Mauto Epasi. Simba rine simba rePasi

Mumwe kuchinja nguva dzose kunoda imwe nesimba. Chero kuchinja hazvizoitiki asina simba. Uye pachena muenzaniso - musha redu, yakaumbwa pasi pokudzora siyana zvinokonzera pamusoro kwemabhiriyoni emakore. Zvinokoshawo kuti dzose kuchinja dzinotsanagura Pasi - ndiwo mugumisiro nechitarisiko mauto kwete chete asiwo nechomukati, avo kuti zvakavigwa pakadzika mune moyo geosphere.

Uye kana iri mbiri kana nhatu emakore, chiso redu chinowanzoitika kuchinja zvikuru, izvozvo pachena hazvizovi okushamisira kunzwisisa kwemasayendisiti, matambudziko kaienda nayo.

kuchinja mukati

Zvikomo uye zvanza, anorovera uye roughness, uyewo zvimwe zvinhu munyika zvokuyamura vazhinji - zvose zviri kuramba achiudza, collapses uye pave masimba zvemukati. Kakawanda, chiitiko kwavo kunogara kunze munda yedu wezvakaonekwa. Zvisinei, kunyange panguva ino kurudyi, Panyika zvishoma nezvishoma pasi vamwe kuchinja nokufamba kwenguva achava zvikuru.

Kubvira beingness yevaRoma vekare uye vaGiriki yakaonekwa kukurudzira uye subsidence pakati zvikamu zvakasiyana zviri lithosphere, kukonzera kuchinja contours yamakungwa, nyika uye nyanza. Kutsvakurudza Long-rokuti kushandisa dzakasiyana-siyana ruzivo namano zvakazara kuzosimbisa ichi.

Nokukwirira neeSultan gomo

Slow kutamira nomumwe zvikamu goko zvishoma nezvishoma kunotungamirira dzavo superposed. Panotaurwa mune chinjikira ri- dzavo strata vanobwembura, crumple uye peta kuva zvakasiyana chikero uye steepness. sainzi Total chinosiyanisa mhando mbiri orogenic kufamba (orogeny)

• Bulging vazvo - siyana sezvo convex pazvirugu (anooneka zvikuru nemichinjiziri) uye concave (kuora mwoyo munzvimbo gomo). Hazvina kubva ichi uye paiva zita akapeta makomo dziri zvishoma nezvishoma kuparadzwa pamusoro kwenguva, kusiya chete nheyo. On uye akaumba pamapani.
• Fracturing - Nyika inotungamirirwa murege chete finyamo ari muzvirugu, asi pasi zvinokanganiswa. Saka kuumbwa ukagunzva-chigumbuso (kana chete blocky) Mount: skids, muzvinwiro, tsama navo uye nevamwe zvinoriumba kuchimuka hunyambiri misha (ndokusimudza / richikwidibira pasi) zvikamu goko pakureva mumwe.

Asi yomukati simba panyika anokwanisa kwete bedzi crease uye pamapani kumakomo kuputsa yakare hurukuro zvezvikomo. Movement pamusoro lithospheric mahwendefa kutipawo kukonzera kwenyika uye kuputika kwemakomo, izvo kazhinji achiperekedzwa inotyisa chakaparadzwa uye kufa kwevanhu.

Kufema kubva muura

Zvakaoma kufungidzira kuti zvatinosiita nomumwe munhu rokuti "gomo" munguva dzekare zvakawanda vanotyisa matauriro. Pakutanga, mhaka Chiitiko of tsika chokuita kusafara vanamwari vechokwadi. Rusingadzorwi, tichingorutsa kubva pakadzika magma runoyerera vaiona kwazvo nokuda infractions pamusoro venyama. Nemafashamo nezvinhu nokuda kuputika kwemakomo anozivikanwa kubva pakuvapo munguva yedu. Saka, somuenzaniso, zvikuru guta weRoma rePompeii rave kudzimwa pamberi Earth. Simba nyika panguva iyoyo yakaratidza musengwa simba ikozvino inozivikanwa rinoputika reVesuvius. Nenzira, vakanyora izwi kare akachengeterwa nevaRoma. Saka vakatumidza mwari wavo romoto.

