Inyanzvi yepfungwa ndeyei?

Maitiro epfungwa anoshanda anoshanda chirango. Ichi chikamu chepfungwa, umo mazvidzidzo zvekushandiswa kwechiito che sayenzi. Nokudaro, masayendisiti anoshanda maitiro epfungwa haana kufanana neanozivikanwa, zuva rega rega, zuva rega rega, uye zvechokwadi haasi vanhu "VKontakte." Inowana kushandiswa mukuita - mukushanda nevarwere nekupa mararamiro evanhu.

Terminology

Maitiro ezvepfungwa ndeye sayenzi iyo inongororwa chete mumunda wepfungwa yepamusoro uye yekushanda kwayo mukuita. Kusvikira muzana remakore rechi19 chikamu ichi chakanzi chekuedza, panguva ino izwi rechirevo rokuti "rinoshandiswa" rinowanikwa. Zvisinei, kushandiswa kwepfungwa, kunyange zvazvo kunobatanidza nekushandiswa kwekuranga mukuita, kunotarisa pane zvayo zvakabatana zvebasa uye kuidzidza pane imwe nzvimbo: kushambadzira, dzidzo, mitambo, nezvimwewo.

Kushandisa epithets "kushandiswa" uye "zvinobatsira" munyaya iyi mupfungwa imwechete haina kururama. Chirongwa chepfungwa ndechebazi resainzi rinosangana nemuitiro wekupfungwa kwepamusoro, uye sekushandiswa kwesayenzi, tsika inotungamirirwa kune dzimwe nyika. Mukuwedzera, zvinoshanda zvinotaurira vanhu munharaunda iri nyore yevagari vemo, kusiyana nemashoko akaoma, mazhinji akawanda ekutsanangurirwa kwekushandiswa chirango.

Matambudziko

Dzidziso iyi inowanzosvika pakuita, nokuti izvo zvesayenzi pane zvisiri izvo zvinofungidzirwa mafungiro nemafungiro. Izvi zvikwangwani zvinoda kuzadzwa. Mukufunga kwepfungwa, nekuda kwezvinangwa uye kuzadza mumapapanhi, izvo zvinonzi zvifananidzi zvinoshandiswa-zvisingatsigiswi asi nzira dzekushanda dziri chikamu chekudzidziswa kunoitwa.

Dambudziko, iro rinonyatsoiswa pamberi pekunyatsoshanda kwepfungwa, ndeyokuti zvikumbiro zvenyika chaiyo hazvienderane nezvakananga. Kubva pane izvi zvinouya mabasa anokosha eyi sayenzi.

Iyo huru mabasa ekugadzirwa kwepfungwa

Zvinetso zvekutanga zvinotarisana nehutano hwemagariro zvinotarisirwa nedzidziso yezvinyorwa uye mamiriro echokwadi chaiwo:

• Kutaurirana kwepfungwa kune mumwe nomumwe kune varwere vane matambudziko akasiyana kana asingatambudziki zvachose;
• Kutungamira mapoka eboka (kusanganisira munharaunda yekambani uye yebhizimisi);
• Pfungwa yepfungwa yezvemagariro evanhu.

Kushanda

Zivo yehutano hwepfungwa inoparadzaniswa nemhando yeketani: kubva kuchigadzirwa chepfungwa kunotaurirwa kune chiremba, uye kubva kumurape (kana psychoanalyst) inoparidzirwa murwere wake. Basa repfungwa nechepfungwa chikamu chinokosha chekubatsira kwepfungwa. Nokudaro, munhu mumwe nomumwe anowanzobvunzurudza anogara achibatana nezvinetso zvakasiyana-siyana zvevanhu izvo zvisina kongeri yekugadzirisa kubva pane zivo yezvinyorwa. Ndicho chikonzero vanachiremba vanoongorora maitiro akasiyana-siyana uye kusangana kwavo, vachiedza kunzwisisa kuti zvakakodzera zvakadini izvi kana kuti murwere.

Mibvunzo yakasara inogona kunge yakanyanyisa-yakadai semibvunzo yekubudirira pachedu, kugovera nguva, bhizinesi rezvebhizimisi. Vamwe, asi zvinopesana, zvinoparadzanisa ruzivo rwakakura rwezvidzidzo kana kubudirira kwevanhu.

Maitiro ekunyatsoshanda kwepfungwa uye mamwe mapazi esayenzi

Ndezvipi zvinobatsira zvepfungwa dzevanhu? Zvino zvinova pachena. Pfungwa ndeyokuti kugadzirisa matambudziko ehutano hwepfungwa tinofanira kushandira pamwe nemamwe masayenzi esayenzi. Iyi ndiyo nzira itsva yekushandiswa kwemabhizimisi, iyo inogamuchira mazita avo zvichienderana nenzvimbo iyo inoshandiswa. Inogona kuva inoshanda yepfungwa yezvedzidzo, zvemagariro, zvepamutemo, zvehutano, zvemitambo kana zvekudzidzisa. Vose zvavo vakabatana nehuwandu munharaunda yekuenda kuchikoro chekutsvakurudza ruzivo.

