Mbuya pachake ruzivo sepokutangira rinonzi "kuedza". Mbuya, "kuedza": pfupiso

Pushkin kuriverenga, zviri kuramba avete Lva Tolstogo dhesiki. Bhuku rino raiva rakakurumbira XVI-XVII emakore. munyori wayo - Eykem Michel de mbuya (Dr. 28.02.1533, ivo ..) - kuva itsva sefungu kwamachinda French, kwakaitika kubva kuvatengesi mukirasi. Baba yemberi munyori Pierre Eykem akaramba mubasa ramambo, Amai aibva mumhuri yakapfuma yevaJudha.

Baba airevesa pamusoro kudzidzisa mwanakomana wake. Akanga ari murume akadzidza zvikuru, uye mhuri rinokosha mweya kare. Michel akatora Educator murume muduku akanga asingazivi French zvachose, asi kunyatsogona chiLatin.

Education uye chinzvimbo

Mishel Monten aiva mukana wose kuti kwakajeka basa sezvo paruzhinji mukuru. Akanga akadzidziswa akanakisisa muzvikoro yenyika; pashure kukoreji Bordeaux sowakajeka kudzidza paYunivhesiti Toulouse. Newly kubikwa gweta-makore 21 vakabatana MUTONGI ari youmambo mubatsiri, kutanga Périgueux, asi nokukurumidza kune chizvarwa guta rake Bordeaux. In basa rake inoremekedzwa, akava shamwari ikoko. Erudite mukuru akanga kaviri akasarudzirwa pambiru chipangamazano.

Muna 1565 Michel kunobatsira akaroorwa noblewoman French Françoise of Shansan. Asi makore matatu gare gare, pashure pokufa kwababa vake, iye akapinda nhaka patrimony of mbuya, kusiya basa mudare. Mune ramangwana, Mishel Monten akararama upenyu aburuka vanoremekedzwa vezvikwata, wakati akazvipira mabhuku basa.

Zviri mumhuri dendere ruzivo mbuya wakadururwa papepa.

Kutaura zvazviri zvakanga simbe kurekodha akadzidza mberi aristocrat. Akavasika kwake ndisina nguva kwemakore gumi nemashanu, kunyanya kunetsa kushanda. Panguva ino, vamwe pfungwa muzivi achinja, saka akanyatsofungwa muverengi achawana mu "ruzivo" mazano mashoma akasiyana zvachose vaishora.

Muzivi French uye humanist, akanyora tafura, kwete kunyange kufunga racho.

Wevakadzidza mamiriro Mabasa

Sezvo isina wemabhuku zvakawanika ake, zvichiratidza, essays akasika Mishel Monten "ruzivo". Executive Summary basa iri ari chaizvo compressed muchimiro chinogona kutaurwa mashoko, chepakutanga mafungiro munyori Renaissance pamusoro upenyu uye tariro kugadzira panguva vanhu.

Collection pacharo ine mavhoriyamu matatu. Essays zviri mumwe nomumwe wavo, vakaungana vari kurongwa vakanga zvakanyorwa.

Bhuku "Essays" Michel mbuya rokutanga inotiudza muchimiro rondedzero:

- mangani nzira imwe kubudirira chete;

- kuti vavariro dzedu vane mutongi mabasa edu;

- zvousimbe;

- kusuruvara;

- munyepi, uye zvimwe zvinhu zvizhinji.

Vhoriyamu yechipiri zvakanyorwa chete chimiro muunganidzwa mbuya. "Kuedza" vakazadzwa yemunyori retelling yekare uye dzechiKristu vanyori pamusoro siyana mabhora okuvapo kwevanhu:

- impermanence kwayo;

- on Muzviitiko ichinonoka kusvikira mangwana;

- nezverudo nevabereki,

- on hana;

- mabhuku nezvimwewo ..

