Ikure Muviri kukura nhengo. Regularities kuti kukura womunhu muviri

The zvipenyu zvinoreva upenyu ipfupi kuti kubereka kwemarudzi. Pano, kuti kubereka kwacho kunoonekwa somuganhu, achitungamirira kubva mukuru kusvikira rekuUnited. Zvisinei, chete chiduku chikamu muviri anogona kuwanda zvinenge paakangowana akazviratidza. Ndicho nyore utachiona vanogona kugoverana maminitsi 20 kubvira pakutanga upenyu. Chimwe ndiko kutanga ruchikonzera, unofanira akure.

The vakawanda Pfungwa kukura

Saka, zvipenyu agare panyika uye imomo. Huge nhamba vavo, kwete kupa nhoroondo, vachiridza kwemazuva, kwemavhiki, mwedzi uye makore. Vakawanda kubereka havafaniri kuwana zvitsva features, kureva zvimwe kune avo vagamuchira pashure chitarisiko chake. Asi neakawanda emamwe inodiwa. Vanongouya vanofanira kukura, kureva kuwedzera kukura uye kuumba, ndiko, kuti vawane zvitsva mabasa.

The kukura kwacho unonzi morphological hombe muviri saizi. Richangobva kuumbwa Kuva mupenyu kukura, kumhanya metabolic pezvakaitwa yavo chemhando kushingaira chechetere. Chete kuwedzera muviri Kukura zvinobvira chidzoke pezvivako zvitsva nechokwadi dzimwe mabasa. Nokuti kukura nhengo muviri - iri anoenderana urongwa, chimwe nechimwe chiri mugumisiro mumwe: kureba chendangariro kugadzirwa uye pakuzadzisa kunowedzera kugona kukura.

Private kunzwisisa kukura

Kukura kwomuviri chokuita ne kuti run mu newokuti mumwe. Kare, kunzwisisa kuti panofanira kutanga kukura, uye vakuru vakuru itsva nechokwadi kwaita itsva mashandiro chichakurukurwa riri inonzi vakasununguka nzvimbo iri nechomukati ezvinhu muviri. About 150 apfuura zvakanzi vaidavira kuti pakutanga pane kukura, zvino kukura, ipapo kukura zvakare, uye zvichingodaro kuburikidza kutenderera. Nhasi, kunzwisisa yakasiyana zvachose: pfungwa kukura vari pezvakaitwa, izvo kana asina kufanana, asi anowanikwa pamwe chete.

Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti marudzi maviri kukura anomira zvipenyu: Linear uye volumetric. It akadana Linear kuwedzera Kureba muviri uye nhengo dzayo, uye inzwi - kuwedzera muviri mhango. The budiriro anewo yayo Kusiyanisa. Govera nomumwe uye zvipenyu kukura. Individual kunosanganisira kuunganidza dzakananga mashandiro uye unyanzvi rimwe mhando muviri. A howa kukura - ndiyo kuvandudzika itsva mhando vaikwanisa Somuenzaniso, zvishoma agokwanisa kuchinja mamiriro ezvinhu dzokugara, kana kuti agadzirise kare pasingagarwi nzvimbo.

The reshiyo mu unicellular zvinenge kukura

The rakapedza upenyu chete-celled zvinenge ishoko inokwanisa masero mhenyu. In zvipuka zvine masero akawanda iyi iri kwenguva yakareba, uye nokuti kukura nokushingaira. Asi unicellular (utachiona uye protists) zvisikwa zvakare kugadzikana. Vari kushingaira kusachinja uye vangapanana majini zvinhu pamwe dzakasiyana mhando okuva. Nekuti nedanho kukura (mu nyaya kupanana majini) haatarisiri kuwedzera kukura muchitokisi kwemabhakitiriya, kureva kukura kwayo.

Zvisinei, rekukwazisa sero anogamuchira mashoko matsva nemagene kuburikidza kupanana plasmids, mapuroteni usage kunodiwa. Nhodzera rine mashoko zvikuru marongerwo. Izvi zvinhu zviri kuratidzwa yedzinza, sezvo puroteni itsva kunovimbisa basa idzva. Kana basa kunotungamirira vawedzere simba, mashoko aya masero ari kuburitswa kumarudzi ramangwana. Kana pasina ukoshi kana hazvina kubereka chero kukuvadza, masero vakaurawa mashoko akadaro, nokuti iduku chine musoro kupfuura vamwe.

The zvipenyu kukosha kukura kwevanhu

Chero zvipuka zvine masero akawanda ane zvakawanda zvimwe pane unicellular. Uyezve, ane zvakawanda zvinhu kupfuura imwe muchitokisi kwakataramuka. Nekuti kukura muviri uye kukura kwomuviri - ndiyo pfungwa zvikuru-chaicho zvipuka zvine masero akawanda. Kana kutsvaka imwe chitarisiko chawo kunoda zvimwe chivako, kukura uye zvokukura pezvakaitwa zvakakodzera uye kufadza dzekuno "injini" mumwe.

ruzivo All pamusoro nezvaanogona, uko zvinokwanisika kuvandudza, vaumbe ari genome. Muchitokisi chimwe nechimwe chezvisikwa zvipuka zvine masero akawanda ane chete magene yakatarwa. Mukutanga okukura uye kugadzira rimwe sero rinokamukana kakawanda. Saka, pane kukura, kureva, nokuwedzera kukura kunodiwa kuti kukura (the kwaita itsva mabasa).

