wakachena chena mumvuri). All range izvi - mutungamiriri nokuda vagadziri evamwe Mauto akawanda kuti pfeka masoja ayo kamafurashi NATO.

An dzinonakidza shanduka kubva yunifomu yacho US Army. Kamafurashi pacharo - pazera ichangopfuura kuvamba. Kusvikira mangwanani 70s, varwi American dzaiwanzova nguo chete manyoro. Asi panguva kuvhiyiwa yokuVietnam mavara yakadaro haina ndokugutisa zvinodiwa ehondo mumasango ezvinhu, zvichiguma pereoblachilis varwi vari kamafurashi, kubvumira masiki iri rainforest. Mumakore 70 uyu mhando chimiro yava kutoita National mureza US Army. Zvishoma nezvishoma paiva okunatsiridza zviri kamafurashi - zvakafanana shanu mavara.

NATO mauto

NATO ane wandei muchiuto, mune ruzhinji kwevanhu - makuru munyika, runoonekwa dzimwe nyanzvi zvechiuto. Pane mhando mbiri nevarwi Alliance - United uye nyika. Key NATO reuto wokutanga mhando - ndiwo masimba rudaviro. Yatoibva kuti substantially pakarepo kuita chaiwo akavhiyiwa muzvinhu zvemunzvimbo dzinongoitika uye vemauto nokurwisana, kusanganisira munyika kunze bloc. NATO anewo, uye pakarepo masimba apindure. Uye kusimbisa mu harnessing yavo haisi kushandiswa anobatsira zvombo, uye mupfungwa chaizvoizvo - ne kuchinjirwa kune imwe nzvimbo hondo huru nhamba zvombo zvakasiyana uye masoja. The kukarukureta ndechokuti anorwisana mapato, pokuziva kwava kuda simba NATO, richachinja dzavo nzira mune nyasha rugare ugari.

The anovhara ane mhepo simba simba. NATO ndege - ichi 22 rwisana squadrons ndege (anenge 500 zvimedu midziyo ndege). Panewo chikwata - 80 ndege rechiuto zvifambiso zvinangwa. NATO nyika uyewo kuvatungamirira rengarava. Inoitwa - vatakuri ndege, Ngarava dzepasi pemvura (kusanganisira multipurpose yenyukireya), frigates, chombo magwa uye wengarava avhiyesheni. NATO warships pamusana anopfuura 100 dzakabatana.

The guru NATO vemauto mamiriro - huru kudzivirira simba. Kubatanidzwa kwavo chete zvinogoneka kuna pamwero mukuru vemauto akavhiyiwa mudunhu Atlantic. Norugare nguva vari kuroorana muhondo mabasa huru chikamu. Sezvo chikamu chikuru kuzvidzivirira mauto NATO - anopfuura 4,000 ndege uye vanopfuura 500 ngarava.

Sezvo NATO akawedzera

Saka, pashure pokuwa USSR, NATO akaramba zvivepo, uyezve, kwakawedzera pesvedzero yayo munyika. Muna 1999, kuti Alliance wakapinda hurumende kusvikira ichangobva zvaiva chikamu nokure simba yeSoviet Union - Hungary, Poland uye Czech Republic. Makore mashanu akazotevera - vamwe vaimbova mugovanisi nyika: Bulgaria, Romania, Slovenia, Slovakia uye kuBaltic States. Muna 2009, kwaiva nhengo itsva NATO - Albania Croatia. Tikafunga enyika dambudziko uye ruvengo muUkraine, dzimwe nyanzvi dzinoti, NATO haana kuva kune chido mamwe richikura. Zvikurukuru muna kwakadzama pakati basa chikwata uye vamiririri mubvunzo Ukrainian pamusoro pavanopinda nyika kupinda NATO, vaongorori vanoti, haasi zvakananga akaiswa.

Zvisinei, maererano nedzimwe nyanzvi, nyika dzakawanda dziri kuda kupinda bloc. Zviri pamusoro dzose Balkan nyika - Montenegro, Macedonia uye Bosnia and Herzegovina. Achitaura iyo nyika kuvimbisa kuti NATO unotofanira, zvinofanira kucherechedzwa Georgia. Zvisinei, maererano vamwe vaongorori, kukonana muna Abkhazia uye South Ossetia - zvinhu kuderedza Kukwezva munyika nokuda nechepamberi. Pakati penyanzvi vari pfungwa kuti zvimwe NATO kuwedzera ichitovimbawo nezvenzvimbo Russia. Somuenzaniso, panguva muBucharest Summit, wakaitwa muna 2008, chikwata akaita mukana wokuti accession vamwe nyika dzaiumba Soviet Union, asi chaiwo misi havasi zita nekuda Vladimir Putin mafungiro akanga mune panguva chiitiko kuti chitarisiko NATO pedyo nemiganhu Russia - zvakananga kutyisidzira. nzvimbo iyi Russia anoramba kushanda nhasi. Zvisinei, vamwe vaongorori Western vanoti Russia anotya kusina pakwakavakirwa.