The Vhoriyamu wechitatu rinotiudza vaverengi:

- a kumeso uye anobatsira;

- unyanzvi hwokukurukurirana;

- pamusoro kutaurirana;

- womunhu kuda;

- pamusoro maturo uye zvakawanda pamusoro dzakawanda dzimwe mhando yebasa kwevanhu.

Historical mamiriro ezvinhu kwaita Humanism montenevskogo

Freethinking munguva yeMiddle Ages panguva Charles IX wokuFrance aiva zvinouraya. Paiva ropa (chaizvoizvo yevagari) hondo pakati pevaKaturike nevaPurotesitendi. The Catholic Church, anokurudzirwa Council of Trent 1545-1563 gg., Mutsimba Reformation vari kumusha kuti Michel de mbuya, paramilitary Franciscans uye achimupa masimba anoshamisa.

Mugore socio-enyika hupenyu France vakadzoka vanotyisa nguva Raibvunzurudza. The Catholic Church wakamutsiridzwa nzira simba kudzvinyirira Protestantism kuwedzera.

Franciscans uye vaJesuit kudzorwa vanhu, vatambura kuparadzana. Varwi, zvemamongi dzakabvumirwa Papa ari behest mukuru zvahunoita kunyange zvake zvivi maererano nevahedheni. Regai lag shure wechechi yeRoma utsinye uye kuri mamiriro chiito. Ari mutaundi rokumusha Bordeaux, mukomana ane makore 15 okuberekwa, yemberi muzivi, ndaiparidza seboka chirango, maiva ne Marshal Montmorency mvumo yekufadza vagari vakamukira Zvakawanikwa yomutero iri munyu. 120 Vanhu risungirirwe, uye guta paramende akabvisa.

Munguva kutya rakanyorwa muunganidzwa essays, izvo zvakawanda zvakaitika mbuya, munyori-mugari uye humanist. Ari France akaramba ropa ... Muzivi, kufanana yose vanhu, ane achidedera vakatora vachiurayiwa kushatiriswa Mariey Medichi muParis munguva inonzi St. Bartholomew, pakwakanga rakaurayiwa zviuru 30 French nevaPurotesitendi.

Monen pacharo vangasimudzira kwete yakabatana chero dzairwisana Mauto zvechitendero uye zvematongerwo enyika, nokuchenjera kuita veHurumende runyararo. Pakati shamwari dzake vaiva vaKaturike, uye nevaPurotesitendi. Hazvishamisi kwakapararira munyika muchivadzvinyirira, dogmatism uye reactionary ideologically kumushora munhu uye ruzivo youzivi mbuya.

Mumakore nguva hwake nomuzivi kutsigira pave nesimba Kesari Henry IV, anokwanisa kumisa hondo yechitendero uye hwogumisa feudal kusabatana.

Civic uye chinzvimbo kwevanhu

Vaisada nheyo "Uzivi - ndiko kupokana" kuomesa musoro dzidziso, scholasticism, abstracted kubva upenyu, akapa vaifunga nekuongorora kuti Catholic yokudarika yechitendero, kukundikana kutevedza mirairo yechiKristu.

Panguva iyoyowo, tinoona kuti racho chaizvo muzivi aisava wehondo, mutungamiriri wevanhu. Kunyange zvazvo vakararama ake sokuti zvakazarurwa mhedziso kuti akaita Michel de mbuya.

"Experience", zvakanyorwa noruoko muzivi-mugari, ane kuzvidemba kuti "dzidziso yokudenga uye naMwari" riri "maoko avakaipa." Izvi, akaziva, "vakati vagura rukova repfungwa pacharo." (Zvinofanira kunzwisiswa unhu unhu hwake.)

Mbuya sezvo murume akanga chairwo kushatirwa pfungwa, saka akasarudza haana kuita gakava uye akasika chete oga. mabasa ake akaverenga chiduku denderedzwa shamwari, uye ichi chaiva kugutsikana. pfungwa dzake dzinonetsa kwete priemlel machinda nezviremera. Michel kufarira mutsara waiva: "Nokuti valet magamba havapo!" Zvinoitika zvose correlated nounhu hwake. "Metaphysics My - kudzidzwa pacharo," - akati muzivi.