Nokuti ano murume rinoputika - a cône-zvakaumbwa chikomo pamusoro makatsemuka vari kuhukura. Kuburikidza navo panyika, gungwa kana penyanza pasi erupting magma pamwe magasi uye dombo zvimedu. Pakati dzidzo iyi mwena (kubva muchiGiriki - "kapu"), iyo pane akabuda. Kana magma solidifies kuti chobva dhaka nokuumba pepa rehurukuro dzemabota. Zvisinei, kunyange pamusoro mujinga cône iri kazhinji makatsemuka, nokudaro wezvamatongerwe parasitic craters.

Kazhinji nezvirwere pamwe nokudengenyeka. Asi mukuru ngozi zvose zvipenyu zvinhu chete choutsi kubva Earth. Kusunungurwa gasi kubva magma zvikuru kutsanya, kuputika saka simba gare gare - hakuzivani.

By mhando chiito anoputika vari rakakamurwa marudzi akawanda:

• Operating - avo wekupedzisira kuputika izvo pane inonzi uchapupu. Zvikuru nomukurumbira pakati pavo: reVesuvius (Italy), Popocatepetl (Mexico), Etna (Spain).
• Vanokwanisa kushingaira - kuputika kashoma (kamwe ose zviuru zvishomanana makore).
• Yakatotsakatika - ndiwo mamiriro anoputika, wokupedzisira kuputika iyo inonzi uchapupu haana hwaponeswa.

matambudziko kwenyika

Inochinja matombo kazhinji vanotsamwisa nokukurumidza uye simba nokufamba mukati goko paNyika. Izvi zvinoitika kazhinji munzvimbo marefu - nzvimbo idzi dzichiri kupfuurira mberi kuumbwa.

The nzvimbo yechizvarirwo pamusoro majana mu goko paNyika anonzi hypocenter pakadzika (pachoto). Kubva kunotsigira mafungu kuti asike vibrations. kwacho - pfungwa pasi, zvakananga pasi izvo pakati iri. Munzvimbo iyi pane akasimba chakamira pakunodengenyeka zvine. Sezvo mberi kure pfungwa iyi ivo zvakanaka kupera.

Science seismology, inodzidza Chiitiko kudengenyeka kwenyika, rinotaura mhando huru matatu kwepasi:

1. Tectonic - orogenic chikuru chinhu. Kunokonzerwa pamusoro kudhumhana pakati Oceanic uye Continental platforms.
2. Volcanic - zvinovapo dzvuku inopisa dhaka Rwako, uye gasi kubva subsurface. Kazhinji vava simba, kunyange zvingatora mavhiki akawanda. Kakawanda muri harbingers pakati kwemakomo dzemabota, iyo hwakazara zvikuru zvakakomba.
3. Landslip - simukai kubva pokuwa okumusoro akaturikidzana dzenyika kufukidza voids pachavo.

Simba nokudengenyeka kunotemwa pamwero Richter vachishandisa seismological zvishandiso. Uye kunokonzera amplitude mafungu zvakapararira munyika panyika, chikuru achava kukuvara. The dukusa kwenyika, akayera pa 1-4 pfungwa, zvinogona kungotariswa. Ivo akanyora seismological zviridzwa tisanzwe inokosha. Nokuti vanhu zvavari kunoratidzwa muchimiro vaifanira vachidzungudza girazi kana zvishoma zvinofamba zvidzidzo. In vakawanda ake vava zvisingaoneki zvachose kuti ziso.

Uyewo nokufamba ari 5-7 pfungwa iri inogona kutungamirira siyana kukuvara, kunyange zviduku. Vakasimba kudengenyeka kare kukuisa nengozi, kusiya yakakuvara chivakwa, anenge zvachose aparadza kwezvivako uye munhu nezvinhu.

Gore negore Seismology kuti vanyorese 500 zviuru yepanyika goko oscillations. Sezvineiwo, chete muzvishanu nhamba kuti chaizvoizvo vainzwa nevanhu uye chete 1,000 pamusoro pavo chaiwo kukuvara.

Dzidza zvakawanda nezvokuti chii inokanganisa imba yedu zvakafanana kubva kunze

Ichi- kuchinja nyika kuti kwakaita nzvimbo yacho, simba Earth yomukati haagari chete zvichiumba maatomu akafanana. Zvakananga anobatanidzwa izvi uye vakawanda zvimwewo zvinoitika.