Nzira dzekushanda kwepfungwa

Nzvimbo yakakosha mumashandisirwo emabhizimisi inotungamirirwa nenzira dzesayenzi inofungidzira, kureva, kuedza kuongororwa, kuongorora nekuedzwa. Nzira dzedzidzo dzepfungwa munyaya ino dzinonzi dzisina kukodzera. Dzidzo dzepfungwa dzechokwadi dzakaderera kune tsika chaiyo. Izvi zvinonyanya kukonzerwa nokuzviisa pasi kwevanhu.

Nzira dzekushanda kwepfungwa dzinojairika dzinowanzoiswa mumhando mbiri:

• Mumwe nomumwe - anoshandiswa paanenge achishanda neye-on-one psychologist. Ichi chikamu chinosanganisira psychoanalysis.
• Boka - kuongororwa kwepfungwa nenzira yekudzidzisa, kuumbwa kwemapoka e gestalt nemamwe marudzi ekururamisa mumapoka.

Mukuwedzera, nzira dzezvesayenzi dzinowanzopiwa chikwereti kubva kumabhizimisi aya anoshandiswa nesayenzi ichi uye inoita iyo. Semuenzaniso, nzira dzekusimbisa uye mazano dzinokweretwa kubva pedagogy.

Iyo nzira yekufunga kwepfungwa, nekuda kwekuoma kunzwisisa uye zvakananga, inofanira kuonekwa sega. Muzhinji, rinosanganisira kupa mazano uye maitiro epfungwa.

Zvikoro

Zvikoro zvinotevera zvakakosha zvikuru pakuongorora kwepfungwa:

• Psychoanalysis yakatanga kurongedzwa uye yakatangwa na Sigmund Freud uye ichiri kushandiswa nhasi. Inobva pakuzivikanwa nekudzidza kwekusaziva mukati uye kusina musoro.
• Unhu hutsika ndiyo nzira iyo nyaya huru yekudzidza isiri kuziva, asi mufambiro wemurwere. Mazuva ano zvinonyanya kushandiswa nekugadzirisa pfungwa dzepfungwa.
• Kugadzikana kwepfungwa - kunonyanya kugadzirisa maitiro ekuziva kwevanhu: kuyeuka, kufunga, kufunga. Uyewo, tsvakurudzo inofungidzirwa nekudzidza kwekufunga kwakanaka, kugadzira chisarudzo uye dambudziko rekusarudza.
• Humanistic Psychology inobva pakusarudza kwevanhu, ndiko kureva, rudo rwemunhu semunhu, kuonekwa kweiyo yakasiyana uye inokosha. Kuenderera mberi kubva pane izvi, kuzviratidza uye kubudirira kwehuhu, hutano hwakagadzirirwa munharaunda, kushanduka kuzvitaura, nezvimwe zvakadzidzwa.

Kudzidziswa

Vaya vanofarira maitiro epfungwa vanogona kudzidziswa pamusoro penyaya iyi. Bachelors uye masters mune nzira yakakodzera kugadzirira masangano makuru ehurumende nepamusoro. Mukuwedzera, iyi nhungamiro inogona kunge yakakwana kune iyo huru yekudzidzira maitiro. Icho chiri pamusoro pechirevo ichi chokuti vapedza kudzidza vari kugadzirwa, somuenzaniso, Kirov Institute of Practical Psychology.

Professions

Maitiro ezvepfungwa ndeyekuparadzanisa ruzivo runoshandiswa nevamiriri vezviitiko zvinotevera:

• Doctor-psychotherapist;
• Coach coach;
• Nyanzvi yezvepfungwa-mudzidzisi.

Uye kana kune yekutanga kuvepo kwechidzidzo chepfungwa chepfungwa chinenge chiri chemamiriro ezvinhu, saka, somuenzaniso, mudzidzisi anogona kungova nezvezve kumwezve kufananidzira. Iyi ndiyo muenzaniso wakajeka wekuti chirango chinopikisana chinosangana sei nenyika chaiyo uye zvaanoda - chinangwa pamberi pomudzidzisi kukurudzira uye kubatsira mutengi kuti aite chinangwa. Zvinoshanda uye zvakasimba kumire pamakumbo ebasa racho. Zvimwe zvaitwa, kana kwete.

Muchirevo chepfungwa dzekupfungwa, basa - kubata zvakananga nematambudziko evarwere - rakaitwawo zvakajeka uye zvakajeka.

Manzwiro anobatsira: mabhuku

Mabhuku ari munharaunda iyi anowirirana nesayenzi uye yakakurumbira yesayenzi yemhando. Kazhinji vanopindura mibvunzo yakananga: kuti vanzwisise sei vamwe vanhu vanofunga uye vanofunga; Nzira yekuzvibata sei iwe nevanhu? Mukuwedzera, kune zvidzidzo zvekudzidzisa chete (T. Gudkevich, "Practical Psychology: Mharidzo kuIkukosha", M. Gulina, "Consulting Psychology: Textbook") uye mazano anobatsira (D. Raigorodsky, "Psychological Counseling"; Tarabrina, "Chirongwa chinoshanda kumagariro ehutano hwekugadzirisa matambudziko").