Hune chikamu shoko. Chiperengo zvinokosha mativi mashoko

Morphemic Kuongororwa mashoko - chimwe chezvinhu zvakaoma, asi sei zvakarurama vakanongazve hune chikamu shoko pakuti yaro yakarurama chiperengo. Morpheme munyaya nokuumbwa mashoko matsva, mazita avo akaratidza pachishandiswa shoko inotungamirwa. Kudzidza mashoko giredhi 5th, ipapo vari wechinomwe, vari inodzokororwa kudzidza unoti "Shoko inotungamirwa". Sezvaunogona kuona, ruzivo morphemics - mumwe Dzinovaka hwokuvakira mutauro. Chiperengo tsunga chinzvimbo hama kune dzimwe morphemes, kushushikana, uye lexical zvaanoreva phonemes hunoumba. Izvi zvinoreva rinokosha kweshoko, zvavari, sei kunyora, tsanangura munyaya ino.

Morphemics - science pamusoro zvikamu kutaura

Morphemics chikamu sayenzi mutauro sezvo kurangwa kuti vanodzidza rinokosha shoko nomumwe, uyewo Kuronga chiratidzo. Morpheme - rinokosha shoko, iro anosarudza ukoshi hwayo. Midzi suffix, chivakashure uye kuguma, nheyo - zviri morpheme.

Gurai mashoko ari basa shoko, uyewo pamusoro mamiriro pachinhu mumwe. Mudzi - ichi ndicho chikuru chikamu hunogutsa mashoko. Pasina izvozvo, chiratidzo hahugoni kuvapo. Iye nguva dzose. Dzimwe kutaura zvinonzi affixes. Zvichienderana chinzvimbo, vari rakakamurwa prefixes (vamire pamberi mudzi) uye suffixes (riri pashure mudzi) uye flexion. Ivo zvisingapindirani basa reDare.

Vamwe morpheme munyaya nokuumbwa itsva mashoko, suffix, chivakashure. Vamwe (flexion) chimiro girama siyana.

Zvinorevei rinokosha shoko? Mhinduro iri nyore - Ivo kukanganisa kukosha kwayo, zvivakamutauro kana lexical. Unogona kuganhura shoko migove, mabhii kana mabhii boka. Asi yokuti kukosha ukama chavainacho havazodyari.

mudzi

Ngatitange pamwe rinokosha chikamu pasina asina kufunga shoko - mudzi wawo. It akapedzisa huru lexical zvinoreva.

With pfungwa yacho morpheme chokuita - chete mudzi shoko. Ava zviratidzo kuti vane midzi. Of cognate mashoko vakaumba matendere, zvikuru uye zviduku. Saka, mumashoko mbiriso chete mudzi rimwe shoko - mbiriso. Uye shoko nyeredzi dendere zvikuru: nyeredzi, nyeredzi, yomuchadenga, renyeredzi, uye vamwe vakawanda.

Chokubvisa mudzi zvakafanira havatsananguri lexical zvinoreva shoko. Saka, vachiridza mashoko akafanana vangava midzi dzakasiyana: chando mukati zvinoreva chiedza chando uye pfunha nezvekukosha pfunha. Kana wokutanga ravaIndia -moroz-, rechipiri - -moros-. Sezvaunogona kuona, zvinokosha dzimwe chiperengo mashoko, uye kunyanya midzi, zvikurukuru pakuti avo kutsunga uye lexical zvaanoreva.

Panewo multi-aikoshesa midzi. Saka, -vod- mudzi zviviri nezvaanoreva. Kana tiri kutaura pamusoro pamashoko kutyaira, goho, kondakita, kutungamirira, mudzi uyu zvinoreva chiito. Mumashoko emvura, mvura, mudzi dhaivha mutengo -vod- rinoreva chavanopinda kuti mvura.

orfogrammy mudzi

Mudzi - hune chikamu shoko, mumwe chiperengo iyo inofanira kubatwa nokungwarira. Handiti zvinonzi akagumisa dzinokosha lexical rinoreva. Kune akawanda orfogramm morpheme ichi. Vari zvakabatana kuti rakatumbuka mitinhimira mavhawero uye nemavara, uyewo vaya graphemes izvo tarisa simba chinzvimbo.