Kukura zvipuka zvine masero akawanda makirasi siyana

Kamwe womunhu anouya hwakanaka, kukura uye zvokukura pezvakaitwa zvinodzikamiswa nemumwe kune imwe nguva. Akadana vasungwe Linear kukura. The muviri miganhu vari achitaurwa nevanopinda majini acho, kufanana ganda ruvara, uye zvichingodaro. Uyu ndiwo muenzaniso polygenic mitemo nhaka iyo ichiri havaratidzi kunzwisisa. Kunyange zvakadaro, zvakajairika physiology akadaro kuti muviri ukure haagoni kuramba nokusingaperi.

Zvisinei, izvi kazhinji runowanzoitika mhuka, shiri, amphibians uye dzimwe nezvinokambaira. Somuenzaniso, garwe rinogona kukura zvose hwake, uye kukura muviri wake chete zvishoma upenyu hupfupi uye dzimwe ngozi anogona kumirira iye racho kosi. Plants kuita kukura zvose upenyu, kunyange zvazvo, Chokwadi, tine cultured mhando umo mano ichi kusvika hwakaipa.

Zvinoumba kukura muurongwa chaivo

Muviri kukura nhengo rinotungamirirwa nekugadzirisa matambudziko akawanda ayo chokuita inokosha ehupfumi zvinhu zvipenyu. Chekutanga, azvaiitwa zvinodiwa kuti Implementation pakati nhaka zvinhu: saibva zvinenge vanoberekwa, kukura, kuwana kubereka mashandiro hwose. Ipapo kubereka vana, uye kubereka kutenderera inodzokororwa.

Zvinoreva kukura rechipiri - iri Colonisation ndima itsva. Pasinei hachifadzi zvakanga vairiziva, asi pachisikirwo dzose chimiro nhema katsika kuwedzera, kureva ufambe kuwedzera nhamba nzvimbo uye zvikamu. Izvi zvinoita makwikwi, rinova injini okukura kwemarudzi. Muviri inongogara aikwikwidzana kwavo ndima dzinogarisana, kunyange hazvina kudaro kuchioneka. Zvikurukuru, anofanira kurwa zvakasikwa zvikanganiso muviri wake, uye pamwe duku utachiona.

kukura Basics

Pfungwa yokuti "kukura muviri" uye "kukura nhengo" rinogona kunzi zvikuru zvakadzama. Somuenzaniso, ari kukura - harisi chete kuwedzera kukura, asi chokuwanziridza nhamba nemasero. Mumwe muviri zvipuka zvine masero akawanda unotora munhu muzvizhinji kuti zvokutanga zvinoriumba. Zvino zvipenyu zvokutanga dzakabatana ndivo masero mapenyu. Kunyange zvazvo nemavhairasi vasiri masero, asi ichiri kunzi mupenyu, pfungwa iyi dzinofanira kudzokororwa.

Kunyange zvakadaro, sero ichiri - vashoma zvose nepakati gadziriro kukwanisa kurarama uye ushande. The kuwedzera muchitokisi kukura uye nadkletochnyh zvivako, uyewo kuwedzera nhamba yavo ndiyo hwaro kukura. Izvi zvinoshandawo zvose dzinza uye kuti vhoriyamu kukura. The budiriro inobvawo pane kuwanda kwavo, nokuti mamwe masero, chikuru kukura kwomuviri, saka mamwe wakapamhama nharaunda muviri anogona nokugaramo.

The Social kukosha kukura kwevanhu

Kana tikafunga kukura kwemasayendisiti chete pamusoro muenzaniso womunhu, zvinoita sokuti vamwe gangaidzo. Kukura kunokosha, nekuti kukura kwevanhu kubereka muviri chikuru achityaira chinhu. Unhu, muviri saibva, kazhinji asingakwanisi kupa zvimwe mwana. Uye ichi ndicho yakanaka pfungwa shanduka Zvisinei, sezvo chokwadi, zvinoita kunonzwisiswa nhingi noruzhinji.

Ndicho kuvapo kwenzanga - iri gangaidzo, nokuti akamudzivirira kunyange utano undeveloped murume nekuti rezvedzidzo mano enviable kana zvimwe kubudirira kukwanisa kuroora uye kubereka vana. Chokwadi, inowanzotorwa physiology haachinji zvarinotaura zviri vanhu pasina chirwere, asi zvishoma panyama yakatanga pane vamwe. Asi zviri pachena kuti kukura muviri - ndiwo hukuru nemagene. Kamwe vari maduku, saka zvishoma pane mamwe unhu anokwanisa kuchinja kuchinja mamiriro dzezvakatipoteredza.

