Kunyengetera inguva yemhando yemimhanzi. Chii chaicho chaicho

Chirongwa chinhu chakagadzirwa. ChiLatini, chiRussia, chiChirungu, chiItaly, chiFrench uye mimwe mitauro yakawanda inopa shanduro isinganzwisisiki yezwi iri - "yakagadzirwa". Asi izvi zvinogona kutaurwa pamusoro pebasa chero ripi zvaro rekugadzira, rakaberekwa nemafungiro omunyori wayo.

Chii chinowanikwa mumimhanzi chinorevei?

Nekuremekedza basa remimhanzi, rinosimbisa unyanzvi hunokosha, hunopenya hwekunyora kwemuumbi wekutsvaga shanduro dzakasiyana-siyana dzekuvandudza nekugadzirisa kwemashoko nemanzwi.

Maererano netsika, kuverenga ndeyomutambo uye zvachose maitiro. Chokutanga pane zvose, isu tiri kutaura pamusoro pebasa re polyphon, kureva, pamusoro pe polyphony. Mukuwedzera, izvi zvinowanzotorwa piano. Asi piyano haisi kutamba nziyo dzisina kuchema, saka zvinhu zvose zvakanyorerwa piano zvinogona kunzi polyphony?

Kwete, hazvisi. Mune mafirimu akawanda, mazwi akanyorwa haasi akaenzana. Pano pane nziyo inonzwisisika inozivikanwa, uye kune mazwi anotevera. Izvo zvinokosha uye zvinowanzozonzi "kushamwaridzana", kana kuti "kuenderera".

Chinhu chikuru chekunyora kwepoponi

Ichokwadi kuti polyphony ndeyekuti, kutanga kwezvose, kuti hapana mairi ane mavara akaiswa mairi. Manzwi ose ingoma, zvose zvikuru uye zvakaenzana. Kuchengetedza kutaura kwekutaura uye kufungidzira kweumwe neumwe wavo kune mutambi basa rakaoma.

Ndicho chikonzero iyo polyphony yemhando pazvikamu zvose zvemimhanzi dzidzo (uye zvinowanikwa pamakwikwi ose) chikamu chinofanira kuitwa purogiramu yemimhanzi.

Izvo zvinogona kutaurwa pamusoro pebasa romunyori - kusika basa repolisi kwakaoma, zvinotora huchenjeri hwakawanda.

Zvichienderana nezvenzira iyo mashoko acho anotsanangurwa, mitambo yakadaro inogona kuva nemazita akasiyana-siyana: fugue, canon, kutevedzera, maviri-kana matatu-chikamu chekuongorora uye nezvimwe zvakadaro.

Pakati pebasa remhando iyi, shanduro yeklasi ndiyo fugue, uye kuverenga kunogona kuonekwa semashoko ekudzidzisa okugadzirira kukwanisa kwayo kuurayiwa.

30 zvinyorwa zvakaitwa naJohn Sebastian Bach

Yakanga iri nokuda kwechinangwa ichi kuti munyori mukuru wekuGermany wezana remakore rechi17 Johann Sebastian Bach akasika zvisingafi zvayo zviviri-izwi zvigadzirwa muhuwandu hwemasvondo gumi nemashanu uye zvakafanana nemanzwi matatu, achidanidzira yekupedzisira symphonies.

Mutsanangudzo yezvakagadzirwa zvake, Bach akanyora kuti mubhuku iri akaratidza nzira yekugadzirisa kwete chete nemaviri, asi mukuvandudza, uye nemashoko matatu anozvimiririra (akazvimiririra) paanenge achidzidza "mazano akanaka uye kubudirira kwavo kwakanaka". Sekuita mabasa makuru, maviri anosarudzwa: "kuti vawane nzira yekunakidza yokutamba uye panguva imwechete kuwana ruvara rwekugadzirwa."

