KuAuschwitz. Auschwitz-Birkenau. yevasungwa

Sezvineiwo, nhoroondo ndangariro - kwekanguva chinhu. Makore asingasviki makumi manomwe mushure Second World War, uye vazhinji vane nepfungwa isina kujeka chii Oswiecim, kana Auschwitz, sezvazvakanyorwa kunzi munyika. Zvisinei, zvakawanda zvakajeka Chizvarwa aiva kuravira zvinotyisa Nazism, nzara, vakawanda zvachose uye sei yakadzika zvinogona mutsika kuwa. Pahwaro akachengetedzwa magwaro uye nezvapupu vanoziva akazvionera chii yevasungwa pamusoro WWII, vanyori vezvakaitika ano vava mberi, riri Ichokwadi haagoni kuva dzoga. Nhamba vakaurayiwa nevaNazi infernal muchina hazvibviri kuparadza zvinyorwa aireva SS, uye anongoti Kusava kwazvo nhau vakafa uye akuvadzwa.

Chii Auschwitz?

The zvivako kwerunyararo vasungwa vehondo, yakavakwa pasi auspices the SS aHitler nomurayiro muna 1939. Auschwitz iri kure Krakow. 90% zviri mukati vaiva vaJudha kwemadzinza. Vamwe - vasungwa Soviet vehondo, Poles, vechiGypsy uye dzimwe marudzi, dzaiva kumativi 200 chiuru uwandu vaya vakaurayiwa uye vakatambudzwa.

Zita rizere wevasungwa - Auschwitz Birkenau. Auschwitz - zita Polish, zvakajairika kushandisa kunyanya mune yaimbova Soviet Union.

Nhoroondo wevasungwa. vasungwa vehondo

Nepo kuAuschwitz ndiye aizivikanwa kuti zvinoparadza pakati rehurumende vechiJudha, iye pakutanga akafunga ane zvimwe zvinhu zvishomanana.

Sei Auschwitz akasarudzwa? Izvi imhaka yaro nyore nzvimbo. Chokutanga, kwaiva pamuganhu, uko kwakaguma ne Third Reich uye Poland akatanga. Auschwitz aiva mumwe kiyi dzaishandiswa hurongwa pamwe vakasununguka uye akadzika midzi chokufambisa pakutengeserana. Ukuwo, chaipo kutamira dondo akabatsira kuvanza Mhosva ikoko kubva yokunzvera maziso.

Zvivako vaNazi yokutanga yakavakwa panzvimbo wePolish mauto mumabharaki. Nokuti kuvakwa vakashandisa zvakaoma-kumurova vari vaJudha veko podnevole. Pakutanga akatuma mbavha German uye Polish vasungwa vezvematongerwo enyika. Chinangwa chikuru chemusha wevasungwa waiva incommunicado sokusunga ngozi zvinakire vanhu German uye basa ravo. Vasungwa aishanda mazuva matanhatu pavhiki, uye Svondo aiva kwevhiki.

Muna 1940, vanhu vemo kurarama pedyo yemauto akanga nechisimba akadzingwa ne mauto eGermany kuvaka pamusoro vasunungurwa ndima nezvimwe zvivako, dzaiva vakabva crematorium uye kamera. Muna 1942 musasa akanga akakombwa pamwe yakasimba yanyatsosimba kongiri noruzhowa, uye waya pasi kumusoro voltage ano.

Zvisinei, zviyero kwakadaro handitsauki zvimwe vasungwa kupukunyuka kunyange nyaya zvikuru isingawanzowanikwi. Vaya vakasangana pfungwa yakafanana, aiziva kuti chero kuedza vasungwa zvavo zvose vachaparadzwa.

In chete 1942 muna NSDAP musangano zvakanzi akapedzisa nezvokudiwa zvinoparadza vaJudha uye "wokupedzisira mhinduro mubvunzo vechiJudha." Pakutanga, akataura vaJudha German uye Polish kuna kuAuschwitz nemamwe yevasungwa German mapoka WWII. Germany akabvuma ipapo vakabatana kuti kuitisa "kuchenesa" mundima dzawo.

