Kufananidza kwemakungwa engarava eRussia neUnited States: ndiani akasimba?

Pakati peAmerica neRussia kwave kwenguva refu ichirwisana munharaunda yese yebasa. Nharo yezvombo inogara iri pamwe chete nekukwikwidzana kwenyika. Mutungamiri wakakwana kuti aone uye akakundikana kwemakore mazhinji. Utungamiri mune zvemabhizimisi emakambani inogara ichifamba kubva kune imwe nyika kuenda kune imwe. Munzvimbo yakadaro semabhizimisi semakungwa engarava, panguva iyo United States inotanga nzvimbo yekutanga.

Zvisinei, iyi yakanga isiri iyo nguva dzose, panguva yeSoviet, muumbi wekumba aichengeta muchindwe. Tinotenda nekuda kwesimba rakasikwa rakagadzirwa neSoviet designers, kunyange panguva ino muchitsime chezvikepe zveRussia kune mhando dzakasiyana-siyana, dzisingambofananidzi munyika yose. Nokudaro zvose zvakafanana, iyo mafambisi emakungwa ane simba-Russia kana United States? Ndiani anowanikwa munhangemutange - uhurusi hweRussia kana chiAmerican technicity.

Iko kugadzirwa kwekutanga kwegungwa

Kufananidza, iyo mafambisi emakungwa ane simba (Russia kana United States), yatanga kubvira muzana remakore gumi nemasere. Zvadaro nyaya yepikisano iyi ndiyo yekutanga mauto echikepe. Kwemazuva mazhinji vakanga vasina kukwanisa kusarudza kuti ndiani akanga ave wekugadzirisa kwekutanga kwechigadzirwa chakadaro.

Muumbi uye muedzo wemuyo wekutanga mumvura waiva Cornelius Drebbel. Iye ndiye physicist uye mechanic kubva Holland. Achiedza kukura kwake, akapedza paRwizi Thames. Chikepe chacho chaiva chikepe. Ganda rake raiva ganda rakanyorova namafuta. Kutungamira uye kufambisa kwakaitwa nekuda kwezvikwata. Vakaputira nzvimbo shomanana munzvimbo yepasi pemvura. Vashandi vacho vangangosanganisira vatatu vatungamiriri nevarume gumi nevaviri. Maererano nenhoroondo yezvakaitika kare, King James I akanga aripo panguva yekuedzwa.Uye unyanzvi hwekugadzirwa kwemudziyo wakamubvumira kugara mumvura iri pasi pemvura kwemaawa akawanda. Muganhu wekudzika kwemvura waiva mamita mashanu.

Asi humwe huri kubudirira hwakavhiringidza kufa kwaDrebbel. Muteveri wake uye kupfuurira kwemafungiro aiva mumwe musayendisiti wokuFrance akanyora mubhuku rinobatsira pakuvakwa kwezvikepe zvepasi pegungwa. Maererano nekurumbidzwa kwake, chikepe chinofanira kugadzirwa nesimbi (kunyanya mhangura), chimiro icho chinofanira kufanana nehove, asi mitsetse inofanira kutaurwa. Hazvina kudiwa kuti uvandudze chigadzirwa ichi muchidimbu chepfungwa.

Kubudirira kwenyika dzinokwikwidzana

Kufananidza kwefambasi yemakungwa yeRussia neUnited States inotanga nemotokari yekutanga. Mukuwedzera, vakavakwa nehupakati hwehafu yezana remakore. Izvi zvinotipa kodzero yekutaura kuti kutanga kwenhoroondo yezvikepe zvegungwa remvura zvinenge zvakafanana kune dzimwe nyika dzose.

