Khokhloma - chii here? Khokhloma: mifananidzo, mapatani, mufananidzo

Khokhloma - chii here? Kutanga, zviri chekare Russian zvavo ndege. Khokhloma kupenda, Golden Khokhloma, guru stratum wokuRussia tsika. Symbol kupendwa sezvinoita "Khokhloma" ari romoto Firebird, munhu nakisisa hunhu. Guta guru hove - guta Semenov, raiva kuchamhembe Nizhny Novgorod. Kusiyana Gzhelian unyanzvi kugadzira, iyo inounza pamwechete nemisha 27 uye nemisha "gwenzi" Khokhloma akanga pfungwa panzvimbo imwe. Naizvozvo, ayo kukura akaramba refu zvakakwana. Artistic zvinoriumba hove aivawo ukoshi sezvo matarenda Artists havasi zvakajairika, uye kurovedzwa, sezvo vakadaro, haana.

History of Golden Khokhloma

Art raanoziva Khokhloma ayo nemidzi mukupera kwezana remakore rechi17, panguva kukurumidza maruva kuti kuvake kupenda. kugarwa munguva Novgorod dzinotaurwa Old Vatendi vasina kugamuchira kereke kuchinja Patriarch Nikon, rakaenderana chidzoke nzira itsva gilding kwemifananidzo. It ari Nizhny Novgorod nharaunda, misha zvakadzidza kunyora mifananidzo nendarama, asi pasina kushandisa anokosha simbi. Wooden mari mifananidzo kusaswa sirivha mashed muguruva, uye ipapo zvinenge zvakazara mafuta linseed woiswa sechoto. Silver bemhapemha nechishamiso kuva vakapfeka goridhe. panguva iyoyo mabikirwo haana kupa chimwezve zvinoreva aivabatsira muitiro, zvose zvakaitwa manually. Vamwe vemifananidzo zvimwe kutora wekuvamba nyore zvinobatsira, asi kazhinji, Khokhloma kupenda zvakazara nechokwadi chete remaoko. The chikuru mabasa okuwana vakanga vanoshandura, izvo zvinoda chaizvo zvinodiwa. The blanks vari machine psac mumwe tenzi, primed vakaapisa vamwe, uye vamwe kupendwa. Asi chero zvakadaro, pane pakubatsirana kuedza pakati zvabuda zvakanga zvakanaka, uye kugadzirwa raibudirira.

The chidzoke mukuru unyanzvi

Saka nomusi Volga paiva Khokhloma-kupendwa goridhe. Kubva kwemifananidzo nokukurumidza kuitwa kugadzirwa tableware repuranga akafukidzwa nendarama muenzaniso. Silver haana kukwana, uye chikatsiviwa gaba. Nhamba havana kuipa, nekusiyana, kupenda vakatodzidza anokudzwa Mat uye pashure makorari wependi akatanga sezuva. Semenov vemifananidzo vaungana pamwe, kupenda "Khokhloma" akaita rozivikanwa kure miganhu yacho Nizhny Novgorod province. Mumwe pashure mumwe akauya vatengesi, akarayira vatenzi aisiya emapuranga midziyo mapati makuru, uye hove akatanga kukura nokukurumidza.

Pakutanga wakavezwa kubva Linden uye kuonesa Khokhloma mapatani nezvirongo uye yendiro. Ndinotenda nezvizvarwa kunyange shongwe. kuna Semyon-Lozhkarev somunhu mutero kuna vanatenzi uye vemifananidzo nguva. Navavezi vakashanda vasinganeti, Nizhny Novgorod ndiro vakaunzwa uye zvinobudirira kutengeswa panzvimbo huru musika Macarius, yakakurumbira zvikuru Russian zvakanaka. Mari nezvirongo kuMoscow. In guru Russian, apo nguva wakapindwa vatorwa vamiririri zvomutengesi mukirasi, vokuGermany, franzuzy Varungu. Vakakurumidza kuona kujairika Khokhloma zvigadzirwa.

Khokhloma - chii kubva nemaonero pamusoro vomunyika?