Human munzanga

Kunyange zvazvo munhu akachinja magariro pachavo, uchiri akatarisana nematambudziko zvinhu. Survival mavari - ndiko mubvunzo kuchinja. Asi pano pane rimwe vokubereka gangaidzo: murume nhasi chinopukunyuka ari muvanhu. Zviri conglomerate vanhu, izvo equalizes mikana kupona mune mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu.

Pane vari kushanda uye zvipenyu zvaisazogona pakati Kuchengetedzwa kwemarudzi, nekuti zvikuru zvinotyisa ezvinhu, vanhu vashomanana chete hanya pachake. Nokuti nguva kunobatsira kuti tirambe ari muvanhu, ipapo kukura muviri havagoni kuva pasina izvozvo. Man kunyange akatanga mutauro yokukurukura munharaunda, uye naizvozvo mumwe nzendo pave nomunhu uye kwemarudzi kuridzidza.

Kubva pakuzvarwa, murume haasi kukwanisa kutaura chete chinoita ruzha, kuratidza kutya kwake uye hasha. Zvadaro, sezvo kukura uye nzvimbo mumutauro zvakatipoteredza, izvozvo zvinoenderana, anoti shoko rokutanga, uye ipapo anopinda zvakazara inzwi kuonana nevamwe. Ichi chinhu zvikuru nguva yayo kukura, nokuti pasina vanhu uye pasina kwadzakabva kurarama mairi munhu muduku unoenderana upenyu mumamiriro ezvinhu.

Nguva kukura muviri womunhu

Nhengo dzose, kunyanya zvipuka zvine masero akawanda, vanoverengeka mumatanho wayo kukura. Vanogona funga muenzaniso munhu. Kubva panguva yokunambwa uye paumbwe zygote wakapfuura zvokukura embryogenesis uye fetogeneza. The yose Chiito kukura chete-celled zygote kuti muviri zvinoda 9 months. Aberekwa kwechikuva rokutanga nhengo kunotanga upenyu kunze mudumbu. Inonzi ari neonatal nguva, huchavapo mazuva 10. Next kwairi - muchipfuva zera (kubvira pamazuva 10 mwedzi 12).

Mushure mucheche kunotanga muduku, huchavapo kusvika 3 years, kubvira 4 kusvika 7 makore kunotanga muduku nguva. Kubva 8 kusvika 12 makore vakomana nevasikana kusvika makore 11 munzvimbo mushakabvu (wechipiri) mwana. Uye kubvira 11 kusvika 15 makore vasikana uye makore 12 kuti vakomana uye 16 Zara panguva yokuyaruka. Boys kuva majaya kubva pamakore 17 uye kusvika makore 21, uye nevasikana - kubva 16 kusvika 20 makore. Iyi ndiyo nguva apo vana vave vakuru.

Adolescence uye munhu mukuru

Zviya, sezvo kuyaruka anonzi venhaka vana zvakaipa. Vane majaya, uyo, kubvira 22 kusvika pamakore 35 vari kusangana wokutanga zera dzakura. Second varume vakakura kutangira pa 35 akaguma nemakore 60, uye vakadzi kubva 35 kusvika 55 makore. Uye makore 60 '74 inotanga vakura zera. Age physiology kuratidzwa chaizvo zvinoratidza kuchinja kuitika mumuviri womunhu ari mararamiro, asi chirwere uye hunhu upenyu vanhu vakwegura paaivatambudza geriatrics.

Pasinei chiitiko zvokurapa, hunofa, chikuru iyi. Sezvo kukura mumuviri munhu agumisa uye uderedze involution, matambudziko zvinooneka zviri kuwedzera. Asi kukura, kuti ndiye, kutsvaka zvitsva mashandiro, kushanda haagumiri, kana kuonekwa kwepfungwa ndege. Pakuurayiwa physiology pakukura Chokwadi, uyewo ruchigona involution. Zvasvikira vaifanira munguva kubva 75 kusvika 90 makore (makumi), uye anoramba kuva-refu refu, ndakakunda zera chipingamupinyi makore 90.

Zvinoumba kukura muhupenyu nguva

Age physiology zvinoratidza unhu dzakasiyana nguva muupenyu kukura uye kukura. Chinotaura pamusoro nokukanganisika pezvakaitwa uye nzira inokosha kuchembera. Sezvineiwo, hapana nzira zvinobudirira itibatsire kukwegura, saka vanhu vachiri kufa nokuda vaunganidza pamusoro hwose kukuvara. The muviri ukure chinoguma pashure pemakore 30 uye, maererano vanachiremba vakawanda, atova nemakore 25 okuberekwa. Panguva iyoyo zvinoita anomira uye kukura chaiko zvinogona kuzodzosera kutanga kana basa rakaoma riri pamusoro. In siyana nguva kukura vanofanira kushanda iwe, nokuti inonyatsobudirira shanduka mashandiro. Pashure pezvose, kunyange simba nemagene zvido hazvigoni chinozoiswa pasina kurovedza uye tsika.