Ukuru husinganzwisisiki hweBach huri mune chokwadi chokuti, achida kunyora kudzidzira kwakadzika kwevadzidzi, akasika zvisikwa zvakapona mumazana emakore, zvisati zvarasikirwa nesimba rekunamata pamunhu kunyange nhasi.

Kukosha kwemitambo yepurogiramu yekuvandudzwa kwevira

Bach's incantations zvakanyorerwa vaClavichord, sezvo zvaingova chigadzirwa ichi chete chaicho chaikwanisika kuti "vawane nzira yekuimba" yemutambo, yakawanda mumumvuri werinzwi. Kunyange zvakadaro, piano yemazuva ano inoita kuti zvikwanisike kuona chinangwa ichi zvakakwana.

Zvichida munyori haana kumbofungidzira kuti chido chake chekudzidzira chirevo chekugadzirwa kwaizoitika sei.

Muimbi wemazuva ano, kazhinji ane ruzivo rudiki rwekugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvakasimbiswa kupfuura zvaive munguva yaBach, ane kunzwisisa kukuru kwekusiyana kwechokwadi nereve mumhanzi wemimhanzi.

Munhu wese akambodzidza (kunyange kunyatsogadzirisa) kunyange zvisingaiti 1-2 mazwi aBach muhuduku haagoni kumbobvira achiyeuka mupfungwa pfungwa yekuvhota kwakarurama. Muchikamu chimwe nechimwe chemimhanzi, achabva achitsvaka nekuzvimirira nekudzidzira kusimbisa mitemo uye kunzwisisa kuti kusavapo kwavo sechikanganiso.

Chigadzirwa chigadzirwa chemimhanzi chakagadzira chiyero chekugadzirisa hutenderedzwa muhudhi.

Mukududzira akakurumbira wezvigadzirwa

Kutaura nezvekugadzirwa kwezvinhu, zvingava zvisina kururama kusataura zita remunhu anonzi pianist wokuCanada Glenn Gould. Zvakaitika kuti zvaive zvipimo zveBach zvakave nechinzvimbo chikuru mukuzvarwa kwake sewe muenzi, uye zvakaitika chaizvo muRussia.

MunaMay 1957, mumwe achiri muduku wechipiri wechizivheti asingazivikanwi kubva kuCanada akauya kuMoscow. Yaiva rwendo rwokutanga rwendo rwake. Zvitatu-uye zvitatu-chikamu Bach zvinyorwa zvose zvinenge zvichisanganisira purogiramu yemakonti. Itikiti kuenda kuimba yekuchengetedza mari yairema 1 ruble, vateereri vakaunganidza vanhu makumi matatu.

Mushure mokunge konsati yakatanga, maminetsi mashomanana akapfuura-uye yakazove pachena kune vateereri kuti vakanga varipo pakuzvarwa kwechishamiso. Vanhu vakashandura kubva muimba kuti vafonese shamwari pamusoro pezvaiitika.

Yechipiri dhipatimendi yakatanga nekunonoka kwemaminitsi makumi mana - vateereri vakazadza imba yacho. Mushure meMoscow kwakave nekambani muLeningrad, uko chikamu chevateereri veMoscow vakaenda kuGould.

Mushure mezvikwanikiti, muCanada pianist akaenderera mberi achishanyira muEurope, kwaakange akamirira se nyenyva itsva, mahofisi akazara. Kusvikira ikozvino, kududzirwa kweGuldian kwezvinhu zvakatarwa kunofungidzirwa sechinhu chisingaenzaniswi.

Kugadzirwa kwacho hakusi chinhu chaicho chebasa raBach, fomu yakadaro yakashandiswa isati yasvika. Pakati peavo vanonyora kupinda nhasi, unogona kutumidza mazita evanyori vakakurumbira: SA Gubaidulina, RK Shchedrin, BI Tishchenko. Pasinei netarenda yose yemimhanzi yavo, hachikwanisi kukwikwidzana ne "original source". Aya ndiwo matanho emakero akasiyana.