Kushandiswa kutanga kwemakemikari zvombo muHondo Yenyika I.

Early musi waKubvumbi mangwanani muna 1915 maererano German zvepamusoro, pemauto kudzivirira mutsetse Entente makumi maviri chete kubva muguta Ypres (Belgium), chiedza kamuferefere ichivhuvhuta. Pamwe naye nenzira iri omubatanidzwa pemigero akavhunduka pakarepo kwakaonekwa gobvu yero gore. Panguva iyoyo, vanhu vashoma vaiziva kuti akanga ari kufema rufu, uye akaisa kuomera mutauro mberi-mutsetse mishumo - kushandiswa kutanga kwemakemikari zvombo ari Western Front.

Misodzi asati afa

Kuti kuva zvachose chaiwo, kushandiswa kwemakemikari zvombo yeNyika War First yakatanga muna 1914, uye vakaita izvi vanotanga inokuvadza rechiFrench. Asi zvino kosi kwakatangwa misodzi gasi bromoacetate, kureva boka kwemakemikari irritant, kwete inouraya. Vaiva 26-millimeter magirinedhi, izvo shelled pemigero German vakaguta. Kana nerubatsiro gasi ichi yakaguma, zvakanga chikatsiviwa chiito chloroacetone zvakafanana.

Achipindura, vokuGermany zvakare havanzwi achisungirwa kuita kazhinji kugamuchirwa nomutemo dzemunharaunda enshrined Hague Convention, mu Hondo Neuve Chapelle, yakaitirwa October wegore iroro, Britain vanogumurwa anoshongwa makazara nemakemikari irritant. Zvisinei, kana vakatadza kubudirira wevasungwa kwayo ngozi.

Saka, hazvina kushandiswa kutanga kwemakemikari zvombo April 1915, asi, kusiyana yapfuura vaya, kuparadza wevapenyu mauto nomuvengi vakashandisa zvinouraya kuiisa chlorine gasi. Attack zvakaguma dzinokatyamadza. Zana namakumi masere matani atomized namakemikari mumiriri kwakauraya upenyu varwi zviuru zvishanu omubatanidzwa uye mumwe gumi zviuru akaremara somugumisiro nomuchetura anobudiswa. Nenzira, akatambudzika nokuda vokuGermany voga. Kutakura rufu gore akabata mupendero wavo munzvimbo dzavo, vari nevanozvitsigira havana zvakazara inopiwa gasi Masiki. Munhoroondo hondo yechiitiko ichi akanga asarudzwa rimwe "zuva dema Ypres."

Akaramba kushandiswa kwemakemikari zvombo muHondo Yenyika I.

Achida kuvaka pamusoro ubudirire ichi, vanhu vokuGermany vaiva vhiki iri Warsaw muruwa akadzokorora namakemikari kurwisa, nguva ino neuto Russian. Pano, rufu akamuka yakawanda kukohwa - vanopfuura zviuru mazana maviri vakaurayiwa uye wandei zviuru zvirema. Sezvinotarisirwa, Entente nyika vakaedza kuratidzira achirwisa yakadaro hunonyadzisa kutyora zvinodiwa nomutemo dzakawanda, asi Berlin kungofunga akati Hague Convention pakati 1896 kunotaurwa chete muchetura anoshongwa, kwete magasi pachavo. Vanobvuma, uye havana kuedza nharo - hondo iri nguva dzose negates mabasa vamiriri.

The chaizvo kuti hondo yaityisa

Sezvo kakawanda akasimbisa nemauto dzekare, Hondo Yenyika Yokutanga pavainge vava mazano ose positional chiito umo vainyatsoziva achiratidzei hwakasimba mutsetse pamberi, akatsiga, kuti arambe achirema pamusoro wevasungwa revarwi uye yakakwirira engineering michina rutsigiro.

Izvi zvikuru kwakaderedza kubudirira tsamwisa chiito, sezvo mativi ose akasangana kurwisa simba muvengi kuzvidzivirira. Nzira kubva Chipangamazano chaVa aigona kuva chete unconventional tactical sarudzo, uye kuti akanga kushandiswa kwemakemikari zvombo okutanga.

A peji mutsva hondo mhosva

Kushandiswa kwemakemikari zvombo World War ndakanga guru utsanzi. Kuwanda Migumisiro ayo vanhu kwave pahupamhi chaizvo. Sezvinoonekwa kubva inopiwa pamusoro War World Zvikamu, iye yaibva malware kuti akaita chloroacetone, ethyl bromoacetate uye nevamwe vanoverengeka, ivai kunovhiringidza, kuti inouraya - phosgene, kuiisa chlorine uye masitadhi.