Zvinofanira kutaurwa kuti havasi vose nyore kubvumirana nazvo. Somuenzaniso, Denmark akakwanisa kuponesa vanhu vake kubva mamwe rufu. Kana hurumende akaudzwa pamusoro akaronga "kunovhima" SS, Denmark akaronga vaJudha verevedza pachivande kune kwazvakarerekera Hurumende - Switzerland. Saka anunura kupfuura 7000 upenyu.

Zvisinei, muna zvinonakisa uwandu vakapondwa, akatambudzwa nenzara, kurohwa, zvakapfurikidza, chirwere uye utsinye kuedza 7,000 vanhu - kuderedza gungwa ropa. In nhamba munguva mumusasa ariko akanga aurayiwa inofungidzirwa siyana kubva vanhu 1 kusvika mamiriyoni 4.

Pakati 1944, apo vanhu vokuGermany yakakanda hondo akaita unopinza U-uyewo SS akaedza kutakura vasungwa kubva kuAuschwitz kumavirira, mune mimwe misasa. Massively akaparadza magwaro uye chero uchapupu utsinye nokuuraya. VokuGermany akaparadza gasi makamuri uye crematoria. Mukuvamba kwa1945, vaNazi aifanira kusunungura dzakawanda vasungwa. Avo vasingagoni kumhanya, aida kuparadza. Sezvineiwo, nemhaka kufambira mberi wehondo eSoviet akakwanisa kuponesa zviuru zvakawanda vasungwa, kusanganisira vana, iro yaiitisa kuedza.

musasa mamiriro

Vanosvika 3 guru musasa yakaoma vakagoverana Auschwitz Birkenau-Auschwitz, Monowitz, uye Auschwitz-1. Wokutanga musasa uye Birkenau zvava aibatanidza uye ari kunzwisisa 20 zvivako, dzimwe nguva ari pamapuriro akawanda.

The chikwata wegumi haisi nzvimbo kwokupedzisira ezvinhu akaipisisa kuvharirwa. Pakanga rwaiitwa zvokurapa kuedza, kunyanya vana. Kazhinji, "kuedza" izvi zvaiva zvisina kudaro zvikuru kufarira zvesayenzi, sezvo vaiva neimwe nzira dzisinganyatsooneki kudheerera. Kunyanya pakati muzvivako regumi Unit wakamira, yakakonzera kuvhiringidzika kunyange kubva nevarindi dzemo. Pakanga nzvimbo kurwadziswa uye vaiurayiwa, akatuma pano zvikuru vakaregeredza, kuzonetseka nepfungwa utsinye utsinye. Zvinonzi pano vakatanga aedza uremu uye maximize kuti "inobudirira" chokuparadza achishandisa "Zyklon B" muchetura.

Between izvi zvingaenzana nemidhadhadha miviri yakavakwa rusvingo kuurayiwa, apo, maererano masayendisiti, vanhu vanenge 20 zviuru vakaurayiwa.

Also riri panzvimbo vashoma pamatanda uye yamavira nokuda pomoto kunge yakaiswa. Gare gare yakavakwa gasi makamuri, anokwanisa kuparadza kusvika vanhu 6000 rimwe zuva.

Patakasvika vasungwa akaparadzirwa navanachiremba German kune vaya vanokwanisa kushanda, uye vaya vari pakarepo akatuma avaurayisa ari gasi mukamuri. Kazhinji anonzi simba vakadzi vakaremara, vana uye vakwegura.

Vakapona akachengetwa wakatetepa ezvinhu zvishomanana kana pasina chikafu. Vamwe vavo akakwevera chitunha kana kugera bvudzi, uyo akafamba mufekitari Whitehead Textile. Kana akagumisa pamusoro yakafanana basa vakakwanisa yokupukunyuka vaviri wamavhiki, isu kuchiparadza uye tora itsva. Vamwe vanowira "vaifarira" chikamu, uye aishandira vaNazi sezvo tailors uye vageri.