Mafambisi emazuva ano echikepe eRussia ane chikwereti kumudzimai wavo Efim Nikonov, uyo ane ngarava yakatanga kusimbiswa kwekombiyuta uye nzira dzekugadzira zvombo zvepasi. Yaiva muvezi muchengeti weKokrovskoye kunze kweMoscow. Akanga achida kushandura kubudirira kwake kuita maitiro uye akatumira chikumbiro kuna Peter I, maaida kuti aende kunyorera pasi. Mhedziso yechipfuva chakavanzika, icho chaizokwanisa kupwanya zvombo zvevavengi, chakakwezva mambo zvikuru. Pakuraira kwake, Nikonov akauya kuSt. Petersburg ndokubva avaka matanda. Iyo purogiramu yakaitwa mumakore matatu. Pakuedzwa kwekutanga iwe pachako kwakapinda naPeter I. Nenguva isipi, nekuvandudza nekuvandudza purojekiti, muvezi ane tarenda akafananidzwa nechikepe chezviputi zvinopisa. Mambo, achiona kubudirira kwakadaro, akarayira kutanga kutangwa kwechikepe chakafanana chekugadzirisa kukuru. Asi tarisiro munyaya iyi yakaratidzwa chete naPeter I uye mushure mekufa kwake kuburitsa kwemukati kwemvura kwakaguma. Saka chikepe chakanga chisina kupera chakasvibira muchitsetsere.

Kuzadziswa kwezviitiko mukugadzirwa

Kufananidza kwefambasi yemakungwa yeRussia neUnited States haigoneki pasina kutaura nezvekubudirira kwevasayendisiti nevanjiniya, kubudirira kwaro kwakava hwaro hwebasa remazuva ano. Kwekutanga nguva iyi basa rakaiswa mukugadzirwa mumakore makumi matatu nemana ezana remakore regumi nemapfumbamwe. Musoro wepurojekiti waiva K. A. Schilder, uyo akanga ari injini yeuto nehurumende.

Chimiro chemudziyo chaisanganisira mapadhesi chaiwo, nenzira iyo motokari yakanyura pasi pemvura. Apo pavakasimudzirwa, nheyo ye bionics yakatorwa, ndiko kuti, mitemo yezvakasikwa yakatorwa mukufunga kwekusika kwezvinhu zvekushandisa. Muchiitiko ichi, injineri yakaratidza kutarisa kwemafuro emakumbo. Zvigadzirwa zvakadai zvakaiswa muzvikamu zviviri kumativi maviri emuviri. Kuti ishandise zvakadai "paws", zvaive zvakakosha kuita basa revashambadzi vezvikepe. Yakanga isingakanganisi, nokuti nekuedza kwakanakisa kwevashandi vaifambisa kwakanga kusiri kunakidza. Inogona kukura kusvika kusvika hafu yekilomita neawa. Kuti zvivandudzire urongwa hunoita kuti hubudirire uye hubudirire pamari shoma, mutungamiri weprojekiti akaronga kushandisa magetsi. Asi kusimbiswa kwebhizimisi iyi kwaienderera mberi muzvikwata uye zvikwereti, uye izvi zvakakanganisa kuiswa kwemashoko matsva.

Chikepe chacho chaive chiuto chehondo. Pazvigaro zvaro pane ma rocket launcher. Zvinetso zvakawanda zvakaparadza pfungwa yakapiwa, uye kushanda pamazuva ano echikepe kwakagadziriswa.

Kushandiswa kwejini inofambisa ngarava

Chikamu chinotevera mukugadzirwa kwemakungwa engarava ndiyo kuiswa kweenjini mukugadzirwa kwezvikepe. Muvambi IF Aleksandrovsky akauya pakutanga kune chisarudzo chakadaro. Kuti ashandise pfungwa yake, akasarudza motokari inomhanya pamhepo yakamanikidzwa. Muumbi akaisa pfungwa yake mukuita. Maererano nebasa rake, chikepe chakaitwa. Asi iyo purogiramu pachayo yakanga isinganyanyi kubudirira, sezvo kubudirira kwave kuchisiyiwa zvakanyanya kudiwa. Injini yakabvumirwa kushambika pamhanya wehafu nehafu maira matatu chete.