Pakati pezana remakore rechi19 Khokhloma kupenda pamusoro midziyo, fenicha uye zvokupfeka akasvika pakuzivikanwa kunze. World Exhibition muParis, kwakaitika muna 1889, rwakagadzirira nzira Golden Khokhloma pose. Khokhloma kupenda akapfuurira aina navanopinda yorwizi. Misika iri Western Europe, Southeast Asia, India, China, uye gare gare vokuNorth America kondinendi mhindu zvinhu Russian zvavo ounyanzvi.

High kudiwa chigadzirwa mhiri Volga vatenzi akava tide kuti pakuzadzisa Golden Khokhloma. kugadzirwa siyana wakamuka nguva zhinji, kuwedzera kune nezvirongo akaita midziyo uye mahwendefa, emiti, Krynki neyezvipfungaidzo zvinonhuhwira, munyu shakers, siyana postavtsa, magirazi uye mugs. Kunyanya akaonga kuMadokero, anonzi Bratina - makuru crockery muchimiro muchikepe gumi nevaviri migomo. Zita anotaura pacharo, midziyo ichi dzaizopiwa pamapatya mabiko. Mutambo dingindira nguva dzose pamwe Khokhloma zvigadzirwa. Uye hariperi tsime nyaya uye misoro yavo - ndiwo yose Russia. Khokhloma rakabatana pamwe chaizvo bhuku, uye nhoroondo yacho.

Nezvirongo kwete chete

Kuwedzera cookware, batch guru yakabereka zvemumba: mabhokisi, mabhokisi yemumhino, duku fanicha zvinhu, attics, makabhati, namatafura uye mabhenji. Golden Khokhloma inogona akarayira, zvinokosha zvikuru anodhura, asi mutengo hazvisi kunetsa munhu. Pakazopera remakore rechi19 Khokhloma kuva dzinodhura, nekuti kugadzirwa zvavo zvakati zvikuru kuoma. Paiva maruva mazano, izvo akaramba tsika yemadzitateguru, asi panguva imwe chete akaenda rinokosha dzinongoitika zvinoyevedza werudzii kunyora, iyo anosiyana Khokhloma. Pictures akatorwa mumazuva iwayo vemifananidzo, iyi, vanodhirowa yokunyora nokudhirowa anotsigira pokumuka kuitika itsva uri Khokhloma kupenda.

Khokhloma zvigadzirwa yekudyidzana Kuwedzera kwavo nechekare kupendwa nenzira "Kudrin", mashizha goridhe uye maruva manyorero mufananidzo munhukadzi headscarf, kana chishongo rinoumbwa zvimedu wandei kuti batanidza chimwe mufananidzo. Chimwe chezvinhu airemekedzwa nenhamba Kokhloma aiva "miriwo," uye mune yokutanga yezana remakore rechi20, vemifananidzo ndakasika munhu "Hohloma chishongo". Saka munhu chaiwo maitiro. The coloring muenzaniso Saka mberi omesa, nokurova kuva wakawondereiko kudai mazuva ose, uye rangano vawana zviratidzo chokwadi. Art Style inonzi "Khokhloma", mifananidzo uye yokunyora nokudhirowa pacho kunoratidza kuramba kukura. Panguva iyoyo nechepakati Russia akatanga kuonekwa marudzi ounyanzvi, kufanana Khokhloma kupenda, Fedoskino miniatures uye Zhostov nendiro dzacho. Papera chinguva vaiwana Gzhel mafekitari kuti pagadzirwe zvedongo tableware, izvo nokukurumidza akava sezvo akakurumbira sezvo Khokhloma huni. Russian unyanzvi Crafts zvave zvinobudirira, Gzhel, Khokhloma, Zhostovo, Fedoskino - ichi hachisi gurupu rwokugadzira zvinogona kufananidzwa refu unyanzvi.

midziyo

Khokhloma uri - zviri zvikuru kunzwisisa muitiro kuti kunosanganisira rwokugadzira subtleties zhinji. Hazvina kukwana kuti kupenda zvakarurama chigadzirwa - chimiro chayo uye parameters uyewo kuva vakakwana. Kana tenzi akasarudza huni ari muchimiro nejichidza Bratina uye kuonesa payo manyorero yendarama Khokhloma, zvinonyanya vakagamuchira chimiro vanofanira kudzokorora zvose runako nomunhu anokudzwa shiri, uye mutsipa wake anofanira kuva "nejichidza" Vanokotama, izvo tichengete zvakasikwa.

