Machinda uye ukuru pamusoro Rus yekare munguva kusabatana

Pakafa Muchinda Kiev Yaroslava Mudrogo muna 1054 mu Russia akatanga chirongwa kuora pamberi kusaroora. Zviitiko zvakafanana kwakaitika muna Western Europe. Yaiva vakawanda Vanzveri feudal Middle Ages. Zvishoma nezvishoma, Russia rakakamurwa wandei of facto akazvimirira zvemisoro pamwe zvakajairika netsika, tsika uye Rurik hwedzinza. Zvakatanga muna 1132, apo akafa Mstislav Veliky kukosha kuti nyika. Ndizvo musi kutanga okupedzisira dzekare vanodavira enyika ano kusabatana. In mamiriro ichi, Russia kusvikira pakati pezana XIII remakore, kana ruzivo nechisimba Mongol-wechiTatar mauto.

Kiev nyika

Kwemakore, hugota yeRussia yekare vakapesana, akabatanidza, kushandura mitemo mapazi enyika Rurik youmambo , uye zvichingodaro. D. Zvisinei, pasinei kupesaniswa zviitiko izvi, pane zvikamu zvakati anokosha, izvo airidza basa rinokosha muupenyu munyika. Kunyange pashure chaiko pokuwa of jure zvaionekwa mukuru Muchinda Kiev.

Kudzora "mai maguta Russian" vakaedza kumisa akasiyana-siyana vatongi yakananga. Naizvozvo, kana fiefdoms yeRussia yekare vaiva nhaka chigaro chavo, kuti Kiev kazhinji vakapfuura paruoko kuisa. Pakafa Mstislav Vladimirovich muna 1132 muguta vakava pfuma zvishoma Chernigov Rurik. Hazvina zvienderane dzimwe nhengo imba youmambo. Pamusana kwakatevedzana hondo Kiev akarega kutanga kuzvidzora Pereyaslav, Turov uye Vladimir-Volyn kweutongi, uye ipapo (muna 1169) uye panguva yose yakanga dzichapambwa hondo Andreya Bogolyubskogo uye pakupedzisira vakarasika ayo political kukosha.

chernihiv

Fiefdoms yeRussia yekare muna Chernigov nyika zvaiva zvizvarwa Svyatoslav Yaroslavovych. Vakanga vagara zvaipesana Kiev. Chernihiv imba nokuti emakore kwave rakakamurwa pamatavi maviri: zvizvarwa Oleg uye Davidovich. With chizvarwa chimwe nechimwe chakaitika zvakawanda zvitsva fiefdoms, machipisi kubva Chernigov (Sivers'k-Novgorod, Bryanskoye, Kurskoe uye t. D.).

The mutongi kupfuura unoshamisa iyi nharaunda kare tenda Svyatoslava Olgovicha. Aiva mutsigiri Yuriya Dolgorukogo. With kwavo sungano mutambo muMoscow muna 1147 nayo avamba yasimbiswa yaMakoronike nhoroondo guru reRussia. Apo Duchy kweRussia yekare vakabatana pakurwisana eMongolia akazviratidza kumabvazuva, vatongi yakananga Chernigov nyika yaakaita navamwe Ruric vakakunda pamusoro ari Kalka River. Nechisimba inowanzorimwa kwakaitwa kwete kweutongi hwose, uye chete zvayo nechokumabvazuva. Kunyange zvakadaro, izvozvo akabvuma pachake ari pasi Yechinwiwa Horde (pashure zvinorwadza rufu Michael pakati Chernigov). Muzana XIV remakore chernihiv pamwe wandei Maguta yakavakidzana vakanga yakatora kuna Lithuania.

Polotsk Region

Polotsk akatonga Izyaslavich (zvizvarwa Iziaslav V.). bazi iri Rurik akamira pamberi vamwe. Mukuwedzera, wokutanga Polotsk akatanga ane hondo vakazvigadzirira rusununguko kubva Kiev. Tanga hondo yakadaro zvakaitika pakutanga XI remakore.

Kufanana nevamwe ukuru pamusoro Rus yekare munguva kusabatana, Polotsk pakupedzisira rwakakamukana dzakawanda zvemisoro diki (Vitebsk, Minsk, Drutskiy I T. D.). Vamwe maguta aya pamusana pehondo uye dynastic michato akapfuura Smolensk Rurikovich. Asi vavengi Polotsk zvikuru ngozi, hapana mubvunzo, vaiva Lithuanians. Pakutanga, madzinza reBaltic kufanorongwa dzinodya dzimwe dzinosiya vachirwisa panyika Russian. Vakabva mberi kune pfuma. Muna 1307 Polotsk Wakazova chikamu ichangotangwa Lithuanian simba.

Volyn

Muna Volyn nharaunda (kumadokero vemazuva Ukraine) kusiyanisa maviri enyika makuru centre - Vladimir-Volyn uye Galich. Abereka vasingatungamirirwi Kiev, hugota akatanga kukwikwidzana mumwe kutungamiririra mudunhu. Pakupera ari XII remakore Roman Mstislavovich vakabatana maguta maviri. Rakanzi weutungamiriri pamusoro Galicia-Volyn. Zvinoitwa namambo kwaiva kukuru kwazvo zvokuti iye anodzivirira akadzinga Dzorudzidziso Constantinople of Byzantine Emperor Alexios III.

