Egocentric mutauro. Kutaura uye kufunga kwemwana. Jean Piaget

Izvo zvinoshamisa zvekutaura kwemugove wemwana zvakakurukurwa zvakanyanyisa uye kazhinji mune zvepfungwa. Kutaura nezvekutaura kune vose, kune zvinhu zvekunze, zvemukati uye zvepanyama zvine chokuita nekuziva kwevanhu. Nokudaro, kuti anzwisise izvo mwana anofungidzira, zvaari mukati, zvakakodzera kubhadhara kutaura kwake.

Vamwe vabereki vanotanga kunetseka kana mwana wavo achitaura mazwi asingabatanidzi, sekuti kana asingafungi achidzokorora zvinhu zvose zvakataurwa nemunhu. Inogona kunge isinganzwisisiki paunenge uchiedza kuverenga zvaakataura shoko rakanakira, asi mwana haakwanisi kuzvitsanangura. Kana kana mwana achitaura kune mumwe munhu, sokunge kuti ane rusvingo, mune mamwe mazwi, zvichida pasina uye asingatarisiri mhinduro, ngaarege kunzwisisa. Vabereki vanogona kuva nemafungiro pamusoro pekuvandudzika kwepfungwa dzepfungwa dzemwana wavo uye njodzi iyo nzira yekutaura inovanza.

Chii chinonyanya kutaura mutauro? Uye zvakakosha here kunetseka kana iwe uchicherechedza zviratidzo zvake mumwana wako?

Chii chinonzi egocentric mutauro?

Mumwe wevasayendisiti vokutanga avo vakazvipira nguva yakawanda pakudzidza kwekutaura kwevana vechidiki, uye vakawanawo pfungwa iyi, aiva Jean Piaget, chiremba wepfungwa kubva kuSwitzerland. Akatanga pfungwa yake pachake mundima iyi uye akaita runyoro rwekuedza kunosanganisira vana vaduku.

Maererano nekusarudza kwake, chimwe chezvinhu zvakajeka zvekunze kwemaonero egocentric mumagariro emwana ndeyechokwadi kutaura kwemazwi. Nguva iyo inowanzoonekwa nayo inobva pamakore matatu kusvika mashanu. Gare gare, maererano naPiaget, chiitiko ichi chinopera zvachose chinopera.

Ndechipi musiyano pakati pekuzvibata uye nevana vechidiki bhabble? Egocentric kutaura ndeyekukurukurirana mune zvepfungwa zvakagadzirirwa iwe pachako. Muvana, inozviratidza apo pavanotaura nenzwi guru, vasina kutaura kune ani zvake, vanozvibvunza mibvunzo uye havafungi zvachose nezvekusagamuchira mhinduro kwavari.

Kuzvimiririra pachako kunotsanangurwa mune zvepfungwa sekutarisa pane zvinangwa zvako, zvinangwa, zviitiko, kusakwanisa kutarisa pane zvakaitika kune vamwe uye chero zvipi zvayo zvekunze. Zvisinei, kana mwana wako ane chiitiko ichi, haufaniri kutya. Zvakawanda zvichamuka uye zvichaonekwa zvachose kwete zvinotyisa pakufungisisa kwakadzika kwekutsvakurudza kwevanodzidza nezvepfungwa mune nzvimbo yakapiwa.

Kubudirira uye kuguma kwaJean Piaget

Jean Piaget mubhuku rinonzi "Kutaura uye kufunga kwemukomana" akaedza kuzarura mhinduro kumubvunzo pamusoro pezvinodiwa kuti mwana aedze kugutsa nekukurukura naye. Mukati rekutsvakurudza, akauya kune mamwe mazano akafadza, asi chimwe chezvikanganiso zvake chaiva chirevo chokuti kunyatsonzwisisa mafungiro emwana, zvakakwana kuongorora mutauro wake oga, nokuti mazwi anoratidza zvakajeka zviito. Gare gare, dzimwe nyanzvi dzepfungwa dzakaramba dzidziso iyi isina kururama, uye chiitiko chekutaura kwevana mukutaurirana kwevana kwakanyatsonzwisiswa.

Apo Piaget akaongorora mubvunzo uyu, akataura kuti kutaura kwevana, pamwe nevakuru, hakusi kwekutaura pfungwa, asi kune mamwe mabasa. Munguva yekutsvakurudza uye kuedza kunoitwa mu "House of Babies", J.-J. Rousseau naPiaget vakabudirira pakugadzirisa maitiro emabasa ekutaura kwevana. Kwedzimwe mwedzi, tsanangudzo dzakanyatsorondedzerwa uye dzakanyatsorondedzerwa zvinotaurwa nemwana mumwe nomumwe zvaive zvichiitwa. Pashure pokunyatsogadzirisa zvinhu zvakagadzirwa, magwekori ezvepfungwa akacherechedza mapoka makuru maviri ehurukuro yevana: mutauro wekutaura uye kutaura kwevanhu.