Pasinei chokwadi kuti nhamba dzinoratidza hama kuitwa chinouraya zvinogona pamusoro gasi (ari nhamba kukanganiswa - chete 5% kufa zvose), nhamba akafa uye kuremadzwa yaiva hombe. Rinopa kodzero panotaurwa kuti kushandiswa kwemakemikari zvombo rokutanga chakavhura chitsauko chitsva hondo mhosva munhoroondo yevanhu.

In akazotevera nzendo hondo, mativi vaikwanisa kuumba nekuita kushandiswa zvakakwana inoshanda kudzivirira namakemikari kurwiswa. Izvi wakaita kushandiswa zvishoma chepfu yomuchipatara runziro uye zvishoma nezvishoma zvakatungamirira kuti kusiyiwa kuti chikumbiro chavo. Zvisinei, yaiva nguva kubva 1914 kusvika 1918 akaburuka munhau sezvo "hondo pakati mishonga," sezvo kushandiswa kutanga kwemakemikari zvombo munyika yaiva Battlefields ayo.

The nedambudziko vanotsigira nhare Osowiec

Asi shure Chronicle emauto kushanda nguva. Pakutanga May 1915 makemikari kurwisa mauto eRussia mukudzivirira nhare Osowiec raiva makiromita mashanu kubva Bialystok (ino ndima Poland) chakaitwa vokuGermany. Maererano zvakaona, pashure kwenguva refu kutokonora anoshongwa makazara zvinouraya zvinhu, pakati yaishandiswa anoverengeka rudzi dzavo, zvose zvipenyu vari rebei yave muchetura.

Vakaurayiwa kwete chete vanhu nemhuka rwakabatwa mapazi romoto, asi zvose zvinomera rakaparadzwa. muti Mashizha mumaziso ake dzikava yeyero chiwondomoke, uye uswa yakanga vatema uye akawira pasi. Firimu raiva chezvinyorwa zvechokwadi uye hairevi kupinda hana kuipa murume.

Asi zvikuru sei, Chokwadi, kutsigira wenhare. Kunyange vaya vakapukunyuka rufu, vakawanda vavo vakatambura kwazvo kutsva uye vakanga zvikuru akakuvadza. Haasi masanga chitarisiko chavo rinoratidza chityiso muvengi, kuti munhau hondo Russian counterattack, kurirasa mugumisiro muvengi kubva nhare akauya pasi rokuti "Kurwisa Dead."

Kudziridza uye kutanga kushandiswa phosgene

Kushandiswa kwemakemikari zvombo yokutanga yakaratidza chinokosha nhamba yaro unyanzvi kutadza, dzakanga kubviswa muna 1915 neboka French mishonga, rinotungamirirwa Viktorom Grinyarom. Mugumisiro ravo tsvakurudzo rava chizvarwa zvinouraya chitsva negasi - phosgene.

Zvachose Hauoneki, mukusiyana kune greenish-yellow kuiisa chlorine, yakapa kuvapo kwayo chete nepaburi oneka kwakanaka zvavhuvha uswa, zvichiita kuti zviome kuona. Zvichienzaniswa nowakautangira, chigadzirwa itsva yakanga yakakwirira toxicity, asi panguva iyoyo akanga zvimwe zvikanganiso.

Zviratidzo nomuchetura, uye kunyange rufu akuvara, hakuitiki pakarepo, uye rimwe zuva mushure gasi inhalation. Izvi akabvumira muchetura uye kazhinji vakatongerwa rufu remasoja achiri kwenguva refu kuita utsinye. Uyezve, phosgene chaiva inorema, uye kuvandudza mufambo rakanga wokuvhenganisa zvose pamwe chete kuiisa chlorine. Izvi musanganiswa infernal akagamuchira kubva dzairwisa rinonzi "White Star", sezvazvakaita chiratidzo akanzi mabhodhoro ane nayo.

zvoutsinye utsva

Pausiku July 13, 1917 pedyo muBelgian taundi Ypres, akatotanga yakahwina chazezesa, vokuGermany chakaitwa kushandiswa kwemakemikari zvombo mhoni wokutanga. Panzvimbo yayo debut, yakasvika pakuzivikanwa se masitadhi gasi. vatakuri ake akanga vangu, kuputika sprayed tsvuku jikichira zvokunwa.

Kushandiswa wetsanga gasi, uye vakawanda kushandiswa kwemakemikari zvombo Munyika War First, aiva mumwe utsanzi diabolical. Izvi "Kubudirira yebudiriro" akasikwa kuti kuparadzwa ganda, uyewo kufema uye mumatumbu. Kubva acho haana kuponesa musoja wacho chero yunifomu, kana marudzi nguo sevhiriyeni. Iye kupinda kuburikidza chero tishu.

