Integrated matunhu: Types uye rondedzero

Kushanda zvakare kana zvishoma akaoma zvemagetsi, kazhinji zvinotora yakawanda mashoko. Kana yakawanda navo, vanogona "kubatanidza", vanoti, muna Integrated matunhu. Chii vari? Sei dzinoiswa? Sei zvakaitwa, uye izvo anonongedzera vari inoparadzirwa?

Ndezvipi pfungwa revatema nematunhu (ICs)

Kutaura zvazviri, imwe zano microelectronic kuti inobva sekristaro pamusoro zvemasanga kunzwisisa, yakaitwa pamusoro semiconductor firimu kana ndiro. It anoiswa ari kuumbwa muviri (kunyange zvinogona kuitwa pasina izvozvo, asi chete kana chikamu micro). Yokutanga redunhu revatema akanga patented muna 1968. Waiva budiriro iri indasitiri, kunyange inopiwa kweguyo kwete kwazvo maererano Dzidziso parameters ayo ano. Integrated matunhu anogadzirwa vakawanda kuti pemvura kuwedzera. Kazhinji pasi EC anonzwisisa sekristaro imwe chete kana firimu. Chinonyanya hwakapararira revatema dunhu riri nesilicon chitete. Zvakazozivikanwa kuti chikumbiro yaro indasitiri rakanakira zvakawanda, zvakadai kushanda kuti chiratidzo hutachiwana.

patani mumatunhu

mano Ava kunzwisisa, kuti rwunoratidzwa zvakakwana. Zvino vari kushandisa chaiyo CAD Software kuti automates uye yekudyidzana rikurumidze kugadzirwa pezvakaitwa. Saka, magadzirirwo kwakashanda:

1. Musoro pamwero (inverters, NAND, kana, uye zvakafanana).
2. Systemically uye dunhu (aishanda ude, encoders, ALU, comparators, etc.).
3. Electric (capacitors, transistors, resistors uye zvakafanana namano).
4. The topological pamwero - nokuti kugadzirwa photomasks.
5. Physical - chinozoiswa sezvo rimwe transistor (kana boka duku) pamusoro chip.
6. Chirongwa - yakasimbiswa mirayiridzo microcontrollers, microprocessors uye FPGAs. Maitiro womuenzaniso kunokudziridzwa pedyo wehunyambiri redunhu.

kupatsanura

Kutaura sei kusiyanisa Integrated nematunhu, hazvibviri kusarudza chimwe chete mhando parameter kunzwisisa ruzivo, icho chiri kuitwa. Saka, munyaya rakachengetedzwa yakasarudzwa kuti matatu.

mwero kusangana

Saka pano riri kuonekwa kuti inokosha nhamba zvinhu zviri sekristaro:

1. Shoma Integrated redunhu. Rine zvishoma pane zana zvinhu.
2. The avhareji Integrated redunhu. Kuwanda zvinhu zvinosiyana zana / zviuru siyana.
3. LSI. Rine zviuru anosvika 10,000 zvinhu.
4. Scale Very Large Integrated Circuit. Vane vanopfuura zviuru gumi nhengo.

Kazhinji, hombe dunhu Integrated rinowanzoshandiswa kumba midziyo yemagetsi. Yamboshandiswa nevamwe Categories:

1. Ultra-huru Integrated vematunhu. Mariri ndanyoresa avo ivhu izvo zvinogona kuzvirumbidza nhamba zvinhu zviri kuwanda 1 Mill. 1 Bln.
2. Gigabolshaya revatema redunhu. Izvi zvinosanganisira mapatani, uwandu zvinhu izvo vakapfuura 1 Bln. Elements.