Military muviri Alliance

Sezvo NATO - sangano rechiuto, zvakajairika tsika kuti pamwero mukuru vemauto muviri. Zvinosanganisira mhando dzakasiyana chaizvo wamapoka. Pakupera 2013 Eastern Europe yave ichiitwa, kwevavakawana zhinji vanoongorora muchiuto, makuru NATO chiitwa inonzi Vakasimba Jazz. Vakatora Poland uye kuBaltic States - Lithuania, Estonia uye Latvia. NATO paKokorodzano kubatanidzwa Muchiitwa vanopfuura zviuru zvitanhatu vemauto vemunyika, akakwezva rwisana motokari mazana matatu, vanopfuura 50 avhiyesheni zviyero, 13 warships. Kwakajairika muvengi chikwata akanga yenhema mamiriro "Botnia" aita chiito yaiparadza pamusoro Estonia.

Yakaitwa vanoongorora nemauto, nyika akambosanganawo magariro, enyika uye zvoupfumi, zvichiguma kujaidza noukama nezvavatorwa vakaroorana. Somugumisiro, nokurwisana zvakaguma nokuita hondo yakatanga nechisimba "Botnia" muEstonia. Pahwaro zvibvumirano, kuti seboka kwokudzivirira nemauto-enyika bloc kuti NATO akasarudza pakarepo akatamisa simba kudzivirira duku reBaltic mamiriro.

Vamwe pavaipfuura muviri yaiitwa nevamiririri dzemauto yeRussia (uyewo mwedzi mishoma vasati ichi Joint anofambisa pamusoro Russia uye Belarus makaona mauto NATO). NATO Vatungamiri akataura nezvomukana yakabata vagari mabasa echiuto pamwe Russia. Nyanzvi akataura kuti yakawiriranwa kubudirana pachena kuti NATO uye Russia muviri kwechiuto kunonatsiridza chivimbo.

NATO uye US - anotungamirira simba reuto - kurongwa kurovedza kumaodzanyemba nyika dzokuEurope muna 2015. Zvinotarisirwa kuti vachanzwikwa kubatanidzwa vanenge zviuru 40 varwi.

zvombo Alliance

Russian Nyanzvi muchiuto ndakadana akawanda muchiuto midziyo Unit, nemamwe munyika hapana kana zvishomanana. Izvi zvombo NATO richiti yakakwirira revarwi kugona hondo yacho Alliance. Russia, vaongorori vanodavira muchiuto, unofanira kuva kunyanya vasingafariri mhando shanu zvombo. Chekutanga, ndicho British tangi Challenger 2 kugadzirwa. Zvinonzi aine 120 mm kanoni uye vakagadzirira pamwe rinorema nhumbi. The tangi anokwanisa kuenda pane imwe kumhanya zvakanaka - anenge 25 mamaira paawa. Chechipiri, icho yepasi pemvura kuti inounganidzwa ne vanonzi "Project 212" by makambani kudzivirira German. It kunoratidzwa yakaderera ruzha pamwero, vakadzikama kukurumidza (20 change), chakanakisisa maoko (torpedoes WASS 184, DM2A4), uye chombo gadziriro. Chechitatu, NATO ane uto revarwi ndege Eurofighter Dutu. Maererano zvachiri, ndivo pedyo varwi paiya inonzi chizvarwa rechishanu - the American F-22 Russian T-50. Mumuchina akashongedzerwa ane 27-millimeter kanoni uye mhando akawanda pamusoro zvombo "mhepo-kuti-mhepo" uye "mhepo-kuti-pasi." Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinodavira kuti akaenzana kutsungirira Dutu chete Newest mimwe ndege Russian akadai Su-35. Chimwe chikuru chitarisiko NATO zvombo - Helicopter Eurocopter Tiger mushandirapamwe kugadzirwa France uye Germany. Maererano zvachiri zviri pedyo kunozivikanwa American AH-64 "Apache", asi maduku kukura uye uremu, izvo zvinogona kupa motokari mukana muhondo. Helicopter aine muzvizhinji kuti zvombo ( "mhepo-kuti-mhepo" Anti). Spike chombo, izvo zvinoberekwa kudzivirira makambani Israeri - mumwe muenzaniso NATO zvombo, izvo Russian muchiuto, maererano vaongorori, zvinokosha achiteerera. Spike - inoshanda Anti-tangi zvombo. Its chinhu kunoratidzwa yokusimbisa warhead pamusoro muzvikamu zviviri: chokutanga rukoko rokunze rinobaya zvombo mota, wechipiri - dzomunyika.

Echiuto Alliance

Munharaunda nomumwe kunyika iri Alliance vane dzinenge imwe uto mujinga NATO. Somuenzaniso, funga Hungary sezvo aimbova Soviet bloc nyika. First NATO chawo pano vakauya 1998. Hurumende US rakashandisa muHungary Banga "Tasar" panguva kushanda pamwe Yugoslavia - nokudaro chaibwinya kunyanya drones uye F-18 ndege. Panguva Air Force Base muna 2003 vakadzidziswa unyanzvi zvechiuto pakati pemapoka kushorwa yokuIraq (nguva pfupi asati US Army vachirwa munyika yokuMiddle East). Achitaura pamusoro vatsigiri vokuAmerica pakati Western nyika pamusoro nekutumirwa kwemauto iri munharaunda yayo emauto bwezvingoro, zvinokosha inokosha panotaurwa Italy. Pakarepo pashure peHondo Yenyika II, hurumende iri pakuiswa takawanda contingents US masimba wengarava.