Kudzidza munyori akanga ari pasi shongwe mbuya memauto rechitatu, uye mahwindo ayo akanga dzakavhenekera kunonoka ...

Dzidziso uchenjeri muupenyu hwezuva nezuva

Blockbuster muEurope XVI-XVII emakore aiva bhuku "kuedza" mbuya. A vasanonoka kufunganya musayendisiti akabata itsva evanhu chaizvoizvo yokuva Bourgeois vanhu. Muzivi pasi totalitarianism akadana upenyu pfungwa yekare yokuti munhu, kushivirirana, chibhende ukama chaichoicho.

Mbuya anozivisa kuti murume haasi nemhedziso zvakaipa vamwe eclectic, yakaitwa Raibvunzurudza dhiabhori. Zvakaipa, kubva ake nemaonero, pane kutenda pasina kunyemwerera, kudavira hwokunyanyisa muchokwadi chete, haina mibvunzo. Zvakanga iye anoshanda sezvikonzero nokuda nekutumirwa kwemauto pamusoro zononoka chisimba munzanga.

Muzivi bata vakawana (sezvo isu ichatsanangura pazasi) nhungamiro yakanaka vanhu. Aiva rusununguko wacho sezvo chemhando ukoshi.

Maererano muzivi kuti upenyu hunofadza mariri anofanira nepakati kunakidza uye nekuichengete pachavo utano hwavo. Pashure pezvose, maererano pfungwa yacho vakachenjera yekare, mafaro kupfuura twakawandawanda uye zvinokwezva vanhu kuti amuparadze.

Mubhuku rake rinonzi De mbuya ( "ruzivo") reproduces zvikanganwike Ages Europe, dzidziso yekare Misungo pfungwa umo munhu pachena.

Zvikurukuru, vanhu vashoma chaizvo vanopiwa kunzwisisa chokwadi runako yakavigwa shure kwokunze chisingachinjiki. Munhu asingadi vanowanzotevedzera kutambanudzira pfungwa dzako kuti vanzwisise "Kupenya yakanyarara kuti runako."

Own nzira zivo

Serimwe rinogona kutsiva dzematongerwe mubhuku pfungwa, vakabva mhosva uye munyori waro pachake - the Catholic Church, akanyora Mishel Monten "ruzivo".

Pfupiso of rondedzero muunganidzwa chinogona kutaurwa pfungwa Bourgeois individualistic. A bhuku-vhoriyamu matatu ari non-zvakajairika zano penya pfungwa aristocrat akadzidza, inotanga Renaissance. Basa iri ndiro zvikuru erudite murume. Vose, muunganidzwa essays rine pamusoro 3000 prices Ages uye kare vanyori. Kakawanda kupfuura dzimwe muzivi akadzokorora Virgil, Plato, Horace, Epicurus, Seneca, Plutarch. Pakati zvinyorwa vechiKristu kutaura vakafunga kwevhangeri Yekare, muApostora Pauro okuti.

At panosangana vechiStoiki pfungwa, vaEpikuro, kutsoropodza kusava nechokwadi akasika Mishel Monten "ruzivo".

Pfupiso huru basa upenyu mukuru wokuFrance haana pasina akadzidza maviri emakore muzvikoro zviri Renaissance European. Apedza basa rose iri ari kudzidzira ndiyo maonero ouzivi masayendisiti, zvikuru kunzwisisa tarisiro mumagariro kukura.

Ake achiti kuti "mweya madzimambo uye cobblers dzinobviswa panzvimbo iyoyo muforoma," yaiva mazana maviri gare gare, muna 1792, vanhu Mashoko ari pepanhau - racho French Revolution.