Achiparadza dzakawanda hadzina kufambiswa zvakanaka uye achizadza mumigodhi, ivo ataure rakakura nedanho kuramba yekupindurwa pepasi. Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti mukuwedzera kuyerera mvura, mhepo uye unokuvadza chiito regiravhiti, zvakananga zvavo chete nyika uye tiri kushanda.

mhepo zvakachinjwa

Kuparadzwa uye Kutendeuka nedombo kunyanya kunoitika pasi pokudzora weathering. Hazvina kusika idzva siyana zororo, asi anoparadza zvinhu zvakaoma kuti nzenza ezvinhu.

In akazaruka dzezvimwe apo pasina masango uye zvimwe zvipingamupinyi, jecha nevhu nezvimedu vachibatsirwa mhepo anogona kufamba madaro marefu. Zvadaro, zvinoumba masumbu aeolian landforms (izwi rinobva mwari wechiGiriki Aeolus - mutongi mhepo).

Muenzaniso - jecha zvikomo. Dunes mugwenga vari bedzi pasi pokudzora mhepo. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, kukwirira yavo kunosvika mazana mamita.

Saizvozvowo anogona kuunganidza sedimentary dombo deposits, zvinosanganisira seguruva. Vane grayish-yellow ruvara uye dzinonzi loess.

Zvinofanira kurangarirwa kuti, zvinofamba panguva kumhanya, akasiyana-siyana nezvimedu kwete chete -wedzera pakugadzirwa itsva, asi zvishoma nezvishoma kuparadza vasangana kwaro nzira kwakaita nzvimbo yacho.

Weathering nematombo ane mhando ina:

1. Chemical - iri nemakemikari pakati zvicherwa uye zvakatipoteredza (mvura, okisijeni, carbon dioxide). Somugumisiro, matombo vaparadzwa, avo makemikari vomumatunhu kutambura kuchinja pamwe mberi inotungamirwa zvicherwa itsva uye yeimwe.
2. Physical - zvemaziso hunokonzera pokuwa mabwe pasi pokudzora zvinhu zvinoverengeka. The weathering mumuviri rokutanga kunoitika apo yakawanda tembiricha kusiyana masikati. Wind, pamwe kwenyika, kuputika kwemakomo, uye mudslides zvakafanana zvikonzero zviri mumuviri weathering.
3. Biological - kunze chete kutora chikamu zvipenyu, ane basa inoenda nokuumba inotungamirwa qualitatively itsva - ivhu. Zvazvakaita zvinomera nemhuka unoratidzwa zvemaziso pezvakaitwa: kupwanya matombo shure uye mahwanda, makomba, etc. Zvikurukuru hombe-pamwero yomuzvarirwo basa weathering runobva zvigare ...
4. Radiation, kana kwezuva weathering. Muenzaniso nedombo kuparadzwa pasi dzokuteerera kwakadai - Lunar regolith. Uyezve, nokuita kuti mwaranzi weathering wokutevedzera uyewo pamusoro yambotaurwa mhando nhatu.

All kwemarudzi aya weathering dzichitaridzika yakasanganiswa, kukabatanidzwa mune zvakasiyana siyana. Zvisinei, okunze akasiyana kukanganisa predominance munhu. Somuenzaniso, munzvimbo ine yakaoma ekunze uye munzvimbo refu kazhinji nazvo panyama weathering. Nokuti kumatunhu pamwe kutonhora mwaka apo tembiricha kazhinji-chinja kusvikira 0 Celsius, dzinoratidzwa kwete chete nokuda chando kukurwa kwevhu, asi pamwe chete makemikari namakemikari.

rinokweva migumisiro

Kana mazita nechitarisiko mauto pasi redu zvaisazova kwakakwana pasina kutaurwa chinokosha kusakarongeka zvose zvokunyama zvinhu - ndiro rinokweva Nyika.

Aparadza zhinji dzinongoitika uye nevanhu zvinhu, mabwe nguva dzose pasi kufamba ivhu kubva Upland nzvimbo pamusoro rezasi. Saka kunotangira Madhaka, marara, uye akagara kuitika Madhaka. The rinokweva Nyika pakutanga kuaona ingaita chinhu chisingaoneki tikafunga simba uye ngozi kuratidzwa zvimwewo. Asi simba ravo zvose pamusoro zororo iri nyika kuti vanongoita rakaparadza pasina negiravhiti.