Asi panguva ino havasi kushanda. Uye zvose ivhu kuti kare anonzi kuna Ubisa uye GBIS zvino zvakaitika ari VLSI. Kazhinji, zvinokwanisika kuti yekudyidzana tichengetedze nhamba mapoka, sezvo okupedzisira maviri mhando zvinowa- kushandiswa mune tsvakurudzo guru nzvimbo, iyo ishande makombiyuta, simba unotaurwa makumi uye mazana terabytes.

kugadzira michina

Tichifunga siyana kugadzirwa nezvaanogona revatema nematunhu vari zvakare Classified maererano sei vari vakaita uye chii:

1. Semiconductor. In zvose zvinhu izvi uye kubatana zviri akaita musi mumwe chete semiconductor chip. Semiconductor revatema matunhu dzinoshandiswa zvokuvakisa zvakadai nesilicon, germanium, gallium arsenide, uye hafnium oxide.

2. Film. Zvese uye kubatana dzinoitwa sezvo firimu:

- gobvu-firimu.

- Mutete-firimu.

3. Mbeu dzakauchikwa. Ane unpackaged diodes, transistors uye zvimwe zvigadzirwa zvinoriumba zvinoshingaira. Pusa (akadai resistors, inductors, capacitors) zvakarongwa pamusoro zvakafanana zvedongo substrate. Vose inoiswa rakanamwa dzimba.

4. yakavhenganiswa. Hakuna chete semiconductor Chip, asi mutete-firimu (kana gobvu-firimu) pusa okunze, izvo akaisa pamusoro wayo pechiso.

View of kupatsanurwa chiratidzo

Uye wechitatu, wokupedzisira maonero kunobva worudzii anonongedzera vari kupatsanurwa ne Integrated vematunhu. Ivo:

1. Analog. Pano, mazano uye goho anonongedzera zvinosiyana zvichienderana nomutemo mumwe chinoramba basa. Vanogona kutora kukosha mune zvakawanda kubva akaipa akanaka zvitengeswa voltage.
2. Digital. Pano, chero chiyamuro kana goho chiratidzo anogona maviri anoreva: a pfungwa imwe kana razero. Mumwe nomumwe wavo unoenderana predefined voltage pamwero. Saka, rudzi TTL Chips 0-0,4V Range Zvinofungidzirwa kuti razero uye 2,4-5V paminiti chikwata. Pangava nezvimwe Kuparadzana, izvozvo zvinoenderana pamusoro chaiyo mharidzo.
3. Analog-to-digitaalinen. Chine zvakanakira uye zviri yapfuura yokutevedzera. Somuenzaniso, vangava chiratidzo amplifiers uye analoginen-kuti-digitaalinen converters.

pamutemo zvinhu

Zvinotaurwa pamusoro Integrated nematunhu mutemo? In nyika yedu, akapa pamutemo kudzivirira topographies ose Integrated nematunhu. Under zvinorevei wakaiswa pane imwe inotakura zvinhu geometric spatial urongwa imwe akagadzirwa dzakananga zvinhu uye ukama pakati pavo (maererano Article 1448 of Civil Code). Munyori topology ane njere pfuma kodzero kuvamba yake:

1. Copyright.
2. Exclusive kurudyi.

Mukuwedzera, munyori uye nedzimwe zvaunofarira vanogona kuva topology, kusanganisira - mukana yokuwana muripo kushandiswa kwayo. The chete kurudyi chinoshanda kwemakore gumi. Panguva ino, iyo muvambi, kana munhu uyo chinzvimbo akanga conceded, anogona kunyoresa topology mu kuMudzidzisi njere pfuma basa uye patents.

mhedziso

Ndizvozvo! Kana uine chido kuunganidza zano rake - anogona chete dai kubudirira. Asi panguva imwecheteyo Ndinoda kuswedera mufunge mumwe chinhu. Kana uchida kutora Chip, zvakakodzera kwazvo kugadzirira izvi. Chokwadi kuti zvinoda rakasiyana kuchena pamwero nokuda zvomusejari kushanda zvisikwa zvayo, mukuwedzera, nokuda fineness ose oudzame kushanda munhu pokunamatidza simbi senguva hakushande - zviito zvose anoitwa michina. Naizvozvo, chete dunhu inogona akasikwa pamba. Kana kutsvakwa, unogona kutenga maindasitiri kukura, izvo zvatichapa pamusoro pamusika, asi pfungwa pamwe kugadzirwa dzimba dzavo pasina chinokosha mari iri nani kusiya.