Vakaburitswa vaJudha vaibvumirwa kutora kumba hapana anopfuura 25 makirogiramu kurema. Vanhu vakatora navo chinokosha uye kunokosha. zvinhu zvose uye mari vasara vafa, vakatumirwa Germany. Tisati kuti pfuma dzaifanira namambo mumwe chete dzakaparara uye arongwe zvose zvinokosha kupfuura vasungwa muzvirongwa vanonzi "Canada." Zita iri rava nzvimbo chii akashandiswa kuti "Canadian" yainzi zvipo zvinokosha uye zvinhu zvakanaka, vatumwa kubva ichienda Poles. Basa iri "Canada" yaiva nekaupenyu manyoro kupfuura yose kuAuschwitz. Pane kushanda vakadzi. Pakati zvinhu zvaunogona kuwana chikafu, zvokuti "Canada" vasungwa kwete kutambura nenzara. The SS haana kuzeza pester vasikana akanaka. Kazhinji pano nyaya chibharo.

The kuedza kutanga "Zyklon B"

Mushure musangano cha1942, yevasungwa vari kutanga kurichinja muchina, chinangwa chiri kuparadzwa akakura. Ipapo vaNazi kutanga vaedzwa simba simba "Zyklon B" paruzhinji.

"Zyklon B" - mumwe tupukanana, uturu yakavakirwa hydrocyanic acid. In zvinovava ndyaringo, ari mudziyo akanga afunga akakurumbira musayendisiti Fritz Haber, muJudha akafira Switzerland pagore pashure pakasvika Hitler kuti simba. hama Haber vakafa mumisasa yevasungwa.

Uturu yaizivikanwa akasimba chaizvoizvo. Zvakanga zvakakunakira kuchitoro. Inoshandiswa kuuraya inda, "Zyklon B" akanga kuwanika uye zvakachipa. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti gasi "Zyklon B" richiri kushandiswa kuUnited States kuti aite vaiurayiwa.

Kuedza yokutanga yakaitwa muna Auschwitz-Birkenau (Auschwitz). Mugore regumi chinogumbura akafudza vasungwa vehondo uye kuburikidza makomba yazara muchetura Soviet. Mumaminitsi 15, zvakanga tisanzwa mhere. The dose yakanga isina kukwana kuparadza zvose. Ipapo vaNazi vachiwana mamwe kwemishonga yezvipembenene. Panguva ino zvakashanda.

Nzira vakaratidza kuti zvikuru. Yevasungwa yeNazi pamusoro WWII makatanga vanoshingaira kushandisa "Zyklon B", dzichiisa chaiyo gasi makamuri. Sezviri pachena, kwete kuti kusika kutya, uye zvichida vachitya kutsiva, SS akati kuti vasungwa vanofanira kutora yokugezera. Zvisinei, nokuti vakawanda vasungwa yakanga asisiri chakavanzika ichi "mweya" havana kubuda.

Mukuru dambudziko nokuda SS haana kuuraya vanhu, uye ari kutanga kubvisa mitumbi. Pakutanga, vakanga vakavigwa. Nzira iyi haana nyatsoshanda chaizvo. Kana nokupisa kunhuwa akanga sabvumika. Hands vasungwa vokuGermany ndokuvaka crematorium, asi tisanzwa kuchema unotyisa uye rinotyisa kunhuwa vakava chakapararira kuAuschwitz: ari kungoda kuti mhosva pezvemakuriro ichi zvaizonetsa kuvanza.

Terms of SS mumusasa upenyu

Auschwitz (Oswiecim, Poland) aiva guta chairo. Zvakanga zvose upenyu nemauto: Dinner nezvinhu zvakawanda zvakanaka, mabhaisikopo, mafirimu uye zvakanaka zvose kwevanhu kuti nevaNazi. Nepo vasungwa havana kugamuchira kunyange shoma mari zvokudya (vazhinji vakafira rokutanga kana kuti rechipiri vhiki nzara), iyo SS nguva yomutambo, kunakidzwa noupenyu.

Yevasungwa, kunyanya Auschwitz, kwagara nzvimbo chinodiwa pakushumira musoja wokuGermany. Upenyu pano aiva nani zvikuru uye ngozi pane vaya vakarwa kuMabvazuva.