Tichanzwisisa muudzame nomugumisiro kuti rine negiravhiti. In ezvinhu edu nyika kurema upi muviri zvokunyama akaenzana simba kukwezvana Nyika. In chekare hurongwa, kudyidzana ichi ichirondedzera zvose anozivikanwa kuchikoro, mutemo Newton kwakaita wesimba rinokwevera zvinhu pasi. Maererano naye, F zvinotipa zvinobikwa regiravhiti muna mamita g, apo M - guru chinhu, uye d - kumhanyisa rusununguko kuwa (nguva dzose dzakaenzana 10). Simba panyika giravhiti kunokanganisa muviri zvose iri zvakananga pamusoro payo, uye kuvhara nayo. Kana uri muviri inobata chete rinokweva kukwezvana (uye nemamwe masimba ose kungoreva nepakati), zvinonzi pasi vakasununguka-kuwa. Asi zvose zvayo akanyatsokodzera mhoteredzo mauto ndikaita mumuviri penyika Earth Chokwadi, nemichina, unhu Vacuum. Hwezuva nezuva chokwadi tinofanira kutarisana siyanei mamiriro ezvinhu. Somuenzaniso, musi anowira chinhu mudenga Kunochinja kukosha mhepo nemishonga. Uye kunyange vachiri kumanikidza giravhiti kwePasi richava kusimba zvikuru, ndege iyi hakuzoitiki zvechokwadi vakasununguka maererano nerondedzero.

Sezvineiwo, zvinokonzerwa regiravhiti hakuwaniki chete ezvinhu yedu, asiwo pachiyero redu renzou yose. Somuenzaniso, chii zvakawanda chinokwezva mwedzi? Earth kana Sun? Vasina masayendisiti dhigirii mumunda nyeredzi, vazhinji vachaitwa kushamiswa nemhinduro.

Nekuti simba kukwezvana Earth Satellite rezuva Goho anenge 2,5 nguva! Zvine musoro kufunga kuti muviri hwokudenga asingadi kuparadzanisa Moon kubva redu zvakadaro chakasimba? Pashure pezvose, panyaya iyi, kukosha iyo akaenzana simba rinokweva Nyika hama kuti Satellite, zvakawanda muduku kuti zuva. Sezvineiwo, sainzi anokwanisa kupindura mubvunzo uyu.

Yokungotaura astronautics tubhokisi zvakadaro anoshandisa pfungwa dzakawanda:

• Makuriro muviri M1 - dzakapoteredza yakapoteredza chinhu M1, mukati iyo zvinofamba chinhu chiri mamita;
• M muviri - chinhu chinofamba zvakasununguka mukati yezvinoreva chinhu M1;
• M2 muviri - chinhu, anewo chinovhiringidza rokuchinja racho.

Zvaizoratidza sokuti - kuva inokosha simba regiravhiti. Earth chinokwezva mwedzi kurukutika zvikuru kupfuura zuva, asi pane chimwe chinhu, chine chokupedzisira zvazvinoita.

The Chaizvoizvo wose kuitira kuti M2 anoedza ndiputse rinokweva ukama pakati zvinhu M uye M1 nokuvapa accelerations siyana. Kukosha parameter ichi kunobva chinhambo kusvika chinhu M2. Zvisinei, kusiyana siyana chakasvitswa accelerations muviri that m M2 uye M1 idukusa musiyano pakati accelerations M uye M1 zvakananga okupedzisira regiravhiti. nuance ichi ndicho chikonzero nei M2 haasi kukwanisa kubvarura M kubva M1.

Fungidzira mamiriro ezvinhu akafanana Pasi (M1), zuva (M2) uye Moon (m). Musiyano Pakati accelerations, iyo anosika zuva hama panyika uye mwedzi, 90 nguva shoma pane paavhareji kumhanyisa, izvo zvinoita mwedzi hama kumunda nyika chiito (ayo dhayamita - mamiriyoni 1 makiromita, daro pakati penyika Moon - 0.38 miriyoni makiromita). A inokosha basa kwete kuridzwa nesimba nako pasi dzinokwezva mwedzi, uye vakawanda kumhanyisa musiyano pakati pavo. Nokuda kwaizvozvo Sun anogona chete deform ari muchadenga chemwedzi, asi haana kugamuchira kubva redu.