Sources pfungwa muzivi

Zviri pachena kuti panguva Counter-Reformation, mbuya zvakaitika kwouzivi, kudenha nzvimbo yeKatorike, aigona chete kuva pachivande akadurura papepa.

maonero ake akanga zvinopesana mukuru, kuomesa musoro uye prokatolicheskimi. Akanga yokungotaura zvinyorwa simba kubva vachera mazano zvavanofunga nezveramangwana evanhu mamiriro.

Scientist, zvakakwana achiziva mitauro chiRatini uye nechiGiriki uye kuverenga yepakutanga, uye aiziva zvakakwana mabasa achitungamirira vazivi vekare. Somunhu muzivi aizivikanwa somunhu mumwe kupfuura nomazvo vanodudzira Bhaibheri rechiFrench.

Kudzidza yebudiriro zvakaipa panheyo zvinyorwa zvokupikisa

Muzana XVI remakore mune mamwe hemisphere wenyika anouya kwokupedzisira kukunda World Itsva kuburikidza vokuEurope. Just panguva yaakanyora mbuya "ruzivo". Executive Summary iyi nechisimba uye kungoomesera kunooneka mukuru ledger pakati muzivi.

musayendisiti Enough aiziva zvakadzama pamusoro mberi mishandirapamwe mu America. Kuva mubasa ramambo, aivapo pamisangano yarongwa mamishinari namambo pamwe vanokudzwa Indian mukuru. Uye iye pachake aiva muranda, makore gumi hwake kuti basa World Itsva.

Vandudza mufananidzo chaiye neNouveau riche - vakundi America - rakava dziine tsvina, dzisingatarisiki. It akaratidza mbuya ( "ruzivo") riri civilly tisingatyi. Description yezvakaita geopolitical rokutanga ichi kudyidzana pakati vanhu kumakondinendi mbiri yaitwa banal muuranda. Panzvimbo kufanira kutakura nyika dzidziso yaKristu, kuti vokuEurope vakaenda kuburikidza vanofa zvivi.

Runodiwa yeNyika Itsva raiva yomuBhaibheri basa gwayana kundobayiwa. The musayendisiti akati kuti vanhu vanogara vasina pfuma uye urombo, pasina nhaka, weboka pfuma, pasina muuranda, pasina waini, chingwa, simbi, aiva nounhu wakakwirira kurongeka pane vokuEurope zvokunamata. Mune mashoko ari zvemo havana kunyange kurarama mashoko anoratidza nhema, kubiridzira, ruregerero, kumutengesa, godo, unyengeri.

Muzivi anosimbisa kubvumirana interpersonal ukama zvizvarwa zvemo Yenyika Itsva. Uncorrupted nokuda mubudiriro evanhu chaionekwa munharaunda dzavo. Vakaenzana zera, dzinonzi hama, vaduku - vana, vakwegura - madzibaba. Older, kufa, kupfuura zvavo pfuma munharaunda.

Humanist wetsika ukuru mangwanani dzomunyika

Rinoratidza kuti mune rwokugadzira uye mumaguta kuronga marudzi yeNyika Itsva havana muduku vokuEurope Architecture (Mayan uye Aztec), musayendisiti akasimbisa zvavo tsika ukuru.

By nzira dzekuziva yokuvimbika, kuvimbika, rupo, frankness savages vaiva dzakakwirira zvikuru vakundi dzavo. Uye ndizvo akavauraya; ivo pachavo ndatengesa, ndakatengeswa. Mamiriyoni zvemo zvakaurayiwa, rose sezvinoreva yebudiriro dzavo "husisina kumira pasi".

The musayendisiti anobvunza: "Pane imwe shanduro civilizational kukura? Sei vokuEurope havana kunyengedza izvi mweya mhandara netsika dzechiKristu kudunhu vavariro dzakanaka? Zvakaitika, vanhu angadai nani. "

Kutenda uye Mwari ari kunzwisisa muzivi

Zvichiratidza kukundikana Counter-Reformation dzematongerwe, musayendisiti panguva imwecheteyo rinopa kuti muverengi pfungwa zvikuru kwakachena uye zvakajeka kunzwisisa Chiitiko Mwari uye kutenda.