Zvisinei, pakanga pasina nzvimbo yakawanda vanokanganisa rose evanhu kupfuura kuAuschwitz. Wevasungwa - haisi chete nzvimbo ine kugutsikana zvakanaka, apo uto kuuraya vanhu vasina mhosva haina pangozi, asi kushayikwa kuranga zvakakwana. Ikoko varwi vaigona kusimuka nezvose tinoda uye kuti zvaibvira kuti kuwa. Auschwitz akaenda kuburikidza guru mari Rwako nokuda pfuma zvakabiwa kunge akadzingwa vanhu. Accounting chaiitirwa akangosiyiwa zvawo. Hongu uye sei zvaibvira kuverenga chaizvo zvakawanda zvinofanira muzadze chezvipo, kunyange kana nhamba vasungwa kuuya hadzina kufungwa nezvake?

The SS haana kuzeza utore zvinokosha uye mari. Vane yakawanda yokunwa, doro rinowanzoshandiswa kuwanikwa pakati Zvinhu yevaya vakaurayiwa. Kazhinji, vashandi vari kuAuschwitz haana kungoita nokuzvishambidza chinhu, vachirarama nani simbe upenyu.

Doctor Josef Mengele

Mushure Josef Mengele akakuvadzwa muna 1943, aionekwa kukodzera kuramba basa rake uye akatuma kuna chiremba ari Auschwitz rufu mumusasa. Pano aiva nomukana kuziva zvose pfungwa dzako uye kuedza kuti akanga pachena anopenga, utsinye uye maturo.

Vakuru vakarayira mumwe Mengele kuitisa kuedza siyana Somuenzaniso, pakunzwisisa chando kana kukwira pamusoro vanhu. Saka, kuedza musi chafariz zvinokonzerwa Joseph vaipedza, obkladyvaya musungwa ose pamativi neaizi, kusvikira akafa hypothermia. Saka zvakaita kuti, aine tembiricha muviri kuitika kusingarapiki migumisiro rufu.

Mengele akada kuita kuedza vana, kunyanya pamusoro pemapatya. Zvakabuda kuedza ake aiva rufu anenge 3 zviuru yevana. Haana kumanikidzwa kurara reassignment pokuvhiyiwa, nhengo kuisirwa, akaita inorwadza nzira, kuedza kuchinja ruvara kwameso, izvo pakupedzisira zvakatungamirira upofu. Izvi, yake pfungwa, ndiye uchapupu hazvibviri "mongrel" kuva Aryan wechokwadi.

Muna 1945, Joseph aifanira kutiza. Akaparadza zvose zvinyorwa kuedza ake uye akadzika magwaro venhema, vakatizira Argentina. Akararama upenyu hwakadzikama pasina dambudziko uye udzvinyiriri uye kwete kubatwa uye kurangwa.

Pandaiva akadonha kuAuschwitz. Ndiani akasunungura vasungwa?

Mukuvamba kwa1945, mamiriro ezvinhu munyika Germany hwachinja. Mauto eSoviet vakatanga kushingaira kurwisa. SS aifanira kutanga kubvisa, izvo akazozivikanwa se "rworufu." vasungwa 60 zviuru vakaudzwa kuenda kuMadokero netsoka. Zviuru vasungwa zvakaurayiwa mumugwagwa. Simba nenzara uye saregerereka vasungwa kushanda vaifanira kufamba vanopfuura 50 makiromita. Vose lagged shure uye vasingagoni kuenda mberi, ipapo vakapfurwa. In Gliwice, apo vasungwa vasvika, vakatumirwa kumisasa yevasungwa mu mitoro motokari iri munharaunda Germany.

Kusunungurwa yevasungwa, akanga ari kupera January, kana Auschwitz pane vanorwara uye kufa vasungwa chete anenge 7,000 vasingagoni kusiya.

Life pashure pokusunungurwa

Kukunda kwechiFascist kusunungurwa kuparadzwa mapoka kuAuschwitz, zvinosuruvarisa zvaisareva zvizere chirango vose avo anokonzera utsinye. Zvakaitika kuAuschwitz harisi chete chinonyanya ropa, asiwo mumwe kurangwa kwemhosva zviri munhoroondo yevanhu. 10 chete% vose vaya, zvakananga kana zvisina kunanga, chaibatanidzwa mukanyiwa kuparadzwa vanhuwo zvavo, vakaedzwa uye kurangwa.