Ngatiende mberi: migumisiro regiravhiti pakawanda yo vamwe zvinhu mugadziriro yedu yokutenderera zuva. Chii chaizvo zvinokanganisawo, kupiwa chokwadi kuti simba regiravhiti Panyika yakasiyana chaizvo kuti dzimwe nyika?

Izvi zvichaita sei kwete chete kufamba matombo uye kuumbwa itsva siyana kuzorodzwa, asiwo avo uremu. Hako ona kuti parameter iyi yakatsunga negiravhiti. Zviri Proportional zvakananga mukanyiwa ari vaiona nyika uye inversely Proportional kuti mativi ayo chete nharaunda.

Dai kusiri kuti pasi redu flattened panguva matanda uye akatambanudza pedyo neequator, uremu muviri pamusoro pepasi panyika yaizova yakafanana. Asi tisingadi kurarama bhora yakakwana, uye ine nharaunda kunopfuura kweArctic inenge 21 km. Nekuti kurema chete chinhu achava zvairema panguva matanda uye neequator iri nyore. Asi kunyange izvi zviviri pfungwa iri, simba regiravhiti panyika siyanei. musiyano Miniscule yairema zvakafanana chinhu kunogona chete kuyerwa uchishandisa chitubu mwero.

Zviri zvakasiyana mamiriro ezvinhu tichitarisa dzimwe nyika. Kuti zvijeke, yatinoti vafunge Mars. Misa dzvuku nyika 9.31 nguva zvishoma panyika, uye nharaunda - a 1,88 nguva duku. Wokutanga chinhu, ukuwo, ndiko kuti kuderedza simba regiravhiti musi Mars zvichienzaniswa redu panguva 9.31 nguva. Panguva iyoyowo chinhu chechipiri nezvibereko zvayo 3,53 nguva (1.88 akaenzana). Somugumisiro, simba regiravhiti musi Mars anenge chimwe muzvitatu Nyika (3.53: 9.31 = 0.38). Saizvozvowo, dombo guru munyika pamwe makirogiramu 100 vachange kuyera musi Mars 38 chaizvo makirogiramu.

Akapiwa chii simba tinoberekwa Mupasi giravhiti, inogona kuenzaniswa mune rimwe musara pakati Uranus uye Venus (kukwezvana panyika idukusa 0,9 times) uye Neptune pamwe Jupiter (ivo kudhonza kupfuura isu muna 1.14 uye 2.3 nguva, ukuwo). Zviduku simba regiravhiti akacherekedza Pluto - muna 15.5 nguva isingasviki paNyika zvakatipoteredza. Asi kukwezvana akasimba wakaiswa pamusoro pezuva. Kwazvo edu nguva 28. Nemamwe mashoko, muviri kurema makirogiramu 70 munyika paizova potyazhelel anenge 2 matani.

Under marongera nhema remvura anodonhedza kuburikidza

Chimwe chinhu chinokosha musiki uye muparadzi zvokuyamura panguva - mvura uchifamba. Inoyerera ayo kufamba kuumba yakafara rwizi mumipata, canyons uye mumipata. Zvisinei, kunyange zviduku rakawanda nayo panguva leisurely sangano inokwanisa rokuumba mumupata ruyamuro pachinzvimbo pamapani.

Punching nzira yako kuburikidza zvipingamupinyi zvose - handiyo chete divi mugumisiro dzenzvimbo. Izvi simba kwokunze iri achishumirawo ari transporter dombo zvimedu. Sezvo vanoumba siyana rokuyamura inotungamirwa (semuenzaniso, flat mapani uye growths pamwe nenzizi).