Chiitiko ichi chinogona kutaura nezvei?

Egocentric hurukuro inoratidzira mune izvo, kutaura, mwana haasi iye wese anofarira uyo anoteerera uye uye kana mumwe munhu anoteerera zvachose. Egocentric iyi maitiro emutauro anoita, pamusoro pezvose, kukurukurirana iwe pachako pachako, kana mwana asingatomboedzi kuedza pfungwa yekutarisana naye. Anongoda chete kufarira kunoonekwa, kunyange zvazvo kunyengera kuti anonzwisiswa uye akanzwa, mwana anogona kunge aripo. Iyewo haaedzi kuedza kuita chero chinhu chipi nechipi pamutauriri wake nehurukuro yake, hurukuro inoitirwa iye oga.

Mitauro yekutaura kwegoogle

Zvinonakidzawo kuti, sezvakaitwa naPiaget, kutaura kwemazwi kunogoverwawo muzvikamu zvakasiyana, chimwe nechimwe chazvo chakasiyana-siyana:

1. Kudzokorora kwemashoko.
2. The monologue.
3. "Monologue pamwe chete."

Mitemo yakatsaurirwa yemutauro wevana egocentric inoshandiswa nevana maererano nemamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo uye zvavanoda.

Chii chinodzokorora?

Kudzokorora (echolalia) kunosanganisira kudzokorora kusinganzwisisiki kwemashoko kana zvigadziro. Mwana anoita izvi nekuda kwekufarira kunobva mumutauro, haatombo kunzwisisa mazwi uye haatauri munhu ane chimwe chinhu chaicho. Ichi chinoshamisa ndicho chigumbuso chevana vaduku uye hachina zvishoma zvishoma zvevanhu. Mumakore mashomanana ekutanga ehupenyu, mwana anofarira kudzokorora mazwi aakanzwa, tevedzera manzwiro nemashonga, kazhinji pasina kuisa mukati mazvo chero chinangwa chinokosha. Piaget anotenda kuti rudzi urwu rwekutaura runofanana nemutambo, nokuti mwana anodzokorora inzwi kana mazwi nekuda kwekuvaraidza.

Chii chinonzi monologue?

Imwe nyanzvi sehurukuro inotaurirana ndeyekukurukurirana pakati pemwana uye iye pachake, semanzwi makuru anonzwika. Rudzi urwu rwekutaura harutauri kune interlocutor. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro, shoko kumwana rinobatanidzwa nechiito. Munyori anotsanangura zvinotevera zvinotevera kubva pane izvi, zvakakosha kuti anzwisise zvakakwana monologues yemwana:

• Kutevedzera, mwana (kunyange ari oga naiye pachake) anofanira kutaura uye aende nemitambo uye kufamba kwakasiyana-siyana nemashoko uye kuchema;
• Kuenderana nemashoko ane chimwe chiito, mwana anogona kugadzirisa mafungiro kune chiito chairo kana kutaura chimwe chinhu kunze kwekuti chisingazogoni kuitwa.

Chii chinonzi "muteerere pamwe chete"?

"Monologue pamwe chete", inozivikanwawo seboka pamwe chete, rinotsanangurwawo mune mamwe mashoko mumabasa ePiaget. Munyori anonyora kuti zita remufananidzo uyu, rakagamuchirwa nehurukuro yevana, inogona kuoneka sepopesana, nokuti zvingagadziriswa sei mukukurukurirana ne interlocutor? Zvisinei, chiitiko ichi chinowanzotariswa mukukurukurirana kwevana. Izvi zvinoratidzwa muchokwadi chokuti panguva yekukurukurirana mwana mumwe nomumwe anosungira mumwe kune zvaanoita kana kufunga, kwete kuedza panguva imwechete kuti inzwike uye inzwisiswe. Mafungiro emudzimai anonzi mwana anenge asingambofungi, nokuti iye anopikisa ndeyemhando yechinokonzera kukanganisa kwechigadziro.

Piaget anotaura kuti boka rose rinobatanidza mhando yepamusoro yehutano hwemhando dzakasiyana dzekutaura. Mushure mekushandisa rudzi rwemutauro uyu, mwana haatauri iye oga, asiwo kune vamwe. Asi panguva imwecheteyo, vana vevanhu vakadaro havateereri, nokuti vakashandurwa, pakupedzisira, ivo pachavo - mwana ari kufunga zviri pamusoro pezviito zvake uye haazviisi iye chinangwa chekutaura pfungwa chero ipi zvayo kumudzidzisi.