Zvino nePentagon unoshanda zvengarava muna Naples, uyewo yendege Vicenza, nePiacenza, Trapani, Istranov nemamwe maguta akawanda wokuItaly. Yakakurumbira NATO mujinga muItaly - "Aviano". Zvakange avaka 50s, asi achiri nyanzvi dzakawanda muchiuto vaiona dzakanakisisa mudunhu. Pairi, pasingaverengwi kwezvivako kuti utore-kure uye kumhara, ipapo hangars apo midziyo ndege anogona kutora vavande kana kubhomba. Kune wekushandisa zvokushandisa, kushandiswa izvo zvinogona kuitwa rwisana mishoni usiku uye chero ekunze. Pakati itsva NATO nezvigadziko mu Europe - the "Bezmer", "Graf Ignatievo" uye "New Village 'muBulgaria. How kuverenga hurumende Balkan nyika ino, iyo nekutumirwa kwemauto pakati NATO mauto achasimbisa nokuchengeteka mamiriro, uyewo kuva kubatsirawo nenhanho kurovedza muchiuto.

Russia uye NATO

Russia uye NATO, pasinei kare enyika kunetsana muzana remakore rechi20, kuedza kuti kudyidzana kunovaka pamusoro dzakawanda nhandare. Sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, muna 1991, akanga akasaina wandei zvinyorwa pamusoro anorenda kugadzirisa dzimwe nyaya munyika zvematongerwo enyika. Akabatanidzwa NATO akatanga chirongwa "Partnership Norugare" Muna 1994, Russian Federation. Muna 1997, Russia uye NATO akasaina chiito pamusoro pamwe uye kuchengeteka, akanga akasika Permanent Joint Council, uyo nokukurumidza akava chikuru chinogona kubva kunotsvaka vabvumirana panguva yokubvunza pakati Russian Federation uye misa. Events kuKosovo, maererano vaongorori, vasanyanya pakuvimbana Russia uye mubatanidzwa zvakasimba. Asi, pasinei neizvi, kubatsirana mberi. Kunyanya, basa Council vanosanganisira dzose nedzenyu misangano pakati senhume uye vamiririri Army. Munzvimbo chikuru pamwe mu kuumbwa of Council - pakurwisa ugandanga, kudzora zvombo zvinoparadza, chombo kudzivirira, uyewo pamwe mu zvashata ezvinhu. Imwe pfungwa huru dzehurukuro pamwe - ari kudzvinyirira okuita zvinodhaka zvisiri pamutemo muna Central Asia. Relationships bloc uye Russia neshungu pashure pehondo kuGeorgia muna August 2008, zvichiguma nhaurirano mugadziriro ari "Russia-NATO" Council yambomiswa. Asi muzhizha kwa2009, nemhaka kuitwa Vashumiri Foreign, Council akatangazve basa rayo pamusoro dzinoverengeka anokosha munzvimbo.

Tarisiro nokuti North Atlantic Alliance

Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinodavira kuti akaramba ariko NATO uye tarisiro wokukudza pokudzora chikwata kunoenderana mamiriro nhengo nyika 'upfumi. Chokwadi chokuti uto Kudyidzana iri gadziriro sangano zvinoratidza mumwe chikamu hurumende zvemari vatsigiri achizvidzivirira mari. Asi zvino mamiriro ezvinhu ari fiscal wokuti zhinji dzakabudirira iri kure akanaka. Hurumende vanoverengeka NATO nhengo rinoti, sezvo vaongorori vanodavira, asina mari kuti hombe-pamwero upfumi muchiuto. Uyezve, yokufananidzira muenzaniso United States - zvinofungidzirwa kuti uto kupindira mumakore Vauya US upfumi kuti kukuvadza uye madhora nehafu tiririyoni. Zvinoita sokuti hapana anovabatsira havana kuda kutambura migumisiro kushandisa kwakadaro simba rechiuto munyika munhandare. Muna 2010-2013 bhajeti allocations enyika dzakawanda dzokuEurope muna NATO kudzivirira haana pfuura 2% kubva GDP (kupfuura - chete UK, Greece uye Estonia). Vari 90s rakanyatsojeka zvomuzvarirwo kufunga kuti mwero 3-4%.

Pane shanduro kuti dzeEU vanowanzomuitira kuitisa yakazvimirira US uto itsika. Kushingaira kunyanya munharaunda iyi inoratidza Germany. Asi ichi zvakare hunogara pamusoro mari zvinoriumba: kusikwa muchiuto muEurope, rakafanana US, aigona mari mazana emabhiriyoni emadhora. DzeEU kuona kurega kunotanga ari upfumi, kwakadaro mari varege kuita.