Roots vane rakatumbuka mavhawero kuyeuka. Kazhinji anogona rakakamurwa pakawanda:

1. Ongorora nzvimbo kunetseka. Saka, muna midzi -gar - / - gor- tsamba yakanyorwa uye akasimbisa, mune zvimwe zviitiko zvose - ose: kupisa, Tan. Chete Midzi -zar - / - Zor; -klan - / - klon-; -tvar - / - okusika.
2. Akaongorora anoteverwa tsamba. It Midzi -lag- (a) / - nhema; -kas- (a) / - CBS; -rast - / - rasch - / - ros-, uyewo vakawanda midzi pamwe alternation E / uye: -ber - / - Beer; -der - / - dir-; Perot - / - PIR nevamwe. Mienzaniso: tenda / isa; akagunzva / sekubata; chirimwa / kurima / mibhedha; tora / I kutora.
3. Ndakaongorora madudziro emazwi. Tarisa mashoko inzwi rakanga unstressed: takunda - takunda. Last - the ongororo shoko iro tsamba E umire kuvhunduka chinzvimbo.

Kana unpronounceable nemavara, ndiko kuona zvinodiwa tsamba, unofanira kuwana mashoko kuboka zvakanaka zvinodiwa wakanzwikwa: Honest - kukudzwa. Shoko rechipiri - ongororo.

kuzviuraya

End - okukura chikamu shoko. Kunoratidza kwayo zvivakamutauro zvinoreva (munhurume, nhamba, nyaya). Zvingava razero.

Sezvo zvimwe zvikamu kutaura kusingasanganisiri kuchinja Chimiro - havana magumo. Isa izvi zvikamu kutaura razero nekuguma - munhu zvakakomba. Zvinoratidza kuti vanhu havanzwisisi kuti ichi anotaurawo zvahunoreva chikamu shoko. Ndivo zvikamu matauriro akadai:

• Dudzirachiito.
• Gerund.
• Boka duku invariable adjectives (tsvukuruka).
• The okufananidza mwero adjectives.
• Boka duku possessive zvisazitasingwi (izvozvo, ivo).

Saka, shoko "musha" - ane razero nekuguma, sezvo shoko "shure" kugumisa ikoko, nokuti chinhu dudzirachiito - invariable mukukurukurirana.

To nemazvo kuziva magumo, zvakakodzera kuchinja shoko iri nyaya, vanhu kana nhamba. Kuti chikamu rwokutaura, iyi nyaya dzakasiyana-siyana uye zvichaguma: rwakaimbwa - vakaimba, uye vaiimba, uye vaiimba, kana pamusoro pamakomo, asi makomo, s, vakasuwa makomo.

chiperengo harinzwi

Yakarurama iri zvazvakaipira panoperera yokunyorwa emazita sezvinotevera: zvinokosha kuona declination nomazvo. The Kuderera wokutanga dative muzvizhinji emazita uye prepositional kunosanganisira kunyora ndokuguma -e: rusvingo-e, rusvingo-e. It hairevi emazita vachipedzisira -iya.

Second declension harinzwi -e inoda chete prepositional: imba-e-e megore. Kunze - Mashoko vachipedzisira vachiwirirana / -ie: a chiumbwa chomufananidzo wenyika, nhaka.

Third declension kunoda kupera S muuzhinji emazita ari dative, genitive uye prepositional: mwanasikana waamai vake.

Kana munhu harinzwi rechiito, zvinokosha kuziva zvakarurama conjugation: pakupedzisira I ane tsamba E kana Y (w) (-esh / -ete / weddill, etc.). Mienzaniso: pash-kudya pash-ete, pash, ut.

Muna II conjugation - tsamba uye uye (I) (-ish / -ite / -AT and said.). Mienzaniso: utambanudzire-Ishi, muAmori-ndichinanavira, utambanudzire-NY.

The chivakashure uye suffix

Chero rinokosha kutaura munyaya nokuumbwa itsva? chivakashure ichi uye suffix. Kunyaradzai - iri rinokosha shoko, inomira pamberi mudzi. The suffix iri shure kwavo. Saka, kubva pamashoko shamwari achibatsirwa prefixes asiri muvengi wezvamatongerwe shoko, uye kana tinoshandisa -tuples suffix, tinowana shoko shamwari. Unogona kushandisa morphemes maviri, ipapo iwe kuwana shoko munharaunda. Dzakashandiswa vanonzi risinganyatsozivikanwi kuti rakabva papi prefixed, suffix uye platformers-suffix.

Kuwedzera okukura basa, suffixes vanogona kuumbwa. Saka, nokuti paumbwe zvatoitika rechiito suffix inoshandiswa -l- (vakaimba kuverengwa).

