Marginal utility - nokutengeserana kuti munhu anogamuchira kana uchishandisa mamwe chairema kunobatsirawo. Kana wakachena makwikwi kubudikidza chakarurama ichi, unogona kuona mumusika mutengo nhumbi.
kumashure
Tinogona kutaura kuti mutemo shoma utility anorondedzera kuwedzera uchitikurudzira zvakanakira maererano kubatsirwawo vamapoka rinodyiwa. Pfungwa iyi yakataurwa anenge panguva imwe chete vatatu vakakurumbira masayendisiti-nezvoupfumi: Leon Walras, Karlom Mengerom, uye Stanley Jevons. Last akataura pfungwa dzake panyaya iri hurukuro, yakabudiswa muna 1866 na Carl Menger akataura pamusoro nyaya iri mu "Principles Enyika Economy" muna 1871. Leon Walras akataura nyaya iyi muna 1874. Panguva iyoyo, zvose zvitatu vakashanda panyaya idzi tisingatungamirirwi. Cherechedza kuti shoma utility - izwi kwakamboitwa dzezvoupfumi Friedrich of Wieser. Funga inokosha nheyo chiitiko ichi. Maererano ukoshi kunobatsirawo imwe mhando kunotemwa maererano utility pamusoro shoma Somuenzaniso iyo anogutisa muduku kudiwa.
nyaya
"Marginal utility" - pfungwa iyo wokutanga akauya nezvoupfumi ano apo vaishanda pamusoro dzidziso ukoshi. Funga nhasi masayendisiti ari bhizimisi iri izwi. Nokunzwisisa sezvo muduku unokosha chimiro zvakanakira vakauya pedyo chaicho Boon misangano nomumwe zvinodiwa. Ngatitii Somuenzaniso, chingwa kuti anogona kushanda sezvo DISTILLATION, zvipfuwo dyisa, uye zvokudya chirimwa. Inogona kunzi rokutanga kuvaduku rinokosha. Mano chingwa kugutsa chido ichi inogona kunzi kwayo shoma utility. Yoga zvakafanira kuti unyatsoteerera mumwe chinokosha chiitiko ichi. Kunyange kana toreva zvinodiwa imwe kunobatsirei kunakidzwa siyana shoma utility. Somuenzaniso, funga zvinorehwa chingwa nzara uye satiated murume. Tiri kuziva indekisi kunodzikira vane zvakawandisa kubatsira uye kunowedzera nokushaiwa kwayo.
akawira
Zvino isu takurukura muudzame hukuru zvikuru mutemo kupera shoma utility. Anoti kuti nokuda nezvokukura kudyiwa zvakanaka zvachose utility kunowedzera, asi mwero izvi zviri seiyi. Zvino tora Kutarira mutemo kupera shoma utility kubva kwemasvomhu pfungwa maonero. Tinoona kuti rinobva munhu zvachose utility basa wokutanga zvakanaka uye ari novimba kudyiwa kwenhumbi. Zvisinei, izvozvo kunoderedza. Chine rinobva wechipiri kunaka. Kupera shoma utility hunoratidzika kuwedzera basa riri convex kumusoro. Tiri kuziva indekisi pamwe kuwedzera kudyiwa kunodzikira. In ezvinhu enyika kunonyanyisa vakawanda utility nayo kanonyangarika. Pashure paizvozvo, vakuru shoma utility anova asina. Yose zvayo, akavapindurawo, zvasvika vaifanira uye otanga kutapudzwa. Somuenzaniso, kana tiri kutaura pamusoro murume nzara, asi shoma utility rwehadyana wokutanga muto kwaari iri yepamusoro zvikuru zvichienzaniswa wechipiri. Izvi ndezvechokwadiwo kuti mamwe marudzi nhumbi.
Limited applicability mutemo
Unogona chete enzanisa chigadzirwa dzine homogeneous dzakabatana, izvo zvaparadzwa nomumwe munhu. Somuenzaniso, mabhanana uye namatamba hazvigoni kuonekwa. Kunyange kusawirirana duku kunogona kukanganisa rokupedzisira mugumisiro. Somuenzaniso, haichaonekwi red uye mitema maapuro. zviumbu zvese yasarudzwa chigadzirwa anofanira zvakafanana yepamusoro uye uremu. Somuenzaniso, maapuro vari yakashapa uye zvinozipa. The chigadzirwa wechipiri unogona kupa mukuru nevatengi kugutsikana. We funga mutengi pamwe chete manakiro. Havana vakafunga kuchinja mune mari, zvaunofarira, tsika uye miitiro yevatengi. Kuchinja chipi izvi zvinhu zvinogona kukanganisa kushanda chigadzirwa, uye akatsanangura mutemo haangavi ingashandiswa. Uyewo kuti fomura kunoda kuramba rinodyiwa. Kana ichi haina kufungwa, kuti shoma utility havagoni kuenda pasi. Apo, pashure kudyiwa pamusoro chairema chigadzirwa chokutanga vakachengeta kumbomira, zvingangoita kuti kudiwa kuti tangaizve. Saka, nokutevera zviumbu akanaka vachaora zvakafanana kugutsikana.
dzinonakidza zvinhu
Marginal utility - nayo nenhamba kuti zvinoratidza kuti richikwidibira mitengo rinokurudzira vatengi kuwedzera nhamba zvatengwa imwe chigadzirwa. Zvisinei, akatsanangura mutemo haamo nguva dzose. Zvikurukuru, zvirege kushanda kana shoma zvinhu. Iyi inogona kufananidzwa muenzaniso yezvokurapa. Somuenzaniso, kana munhu anonwa chinyorero, hazvina tisisina. Kana vaviri - kuporesa zvinogoneka zvizere. Asi mberi kushandisa mapiritsi ndiyo chete inokwanisa kukuvadza muviri. Somugumisiro, shoma utility ungadzokera zvakaipa.