Khokhloma - chii kubva waishandiswa pfungwa maonero? Maererano utongi nepakatanga chigadzirwa, ayo pawakaperera navamwe canons anokosha sandara, vanachiremba vose JSC "Khokhloma Painting" vakauya unhu ayo kugadzirwa wevacheche, izvo akaumba hwaro pagadzirwe Kokhloma zvigadzirwa. Saka, zvose kwemasayendisiti vari kambani havasi pasi zvinodiwa kumusika, anotokonya vakawanda kugadzirwa, uye mitemo zvinoyevedza kwezvakatipoteredza, mutengi vaifarira ane kuravira. Izvi nhungamiro Gwaro yakatotanga kutakurwa muchero, akarayira vakatanga kuuya kubva chirangaridzo zvitoro uye akakurumbira unyanzvi maberere uye Salons.

Muitiro kuita unyanzvi zvinhu Khokhloma Style - muitiro wakaoma kunzwisisa cheni. Wood rinoshandiswa chete kwava nemichina yokucheka mapuranga, pamwe aanoda kupiwa Linden, zvose tsitsi uye zvikuru ductile zvinhu. Material unopfuura dzinongoitika nokuomesa danho panze kuti gore rimwe, uye ipapo logs pamusoro Comley maruva blanks, izvo pashure-Dryer kuti zvimwe mwedzi mitatu. Zvadaro, huni kare zvakakodzera machine pamusoro lathes. Vakasarudzwa zvidimbu ndezvomusoro zvaAtemisi nezvidhori, vases huru vari machine psac kubva zvakasimba anooneka zvikuru nemichinjiziri. For nezvirongo uye yendiro akakodzera namatanda sapwood chikamu, zviri kumbonyanya nyore kucheka uye asingauyi kutsemuka.

Wakavezwa uye akacheka blanks vanonzi "mucheka" kupenda asati ari "andapeni" waoma zvakare pane imwe tembiricha rworwendo anenge 100. Zvadaro, nyaya dziri primed akatakudza zvakare muchoto panguva madhigirii 120. Ipapo workpiece vari muvhu, chipped of uye kuchereka pamusoro pemvura shpaklyuyut uye zvinenge zvakazara nhete paiva varnish. kwakakwana nokuomesa preform Nguva pfupi asati zvemapuranga aruminiyamu upfu uye triturated kuitira kuti pepasi akanga noruvara zvemapuranga. Uyezve, sirivha-frosted nemikombe, nezvirongo, saucers, vases nembiya kuuya vemifananidzo kuti vasapedze - Khokhloma uri mufananidzo.

Mushure kupenda chigadzirwa katatu lacquered vaine zvenguva kudziyisa kusvika 130 inegumi. Panyaya iyi, iyo aruminiyamu unhani anowana yendarama Hue, chigadzirwa vagadzirira kavha uye ainge atumirwa.

mhando kupenda

Muzana remakore rechi18 Khokhloma kupenda asvika kwamvura yacheka makumbo, kudiwa iwe zvigadzirwa zvose zvakawedzera, uye Nizhny Novgorod vanatenzi uchitoronga pamusoro okugadzira zvinhu ake. Yakanga, uye vakava mhando mbiri chikuru kupenda Golden Khokhloma - "bhiza" uye "mamiriro".

Khokhloma, mapatani izvo ainyorwa nenzira "Horse" painting, ndiwo mufananidzo yendarama munda, akaurayiwa mavara matema uye tsvuku. The Artist anokwevera wakanaka pajira riya semufananidzo shamhu, zvichitevera mumwe anotevera zvitaera:

• "Gingerbread" - a stylized mufananidzo kwezuva, akanyudzwa mukati geometric chimiro, mativi, nedhaimani kana rikagerwa denderedzwa. Nzira pakutanga kuona nyore, asi kubva zuva denderedzwa, nenzwi curls-mwaranzi Kutarira haana kubvarura, saka organically pamwe ezvokuvhenekesa kukuru yakapoteredza pepuranga.
• "Travnik" - mishonga chishongo, muenzaniso kana riri pamhenderekedzo petsanga kumafuro uswa.
• "Leaf, mumwe bheri" - dzakapendwa yakawanda mashizha uye michero, maruva uye madzinde, pebhanhire kurukana pamwe chete.