Mumakore iwayo, hatina asi dzikabereka chero yakavimbika nzira kudzivirira vachionana muviri wake, iyo akaita kushandisa wetsanga gasi zvikuru vanobudirira kusvikira pakuguma hondo. Nechekare wokutanga kushanda fuma iyi, akauya pasi varwi navatariri, zviviri uye chiuru nehafu iyo inokosha nhamba yevanofa.

Gas, kwete zvinokambaira ukarova pasi

Nekukura kwetsanga mishonga German regai netsaona. Kushandiswa kwemakemikari zvombo ari Western Front rokutanga vakawana kuti kushandisa zvinhu - kuiisa chlorine uye phosgene - vane zvakafanana uye zvinokosha chaizvo drawback. Vakanga zvairema kupfuura mhepo, uye naizvozvo atomized muchimiro akawira pasi, achizadza pemigero uye zvimwiro siyana. Kuwana mavari vanhu vacho chepfu, asi avo panguva pakurwisa rakanga napazvikomo, kazhinji akaramba kukuvara.

Ko vanofunga ine uturu gasi ane yakaderera chaizvo giravhiti uye anokwanisa kuuraya vanodzvinyirirwa chero pamwero. Ivo vakatanga kuonekwa muna July 1917 masitadhi. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti British mishonga makasimbisa payakavakirwa ake nani nokukurumidza, uye muna 1918 yakatanga chombo zvinouraya pakuburitswa, asi pamwero mukuru kushandiswa chichiita achiteverwa mwedzi miviri chibvumirano. Europe akafemera akatura befu - yapera, urwo rwakatora makore mana World Vokutanga. Kushandiswa kwemakemikari zvombo rava sabatsira, uye ayo kukura iri kwenguva duku akamira.

Kutanga kushandiswa zvine chepfu neuto Russian

Nyaya kushandiswa kwemakemikari zvombo neuto Russian rokutanga inoreva 1915, apo achitungamirirwa refutenendi-General V. N. Ipateva akanga vakabudirira chinozoiswa purogiramu kugadzirwa mu rokuRussia chombo mhando iyi. Zvisinei, kushandiswa kwayo kwakanga yezvakaita michina nemiedzo iyoyo uye havana kudzingirira tactical zvinangwa. Papera chete pagore, somugumisiro basa Implementation zviitiko mukurima, akasikwa nharaunda iyi, paiva nomukana kushandisa kwavo pamberi.

Full kushandiswa kwemauto kuitika, hwava kubva mudzimba mumarabhoritari, rakatanga muzhizha 1916, panguva yakakurumbira Brusilov budiriro. chiitiko ichi chinopa mukana kuziva gore kushandiswa kwemakemikari zvombo rokutanga neuto Russian. Zvinozivikanwa kuti panguva kuhondo akavhiyiwa vaishandisa atirari anoshongwa, stuffed cheYangon gasi uye hunokachidza chloropicrin - vensinitom uye phosgene. Maererano nomushumo, akarayira kuti Main atirari Administration, kushandiswa kwemakemikari zvombo kwakanga "basa guru kuhondo."

Richikwidibira War Statistics

Pokushandiswa kwemakemikari rokutanga zvombo Hondo Yenyika Yokutanga yaiva ngozi muenzaniso. Mumakore akatevera, kushandiswa kwayo haasi chete kuwedzera, asi kwave kuchiita Qualitative chinja. Achipfupikisa inosuruvarisa nhamba kweuto mana apfuura, vanyori venhau vakagumisa kuti panguva iyi dzairwisana mapato vakaita kwete asingasviki zviuru 180. Matani nezvombo zvine makemikari, izvo zvinenge 125 thous. Matani vakawana nzira yavo. Muhondo zvakanzi akaedzwa 40 siyana chepfu yakaipisisa idzo dzakaisa rufu uye kukuvara navarwi mamiriyoni 1,3 uye vanhuwo zvavo ukabatwa munzvimbo chikumbiro chavo.

Chidzidzo zvichiri undigested

Kana vanhu akadzidza yekutenga chidzidzo kubva pazviitiko makore iwayo uye kana musi kushandiswa kwemakemikari zvombo rokutanga raiva zuva rakasviba munhau yacho? Kashoma. Uye nhasi, pasinei mitemo dzakawanda kuti kurambidza kushandiswa zvine chepfu, ivo arsenals marudzi akawanda munyika izere dzavo azvino kuitika, uye kuwedzera pachaunga pane mishumo kushandiswa kwayo munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzenyika. Vanhu kufamba zvishoma nezvishoma munzira kwataisvika, vasingateereri kurwadza nezvizvarwa.