Vakawanda vevaya vachiri vapenyu, uye kunzwa mhosva. Vamwe vanotaura anoparadzirwa muchina, chiri dehumanizing mufananidzo wemuJudha, uye akariita mhaka zvomunyama ose vokuGermany. Vamwe vanoti mirairo vari varayirwa, uye hondo haisi nzvimbo vachifungisisa.

Kana vakapukunyuka rufu mapoka vasungwa, ipapo, wakafanana, uye dai navo isingachadiwi. Zvisinei, vanhu ava, sezvo mutemo, akasiya kuti vazviriritire. Dzimba nemafurati, kwavaigara kwenguva refu akapiwa vamwe. Pasina pfuma, mari, uye nhengo dzemhuri ukapararazve yeNazi rufu muchina, vaifanira kurarama zvakare, kunyange post-hondo kumwedzi. Mumwe anogona chete nokuwirirana nesimba uye ushingi vanhu vakapfuura nomunyika yevasungwa uye vakakwanisa kurarama navo.

Auschwitz Museum

Yapera hondo Auschwitz, musasa rufu, akapinda ndandanda UNESCO World Heritage Site uye aiva pakati miziyamu. Pasinei hombe nokuyerera revashanyi, pane nguva dzose akanyarara. Izvi hazvina miziyamu umo chinhu chinogona kufadza uye kushamisika. Zvisinei, zvinokosha zvikuru uye anokosha, sezvo tisanzwa kuchema rokupedzisira mhosva uye tsika nokuwa, pasi riri zvikuru rakadzika.

The miziyamu yakazaruka vose, mukova akasununguka. For vashanyi, pane vanotungamirirwa Tours mumitauro. In kuAuschwitz-1, vashanyi vanokokwa kutarisa yemauto uye kuchengetera pachavo zvinhu vasungwa vakafa vakarayirwa pamwe German kunyatsoita: mumba magirazi, mugs, shangu uye kunyange bvudzi. Uyewo kukwanisa kushanyira crematorium uye vachiridzira rusvingo, izvo kuunza maruva kusvikira nhasi.

Pamadziro unogona kuona zvinogumbura zvinyorwa kusiiwa vasungwa. In gasi makamuri vachiri pamadziro tichingoda ezvipikiri netsaona, kufa muna zvinotyisa kurwadziwa.

pano chete unogona kunzwa zvizere kutya chii chaiitika, uye uone nameso ako mupenyu ezvinhu uye rwakadini kuparadzwa.

Kuparadza mune mabasa

Mumwe mabasa pokufumura Nazi hurumende - "Sanctuary" Anne Frank. Bhuku iri rinotaura tsamba nyaya muchiratidzo hondo musikana wechiJudha uyo, pamwe nemhuri yake akakwanisa kuwana utiziro muNetherlands. Diary chaiitirwa kubva 1942 kusvika 1944. Entries vari kuvhiringidzwa 1 August. Mazuva matatu pashure mhuri iyi yose vakasungwa nemapurisa eGermany.

Chimwe basa inozivikanwa ndiye "Areka Schindler kuti". Iyi nyaya muridzi fekitari Oskar Schindler, uyo, vari yakarohwa zvinotyisa kuitika Germany, ndakasarudza kuita zvose zvinobvira kuponesa mhosva vanhu uye akatuma zviuru zvevaJudha muMoravia.

Mubhuku, akapfura firimu "Schindler kuti List," izvo akagamuchira mibayiro yakawanda mitambo siyana, kusanganisira 7 Oscars, uye achitsoropodza acclaimed vomunharaunda.

Politics uye dzematongerwe enyika Fascism kwakaita kuti imwe kukonzera njodzi zvevanhu. Nyika haazivi zvakawanda zviitiko vakawanda zvakadaro, kurangwa kuuraya vanhu vasina mhosva. Nhoroondo zvikanganiso zvakazoita kuti Tichitarisa kutambura anenge sei yose Europe, vanofanira kuramba vari kuyeuka vanhu sezvo zvinotyisa chiratidzo chii hakumbofi kubvumira yepamusoro.