Kubudirira mukushandiswa kweiyi pfungwa kwakagamuchirwa chete nemumwe mutori weRussia SK Dzhevetsky. Kuenzanisa kwefambasi yemakungwa yeRussia neUnited States inopa kodzero yekureva kuti panguva ino vaRussia vakagadzira vakagadzirisa, nekuti Dzhevetsky akaisa muchikepe chake injini yakaisa bateri. Panguva iyoyo munyika iyo kwakanga kusina chimiro chechikepe chakadaro, chinogona kubva kumagetsi. Muchiitiko ichi, chigadzirwa chacho chinogona kukura nekukurumidza kwemasodhi mana.

Maererano nebasa remuumbi akafanana, chikepe "Zapadniy" chakavakwa. Chikamu chayo chakakosha, icho chichienzaniswa nemakungwa engarava eRussia neUnited States zvakare inopa hutungamiri kune vaRussia (kwakanga kusina mudziyo wakadaro chero kupi zvako kune imwe nyika panguva iyoyo), injini imwe chete. Kungoita chete kwechigadziro ndicho chirevo mumhando yehutu, iyo inosara shure. Icho chikonzero, nekuda kwehutsika hwakadzika hwekudzikisa, hahugoni kushandiswa nekuda kwehondo.

Panguva iyoyo mubazi rakapiwa kukurudzirwa uye kuiswa kwekugadziriswa kwesimba zvakanyatsofamba. Yakanga iri panguva iyoyo kuti zvirongwa zvakadaro nemitemo zvakagadzirwa zvakashandiswa mukugadzirwa kwezvikepe kusvika ikozvino. Kubudirira kwakaitwawo munharaunda yezvombo. Dzhevetski yakagadzira torpedo tubes dzaive dziri kushanda nemakungwa engarava kwenguva refu. Asi kudzokera kwezvikambani zvakadai semagetsi emagetsi uye emakambani emotokari, hazvina kubvumira kuti iite chikepe chakakwana chehondo.

Submarine Dolphin

Enzanisa netsoka dzomumakungwa dzeRussian Federation uye United States inogona kunge iri pachigadzirwa ichi. Ngarava yacho yakagadzirwa muzana remakore rechimakumi maviri nemakore nemuvhuro weBubnov neGoryunov neBaltic plant muSt. Petersburg. Iyo motokari yakagadzirwa nezvikamu zviviri. Yokutanga yaiva motokari inotangira kubva kuine peteroli, uye yechipiri yaiva motokari yemagetsi. Kubudirira kwaive kwakasimba uye kusinganzwisisiki kwekuti michina yehutano yakapfuura chigadzirwa cheAmerica "Fulton".

Kubvira panguva iyoyo, kufambiswa kweRussian submarine ngarava dzanyanyisa. Vashandi vakakodzera vaidzidziswa. Panyaya yekugadzirwa kwezvinhu, iyi indasitiri yava rudzi rwekutendwa kwemauto ekurwisana enyika. Hurumende yakatsigira zvakasimba izvi. Uye mushure mokunge kuiswa kwechifukidzo chaiyo chechifukidzo chevatungamiri vegungwa, chido chekushumira mumapoka aya chawedzera, seine simba rehurumende sese.

Ikozvino kuumbwa kweRussia Navy

Panguva ino, Navy yeRussia Federation inosanganisira zvikamu zvishanu. Mumwe nomumwe wavo anoumbwa nemauto uye pasi pegungwa. Ipai zvikamu zvinotevera zvechikwata ichi cheuto:

1. The Baltic Fleet. Nheyo huru yezvikamu izvi iri muBaltiysk. Icho chirevo ndicho muparadzi "Tsungirira". Mazana emvura ari pasi peBaltic anozivikanwa nezvikepe zvitatu zvemaderi. Nenzira, kuenzanisa kwezvikepe zvepasi peRussia neUnited States (2016) zvinoratidza kuti rudzi urwu rwezvigadzirwa ruripo munharaunda yeRussia chete. MuUnited States, kugadzirwa kwemhando iyi yemidziyo kwave kwakasiyiwa.
2. The Northern Fleet. Chinyorwa chikuru chechikamu ichi chiri muSeveromorsk. Icho chirevo ndicho chikepe chakakura chenyukiresi Peter the Great. Nharaunda Yenharaunda Yenyika Yakadzika yeRussia inoratidzika nemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzezvenyanzvi. Pachikonzero chechikwata ichi kune zvitatu zvinorema zvombo zvemvura zvinokonzerwa nemakungwa ehurumende uye hupfumi hunoshandiswa mumasitadhi emvura. Ngarava dzemakungwa ekuchamhembe kweRussia inomiririrwa nemafuta ane motokari dzinofamba (3 mairi), mazhinji atomic (12 units), diesel (8 mauniti), chinangwa chakanaka (2 mauniti).
3. The Black Sea Fleet. Chinyorwa chikuru chechikamu ichi chiri muSevastopol. Icho chikwata ndicho chikepe cheMoscow chakashata. Submarine chikamu chinomiririrwa neviri dielmar submarines.
4. Pacific Fleet. Chinyorwa chikuru chechikamu chino chiri muVladivostok. Icho chikwata ndiVaryag rocket cruiser. Inyanzvi yehurumende ine simba rekuenzanisa 5 missile submarine cruisers, 6 nuclear nuclear submarines nengorova dzinofamba netsoka, zvinomwe zvinokonzerwa nuclear nuclear and 8 diesel models.
5. The Caspian Flotilla. Nheyo huru yezvikamu izvi iri muAstrakhan. Icho chikwata chikepe chinotakura "Tatarstan". Iyi unit haina simba rekumvura.

Multipurpose devices

Kufananidza kwefambasi yemakungwa yeRussia neU.SA (muna 2016, pamwe nemamwe makore, haina kuunza hukuru hukuru munharaunda iyi) inobvumira kuongorora zvinogona zvemauto emagungwa evanhu vose. Imwe yemotokari inonyanya kukosha iyo yakagadzirwa nemichina yekugadzira yehondo yeimwe simba rine simba remvura ndeyezvikepe zvinotarisana nemabasa ekuita-tactical. Chinangwa chemidziyo yakadai ndiko kuparadzwa kwezvinangwa zvevengi uye kuparadzwa kwegungwa. Sechombo, zvombo zvekutya uye torpedoes zvinoshandiswa. Zvichienderana nemhando yezvombo, submarines ndeyi:

• Nezvikepe zvekutya;
• Ne torpedoes;
• Nezvikepe zvekutya uye torpedoes.

Mafambisi eSwoman Navy anonzi US Navy ane nhamba yakawanda yekushanda-tactical submarines. Icho chiri pamidziyo yakadai iyo pfungwa huru yehondo yeAmerica inotarisirwa. Kana tikatora imwe tsananguro yechirongwa, yakadai sehutano, saka hatigoni kutora mutungamiri akajeka. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nehupamhi hwepamusoro hwehutano hwemaviri ose.

Maoko ekugadzira-tactical eU.SA

Chii chinokuvadza ndiyo mauto eU.S. marineti, saka ndiyo chaiyo iyi yemakungwa engarava. Pachikonzero chemauto emauto eUnited States pane makumi mashanu nemapfumbamwe mhando dzemhando iyi. Vazhinji vavo (uye izvi zvikepe makumi matatu nevapfumbamwe) zvakava zvakaenzana kare mugore re makumi manomwe nematanhatu rezana remakore rapfuura. Vanonzi "Los Angeles" uye vanove vezera rechitatu. Maererano nerudzi rwezvombo, ivo ndevamwe vanovhengana. Zvinosanganisira zvombo zvinoshandiswa pakutsvaga Harpoon uye torpedoes. Mune ramangwana, rakagadzirirwa kubvisa zvishoma nezvishoma midziyo iyi kubva pakupararira uye kuitora iyo nemitambo mitsva. Izvo zvakarongwa kuita zvadaro zvemazuva ano kusvika pamakumi matatu.