Iye anoona Mwari ari husingaoneki, isingachinji, pose pose, kwete chokuita chero pfungwa dzevanhu kana mukufamba muupenyu. Saka, muchikwata Mwari kwakabatana kumbova hunhu, pamwe honzeri zvose Mishel Monten ( "ruzivo").

Zviri pfungwa iyi, maererano musayendisiti, munhu anopiwa chete kuona transcendental nzira, kuburikidza nokutenda.

manzwisisire ichi Mwari chokuita kuchinja unhu vari chakadzama zvokuti chaizvoizvo, munhu achifamba munzira kutenda, anomhanyira dzidziso yose. Uye pakuguma mugwagwa uyu anowana zvipo, chokwadi, chimwe chinhu.

Ziva Mwari achishandisa kwakadzama kutenda ndiko kupinda zvakananga kutaurirana naye zvakananga. Uye ichi, uyewo anoshanda kune vanotenda zvechokwadi kudzivirirwa "njodzi yevanhu" kunotyisa (kwesimba, kuda mapato, chido chokuchinja, nokukundwa kuchinja views).

Zvisinei, mbuya akanga asina chokwadi pamusoro pfungwa yokuti mweya haufi.

Development of zvokudya Stoicism uye Epicureanism

Religious dogmatism Mishel Monten Akasiyanisa tsika tsika Epicureanism yekare uye Stoicism. Kufanana Epicurus, muzivi wokuFrance anonzi tsika (sayenzi tsika uye tsika) zvinokosha kuti harmonization kwenzanga uye "mushonga mweya" mumwe munhu. Kuti nezvetsika, yake mafungiro, aigona kuva matomu akaitirwa zvakaipa kuchiva murume. Inofa mutero vechiStoiki maonero akakwirira yakaisvonaka chikonzero pamusoro kugadzikana pfungwa dzevanhu bhuku "kuedza".

Mishel Monten, kunzwisisa huru tsika dzokutevedzera, anoisa chakanaka kupfuura unhu zvose hwevanhu, kusanganisira pusa mutsa. Nekuti kunaka iri migumisiro zvakangwara chinangwa chokuda nesimba uye anotungamirira munhu akurire nokuchiva kwavo. Zviri nemhaka unhu, maererano mbuya, murume anogona kushandura magumo ake, kudzivisa kutyisidzira kwake dzinouraya zvinodiwa.

The musayendisiti akagadzira zvizhinji zvinodavirwa muchitendero ano tsika European. Uye kufunga kwake kwazvo zvakajeka. Somuenzaniso, achiratidza uori chakagadzirwa kusaruramisira vanhu vari feudal munzanga, muzivi anotaura nezve "chinangwa kumira stilts, nekuti vachiri kuenda netsoka dzavo. Uyezve, vanhu kunyange vakawanda akakwidziridzwa choushe achagara pachigaro choushe yake. "

mhedziso

Vaverengi Modern, zvinoshamisa, organically panoonekwa yemunyori manyorerwo, umo iye akanyora mbuya "ruzivo". Reviews ataurazve zvavo pedyo Style Ages munyori pamwe bloggers ano: munyori akanyora yake haringakupembedzi nguva, kuti zadza iri basa kupembedza nguva yangu. Haana kupinda mashoko kwezvinhu, yokuronga patsva basa.

Mbuya akangoti akanyora imwe rondedzero pashure perimwe panyaya masikati, uye pasi pfungwa zviitiko, mabhuku, unhu.

Zvinokosha kuziva kuti bhuku iri azadzwa unhu nemunyori. It anozivikanwa, pakutanga anotaurirwa shamwari dzake itai pachake. Uye zvakashanda! The kunyora dzikaita noushamwari. Zvinonzi kazhinji muverengi izano rakanaka pachavo. The mhando zvingadai Makamupa yakwegura mukoma.