Chiperengo suffixes pamusoro verbs

Orfogrammy ari suffix riri kushanda panguva imwe mukukurukurirana. Ngationgororei zvikuru nevanhu.

Verbs kuziva mitemo zvinotevera:

1. -ova suffixes - / - eva-; -iva / -yva-. Chiperengo kuongorora nzira iri munhu aripo nguva amire kuchisazitasingwi rokutanga. Kana chimiro ichi rinoshandiswa -s / -yuyu, kuti suffix Rinopereterwa -ova - / - eva-. Zvikasadaro -iva - / - yva-.
2. Suffixes pakati rechiito siyana - ari sakaramende - takatsunga nokuda conjugation rechiito iro ezviri aumbwa. Wokutanga kunosanganisira conjugation -usch - / - yusch- rwechipiri -asch - / - yasch-.

Chiperengo chipauro suffix

chipauro suffixes kutevera mitemo:

1. -ev suffixes - / - iv- kusimbisa zvinofanira kuongororwa. The simba nzvimbo tsamba yakanyorwa, uye mune simba - tsamba e, Somuenzaniso, wakanaka, kurwa .. -chiv suffixes - / - rainfalls rinyorwe nehana, uye unstressed nzvimbo.
2. Chiperengo N uye nn mune chipauro suffix kunoenderana marongerwo emashoko uye kushandisa suffix. Saka, shoko aumba kubva Misty suffix N shoko bvungapfunga. Rakanyorwa nn nekuti nn riri panosangana morphemes maviri. -onn chipauro suffix - / - enn- nguva dzose akanyorwa HH: echimurenga upenyu.

Chiperengo suffix emazita

Kunyora kuvapo orfogramm ari suffix - pazita. anotevera mitemo:

1. Kana tiri kutaura pamusoro suffix inotaridza basa, pamberi t, D, s, s, W akanyorwa -chik-. Somuenzaniso, mumwe mutyairi wendege, mumwe defector, Asphalt, asi lamplighter, asi ferryman. Zvinofanira kurangarirwa kuti -tel- suffix zvakanyorwa chete ne E: mudzidzisi, mudzidzisi.
2. A guru boka diminutive suffixes, uyewo kunoda kushanda mitemo. Sei vari chokuita kunetseka, uye pamwe yekupindurwa shoko fomu. -tuples suffixes - (- Ek) Onokov (-enok-) kuvimba kunetseka. The simba nzvimbo anogara zvakanyorwa pamusoro: Galchonok, kushachok, asi kakatsi.
3. Kushandura Zvinoonekwa uye chimiro shoko zvinotevera nyaya: -ek- kana -ik- cheki sezvinotevera: akaisa shoko iri genitive. A rwakapetwa tsamba -ek-, zvimwe - -ik-. Somuenzaniso: muhomwe (hapana Homwe), kiyi (pasina kiyi). Kana yechipiri tsamba uye vakasiya, saka anochengeterwa suffix. -ets suffix - / - its- tarisa, kusarudza rudzi. In varume vachava -ets-, zvechikadzi uye neuter - -its-: mukoma, asi mvura nemapfekero.

chiperengo inonyaradza

Kusiyana suffixes orfogrammy mu inonyaradza zvakafanana zvikamu zvose kutaura.

1. Chikamu mabhokisi yakatarwa-pamusoro vanofanira kuyeuka Misiyano kunyora kwavo hakusi mutauro wokuRussia. Most kupararira: c; nekuona; The hama; pamberi; a. Mienzaniso: regai vapoterere, achazunza, zvinokambaira, zvinokambaira.
2. Yakashatiswa mumufambiro inonyaradza vachipedzisira S / s zvakafanira kuongorora ruzha, unotanga mudzi. Kana ane vataura nzvanyira kana nzvanyira - kunyora chero zvimwe - pamwe. Udane (s, unotanga mudzi, vataura) kana akamuka (mudzi rinotanga N matsi inzwi).
3. Kana mudzi kunotanga, uye zvinofanira ne s, panyaya kana chivakashure chinoguma nenzira nzvanyira. Background, kudhirowa, kunyengedzwa.
4. A boka chaiye prefixes chi- / pri-. kunyora kwavo kunobva pakuti lexical zvinoreva kuti morpheme ichi anotaurawo. Saka, kana tiri kutaura pamusoro incompleteness kushamwaridzana uye nzira - achanyorwa pri-. Somuenzaniso, kumahombekombe (pedo negungwa), zvishoma akazaruka (kwete zvakazara wakashama), achiuya (kusvika).