Bheji yacho inogadzirwa pazvikepe zvechizvarwa chechina. Vachadzoka "Los Angeles". Izvi zvinosanganisira mienzaniso yakadai se "Virginia" ne "Sea Wolf". Iyo yekupedzisira yakagadzirwa mune makumi mapfumbamwe. Kuvaka kwayo kunodhura madhora mabhiriyoni mana nehafu. Asi mutengo wacho unoruramiswa nemichina yemagariro. Iyo yakagadzirirwa ine simba rakaoma rezvikepe zvekutya uye torpedoes. Uyewo, ruzivo rwayo ndeyehutsika hwakaderera hweruzha rwakabudiswa. Nekusunungurwa kwemuenzaniso wega wega, chikepe chiri kuramba chichiwedzera zvakakwana. Zvisinei, kuenzaniswa kwezvikepe zvepasi peRussia neUnited States (2017) zvinopa kodzero yekureva kuti yeimba "Ash" haisi iyo yakaderera kune "Gungwa Wolf" yekutanga kutarisana.

American advantage

Ngarava dzemakungwa eU.SA neRussia ye 2016 dzinosiyana kwete nehuwandu hwehuwandu hwehuwandu, asiwo mumarudzi ezvirongwa. Ihotera yeAmerican Virginia yakavakwa zvikuru gare gare kupfuura Gungwa Dzvuku. Asi pasinei neizvi, maererano nehutano hunhu, "Sivulf" yakawanda mberi kwomuteveri wayo. Kana tikafananidza zvose izvi maAmerican mhando neimba "Ash", iyo inenge iri pakati. Chinhu chakasiyana uye ruzivo rwemhepo yeRussian submarine ndiyo hutano hwezvombo. Nzira dzinokwira kuCarber dzinoshanda zvikuru kupfuura America Tomahawk.

Pakati pevatongi vomuRussia pahuwandu hwezvikepe zvakanakisisa zveAmerica ndeye "Severodvinsk" chete. Asi iye chete, kunyange zvazvo chirongwa ichi chinopa kuvaka kwevamwe vatatu. Asi panguva yavakavakwa, America ichaenda kune imwe nhanho yekuvandudza.

Diesel mienzaniso

Ngarava dzemvura dziri pasi peRussia (chinyorwa chiri pasi apa) inomiririrwa nehutano hwakaoma hwemaderi. Iyi ndiyo nzira iyo mhuri inoparadzaniswa nayo yakasiyana neyeAmerica. MuUnited States, kusunungurwa kwezvikepe zvemufananidzo uyu kwakasiyiwa mukati mezana remakore rapfuura. MuRussia, manyorerwo akadaro haasi kungozobviswa kubva pachiyero, asi ramba uchiita nekushingaira nekugadzirisa. Zvizhinji zvemidziyo yemhando iyi ndeyemuenzaniso wazvino "Varshavianka". Nehutano hwavo ivo vari pasi pezvombo zvenyukireya, asi mune zvombo - kwete zvachose.

Munguva yakareba, kutangwa kwechikepe cheKalina diesel chagadzirirwa. Kusiyana kwaro ndiko injini, iyo inoshanda pasina oxygen. Mhando yakadai inogona kunge iri munzvimbo yepasi pemvura kweinenge mwedzi, uye haifaniri kubuda.

Saka, US Navy ikozvino iri pamusoro pekuvandudza. Nzira dzekuRussia dzakasvibiswa mune chimwe chikonzero chepamusoro, kunyange zvazvo tsvakurudzo inoshanda iri kuitwa munzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana. Ichokwadi, haisi kuzivikanwa kuti chii chichabudirira.