Kusiyana "bhiza", Khokhloma, izvo mapatani rakachengetedzwa goridhe pahwaro tsvuku kana dema, kwainzi "background." The dzinonakidza kupfuura siyana emifananidzo iri kumashure ndiye "Kudrin", inova stylized mufananidzo mashizha nemaruva. Akadzokorora Kudrevatov curls, akatendeuka kupinda oma mapatani, maruva, mashizha, uye ose michero, bindu uye dondo. Style uyu mufananidzo ndiwo mbiri nokuda kwazvo kushandiswa nokudhirowa gandiwa mitsetse, zvinobetsera kuisa kubvisa munhu nhengo.

Catalogs

Sezvo pezana remakore rechi20 vakatanga systematize Khokhloma kupenda, akadhindwa Directories pamwe dzinonakidza zvikuru specimens, uye zvakanakisisa vakanga paakavapa ari gwaro. Mabasa tenzi vemifananidzo sezvinoita "Khokhloma", mapikicha uye vanodhirowa izvo dzakabudiswa pachaunga, vakava vechikamu kuti makwikwi siyana uye kuratidzira. The Vanyori muri zvigadzirwa vakagamuchira mibayiro uye mibayiro kuti zvinhu uye avo. On anoratidza dzakadaro wose aigona kutenga chigadzirwa kwakaitwa mifananidzo manyorerwo rinonzi "Khokhloma". Photo nokuti ndangariro pamwe mugadziri muuki anoita pakarepo. Kwenguva refu pashure wakanaka lacquered chinhu chinofadza tenzi wake.

Khokhloma meso mwana

Kindergartens, kireshi mapindu uye kunyange munguva Soviet, vakagamuchira fenicha, akaita sezvinoita Khokhloma kupenda. Uye kunyange unyanzvi manyorerwo ichi kwagara zvakurukurwa "mukuru" vana zvechokwadi kunakidzwa tafura ose, dzakapendwa the artist. Zvechokwadi, hazvina soupamhi yakaitwa, zvigadzirwa ainyorwa fenicha fekitari, kubudikidza nechidzitiro rokudhinda. Asi pfungwa mukuru Ndiwe Khokhloma kupenda aivapo, uye akafadzwa nevana. Pamwe vana nevabereki vafare. Saka, vana Khokhloma akanga asina kupfuura "mukuru".

Theme kuchikoro essays

Kudzidziswa The zvirongwa zviri akasiyana-siyana. Khokhloma - chii nomudzidzisi pfungwa? Muzvikoro of Moscow uye Moscow nharaunda, uyewo mune mamwe maguta Russian papurogiramu kurovedzwa riri dingindira Russian zvavo Arts and Crafts, apo pakutanga unyanzvi Khokhloma kupenda. Its kare uye nyika yakakurumbira vakwanise vadzidzi kuti vataure zvavo nezvaunofunga, kuitaura papepa uye kuwana anoona. Inogona kuva rose rondedzero imwe nyaya kana nyaya pfupi. Khokhloma sezvo uri kuramba vabudirire chakakodzera vakwegura pfungwa kuchikoro. Zvisinei, makirasi yakaderera, zvakare, unogona kubatanidzwa gakava.

Khokhloma ari rwiyo Genre

iwe Fine rinonyanya kubatanidzwa nemamwe Mapato ose okugadzira zvinhu. Art Khokhloma kupenda hapana anosara. The rwiyo "Khokhloma" refu akahwina mukurumbira. Her achiita muimbi vaimbi, choirs uye munhu vaimbi. Beautiful mutinhimira, soulful nhetembo, zvakare, rakanyorwa kubva pamwoyo. Panguva Eurovision Rwiyo "Khokhloma" haisi nzvimbo rukudzo.