Special nzira simba inotubuka kukanganisa soluble matombo (reraimu, choko, gypsum, dombo munyu) rakamiswa pedyo kunyika. River zvishoma nezvishoma akavabvisa panzira yake, kumhanyira pakadzika paNyika menyika. Fani iyi inonzi karst, somugumisiro naro anosika landforms itsva. Caves uye sinkholes, stalactites uye stalagmites, rakadzikadzika uye pachivande matsime - ichi zvose mugumisiro refu uye simba basa mvura makore.

chando chikonzero

Pamwe inoyerera mvura, chando kutora haidereri zvematongerwo kuparadza, nezvifambiso uye deposition wamatombo. Saka zvinhu zvitsva siyana kuzorodzwa, ivo ndokudzora matombo, ndinoumba moraine zvikomo, anooneka zvikuru nemichinjiziri uye zvanza. Izvi kakawanda azara mvura, akatendeuka kupinda glacial madhamu.

Kuparadzwa pamatombo glacial inonzi gouge (glacial Kuparara). By chichipinda rwizi mumipata, zvinoisa pachena kuti chando mubhedha uye rusvingo kumanikidza simba. Friable nezvimedu abviswa, chikamu kuti -oma uye pakudaro dzinobatsira pakuwedzera kudzika pasi rusvingo. Somugumisiro, rwizi nemipata zvingauya zvinenge nokuda kusimudzira chando - muchimwiro serin'i profile. Kana, maererano zita ravo nezvesayenzi, glacial zvimwiro.

Kubvunda mazizaya chinowedzera Zander - pachena idzodzo rinoumbwa nechando mvura aunganidza ari tudonhwe jecha.

Isu tiri kwokunze simba Pasi

Kupiwa dzomunyika mauto kuita panyika, uye zvimwewo zvinhu, yava nguva kutaura neni - asina kutanga dhazeni makore kunounza achinje upenyu nyika.

All marudzi kuzorodzwa, wakasika munhu, wainzi anthropogenic (kubva muchiGiriki anthropos - murume, genesisum - mavambo, uye Latin chinhu - bhizimisi). Nhasi mugove kwaiita basa cheshumba rinoitwa nokushandisa yazvino. Uye zviitiko itsva, tsvakurudzo, uye kutsigirwa nemari chaizvo kubva private / pachena zvinyorwa ichipa nokukurumidza kukura kwayo. Uye ichi, akavapindurawo, nguva dzose zvinosimudzira kuwedzera mwero anthropogenic hwevanhu zvikuru.

Zvikurukuru pachena nokuchinja kumapani. nzvimbo iyi kwagara chokutanga nokuda kugarwa, kuvaka dzimba uye kwezvivako. Uyezve, rava zuva netsika kuvaka embankments uye chakagadzirwa munoenzanisa rokuyamura.

Kuchinja zvakatipoteredza uye kuti chinangwa mugodhi. Achibatsirwa zvigadzirwa vanhu kuchera makuru basa, akachera miseve, kuti pazvikomo pasi tsvina dombo nenzvimbo dzokurasira.

Kazhinji kutambudzwa mabasa evanhu uye akafanana pokudzora dzinongoitika kwendangariro. Somuenzaniso, ano rwokugadzira zvinhu tikwanise kusika makwara makuru. Uye kwenguva pfupi zvikuru nguva puranga, kana zvichienzaniswa chete paumbwe rwizi mipata mvura iyerere.

Urongwa kutsemuka kwakaita nzvimbo yacho, anonzi kwevhu, yakawedzera zvikuru nezvinoitwa nevanhu. Chokutanga akaipa zvinokonzerwa pachena ivhu. Izvi zvinobatsira kurima dzakatenuka kwakapararira kwemiti, zvisina mwero mombe zvigare, nokuiswa paguva rakarongwa. Uyezve akabatanidza kubudikidza nokuwedzera Kuparara kumhanya kuvakwa (kunyanya pakuvaka dzinogarwa dzimba, izvo zvinoda rumwe basa rakadaro, zvakadai grounding, apo chakayerwa simba panyika kuramba).

Remakore yokupedzisira pakataurwa Kuparara inenge chetatu munyika nyika anorimwa. The kupfuura chinzvimbo pamusoro pezvakaitwa izvi kwakaitika makuru zvokurima nzvimbo Russia, USA, China neIndia. Sezvineiwo, dambudziko munyika kukurwa kwevhu takashandisa anotaurirwa panguva dzakawanda chechetere. Zvisinei, mupiro mukuru kuderedza kukuvadza panyika uye apiwa pokugadzwa munzvimbo kare kuparadzwa achauyisa tsvakurudzo, michina mitsva uye nzira chikumbiro chavo kuverenga munhu.