Zvinopesana nemafungiro emunhu wepfungwa

Maererano naPiaget, kutaurira mwana muduku, kusiyana nemunhu mukuru, hausi chinhu chikuru chekukurukurirana sechibatsiro uye chiito chekuita. Kubva pakuona kwake, mwana mumakore ekutanga ehupenyu ndiye chisikwa chaanotungamirirwa. Piaget, zvichibva pachokwadi chekuti kutaura kwechipiri kwomwana kunoitika, uyewo pane dzakawanda zvedzidzo, zvinosvika pakupedzisira: kufunga kwomwana kune pfungwa, zvinoreva kuti anofunga oga, asingadi kunzwisiswa, uye asingatsvaki Kuti anzwisise nzira yekufunga yemudzimai.

Zvidzidzo uye mhedziso yaLobert Vygotsky

Gare gare, vachiedza kuongorora kwakafanana, vatsvakurudzi vakawanda vakaramba kupedzisa kwaPiaget pamusoro apa. Somuenzaniso, Lev Vygotsky , Soviet scientist uye nyanzvi yezvepfungwa, akatsoropodza maonero eSwiss pamusoro pekushanda kusinganzwisisiki kwekutaura kwevana. Mukuzviongorora kwake, zvakafanana neaakabudiswa naJean Piaget, akauya kune zvaakagadzirisa, pane imwe nguva akapikisana nemashoko ekutanga eSwitzerland wezvepfungwa.

Kutarisa mutsva pamusoro pechiratidzo chekutaura kwemazwi

Pakati pezvakawanikwa naVogotsky pamusoro pechiitiko chehupenyu hwemwana, munhu anogona kufunga nezvekutevera:

1. Zvimwe zvinokanganisa mamwe mabasa emucheche (somuenzaniso, mapenzura emumwe ruvara akatorwa kubva kwaari panguva yekudhirowa), zvinokuvadza kutaura kukuru. Inzwi raro mumamiriro akafanana akadaro kaviri.
2. Mukuwedzera kune kubudiswa kwebasa, zvinongorondedzera zvakajeka basa uye kuti kutaura kukuru kwemwana kunowanzoenda nemitambo kana mamwe marudzi emabasa emwana, inogonawo kutamba rimwe basa rinokosha. Iyi maitiro ekutaura inosanganisira basa rekugadzira chirongwa chekugadzirisa chinetso kana basa, nokudaro kuva nzira inofanirwa yekufunga.
3. Izwi rekutaura rechecheche rakafanana zvikuru nekutaura kwepfungwa kwemukuru. Vane zvizhinji zvakafanana: kufunga kufungidzira, kufunga kwakaderera, kusakwanisa kunzwisisa mutauriri kunze kwekushandisa mamiriro ekuwedzera. Nokudaro, chimwe chezvinhu zvikuru zvekuita kwechiitiko ichi ndiko kushanduka kwekutaura mumusana wekuumbwa kwayo kubva mukati kusvika kunze.
4. Mumakore akazotevera mutauro wakadaro haugoni kupera, asi unopinda mukufungidzira kwepfungwa-mukati mutsumo.
5. Basa rekuchenjera kwechiitiko ichi harukwanisi kuonekwa sechikonzero chakakwana chekudzivirira kwepfungwa dzevana, nokuti pane zvachose kusina kuwirirana pakati pezvirevo izvi. Kutaura zvazviri, kutaura kwakanyanyisa kunobva kune imwe nzira yekutaura kwemashoko ekufungisisa kwomwana chaiye pane kutanga.

Zvaungaita sei?

Aya maonero anoita seanonzwisisika uye anobatsira kusafunganya zvakanyanya kana mwana akaratidza zviratidzo zvehupenyu hwekukurukurirana. Mushure mezvose, rudzi urwu rwekufunga haruri kutaura nezvekutarisa pane iwe pachako kana nezvekuremara kwehutano, uye kunyanya hachisi chero hutano hwakakomba hwepfungwa, somuenzaniso, sevamwe vanonyanganisa zvakaipisisa pamwe nekuratidzwa kwechichichiphrenia. Egocentric hurukuro inongova danho rekutsvaga mukukudziridza kufunga kwemwana kunonzwisisika uye pakupedzisira rinoshanduka kuva mukati. Nokudaro, vazhinji vanofunga nezvemazuva ano vanotaura kuti maitiro ekutaura haafaniri kuedza kuedza kugadzirisa kana kuporesa - zvakazara zvachose.