Mwanakomana Daniel Roman mukurumbira wake kudzikatidzwa kubudirira yababa vake. Iye zvinobudirira vakarwa Poles, Hungarians uye eMongolia kubvira nguva nenguva kupinda kubatana munhu kubva vavakidzani. Muna 1254 Daniel akatora kunyange kubva Pope musoro Mambo Russia, vachitarisira kubatsira Western Europe iri pakurwisana inowanzorimwa. Pashure porufu rwake, kuti Galicia-Volyn kwavabati yakapararawo. Pakutanga, zvakanga yakakamurwa migove akawanda, uye ipapo yakatora ne Poland. The kusabatana Russia yekare, apo hugota nguva asatenderwe mumwe, kumutadzisa anorwa nechitarisiko vanotyisidzirwa.

Smolensk

Smolensk kwavabati riri nenzvimbo pakati Russia. Zvakava yakazvimirira apo mwanakomana Mstislava Velikogo Rostislav. At pakuguma XII remakore hugota yeRussia yekare zvakare rakatanga zvinovava rinondinetsa Kiev. Huru Vakwikwidzi kuti simba iri guru rekare Smolensk uye Chernigov vaiva vatongi.

Pamusoro simba Rostislav zvizvarwa yakasvika pa Mstislav Romanovich. Muna 1214-1223 gg. akatonga kwete chete Smolensk, asi Kiev. Hazvina Muchinda uyu aiva initiator rokutanga antimongolskoy yomubatanidzwa akakundwa pamusoro Kalka. Naizvozvo Smolensk zvishoma pane vamwe vakuvara panguva nechisimba. Kunyange zvakadaro, vatongi vayo akabhadhara mutero kuna Golden Horde. Zvishoma nezvishoma kwavabati kusvinwa pakati kuwana simba Lithuania uye Moscow. Independence mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro kunge refu. Somugumisiro, muna 1404 ari Lithuanian muchinda Vytautas Smolensk muropa kurerekera pfuma yake.

Ravarwi muna Eye

Ryazan kwavabati vakatora nyika yokuMiddle Oka. It akamira kubva kunzvimbo ine Chernigov vatongi. Muna 1160-ies kubva Ryazan akaputsa Moore. Mongol kubvuta inorwadza akarova pamupendero. Residents, machinda, zvemisoro yeRussia yekare havana kunzwisisa kutyisidzirwa Eastern nechisimba. Muna 1237 yokutanga Ryazan guta Russian rakaparadzwa inowanzorimwa vanogara. Mune ramangwana, hugota akanga kunetseka kukura simba Moscow. Somuenzaniso, mubati Ryazan Oleg Ivanovich agara anokumhan'arira Dmitriya Donskogo. Ryazan zvishoma nezvishoma risa. Rakanga yakatora ne kuMoscow muna 1521.

Novgorod Republic

Historical zvechadenga zvemisoro pakati Rus yekare havagoni kuva kwakakwana pasina kutaurwa of Novgorod Republic. mamiriro Izvi akararama maererano nemarudzi enyika uye magariro chaiyo ezvinhu. Pano akasimbisa ane revatongi zvokuvhoterwa ane simba pamasimba yakakurumbira Chamber. Machinda vakasarudzwa vakuru (vakanga vakokwa kubva dzimwe nyika Russian).

A enyika kwakafanana kwakasimbiswa muPskov, yainzi "munun'una Novgorod." maguta maviri aya aiva nzvimbo dzakawanda dzaishandiswa. Ichienzaniswa nedzimwe political Russian nzvimbo vakanga zvikuru nevanhu Western Europe. Mushure kuBaltic States akatora mauto Catholic yemamongi mirairo, pakati Knights uye Novgorod akatanga zvakakomba kukweshera. hondo iyi yakasvika ayo mugumo muna 1240-ies. Panguva iyoyo nyika yeSweden vokuGermany zvinozoita akunda Prince Alexander Nevsky. Apo anenge apedza nhoroondo nzira Ancient Russia kusvika Grand Duchy of Moscow, reRepublic ndoga naIvan III. Akakunda Novgorod muna 1478.

west Russia

The political rokutanga nzvimbo iri North-Eastern Russia muna XI-XII emakore. vaiva Rostov, Suzdal uye Vladimir. It aitonga zvizvarwa Monomakh uye mwanakomana wake muduku Yuriya Dolgorukogo. The vatsivi baba Andrew Bogolyubskii uye Vsevolod Huru Nest akasimbisa chiremera Vladimir weutungamiriri, zvichiita kuti kupfuura uye akasimba mune ichiparara Rus.

Apo vana Vsevolod Big Jack akatanga guru hondo yevagari. Vakatanga kuonekwa fiefdoms vokutanga. Asi njodzi chaiyo akauya North-Eastern Russia, pamwechete eMongolia. MuArabhu kunge yaparadzwa nharaunda iyi, vakapisa vazhinji guta rake. Panguva Tartar khans mutemo vakaziva Vladimir anofambisa vakwegura yose Russia. Edit kufanorongwa vaya vakagamuchira rinokosha chitaridzi.

In kurwira Vladimir govera muvengi itsva mbiri: Tver uye Moscow. Yepamusoro yokurwisana wavo wakasvika pakutanga ari XIV remakore. In makwikwi ichi Kumukundi raiva Moscow. Zvishoma nezvishoma machinda aro akabatana North-Eastern Russia, akapidigura Mongol-wechiTatar joko uye pakupedzisira akasika rakabatana Russia mamiriro (rokutanga ramambo waro muna muna 1547 vakava Ivan Grozny).