Gothic

Gothic - Nguva kukura Ages European unyanzvi, iyo yakatanga muna 1140 muna Ile-de-France (Paris, uye nharaunda yakapoteredza) uye kupfuurira kusvikira anenge 1500-1550 makore, achipa nzira Renaissance. Izvi zvakajeka zvikuru richiratidzwa Gothic mapurani uye akasvibiswa mahwindo magirazi, asiwo chivezwa, kupenda, murals, zvakavhenekerwa manyoro.

Mumwe dzepamusorosoro manyorerwo ivhu - Notre Dame muParis (Notre-Dame de Paris).

Kutaura zvazviri, mavakirwo kuti nguva yakanga pamusana ane dambudziko okugadzira. How kufukidza hukawanika makuru ari kumusoro kukwira nedombo? Kunyange zvazvo machechi akawanda vokutanga Middle Ages vaiva ceilings yakafukidzwa namatanda, zvivako zvakawanda vaiva ibwe Semi-cylindrical hwakavigwa mumakamuri (kumativi Arch) kana mbabvu muhudyu. Mokupera shongwe hazvo chaizvo gobvu, angakudzivisai zvokunze Kurwisa, pamwe mahwindo diki - ndiyo zvinhu kuitwa zviri Romanesque manyorerwo.

Gothic yakatanga kunyanya mapurani, kuvaka muna 1130 muna Abbey Church of St. Denis.

Nemhaka itsva kuedza ezvivako, ivo 1110 wacho, akatendeuka kuparadzira rusvingo (ari zvinoriumba), kushandisa yakawanda "mobile" zvinhu musangano nzvimbo - semuenzaniso, akanongedzera maberere, akanga vakasiyana dzeraundi yakaderera divi zvitsigiso kuti kuvabvumira nyore kuchinja kuti mahwindo zvakasiyana upamhi uye kukwirira. Uyezve, chirongwa chakatangwa dzakabudirira ibwe yakatarwa mbabvu kuparadzira kurema mbiru uye akatakura pasi pano, ibwe Maberere aigona maererano kuitwa kupenya uye wakawondereiko kudai mazuva ose.

Hayo Masvingo vakagovera mahwindo makuru. Muna 1170-ies, izvo zvinokosha zvikuru, kubhururuka buttresses akatanga kuonekwa (rokunze ukaramba yokufeva, mhando buttresses), zvakasimba chokuita Gothic mapurani. Flying buttresses maitiro ane mbiri kuurongwa: hombe wehunyambiri chinogumbura masonry (rutsigiro) kubva kunze chivakwa uye segmental Arch kwemauto kana kubvisa musiyano uri pakati rutsigiro uye rusvingo.

Gothic kwemanyorero kumuti, maererano zvitatu zvinokosha nguva: mangwanani (kana French Gothic), vakakura (kana mukuru gothic), uye gare gare, vanonzi "unopfuta" Gothic.

The zita "Gothic" (kubva Italian shoko "Gothic" - kujairika, barbarous) rakapiwa tsika munguva iri Renaissance mapurani uye theorist ounyanzvi Dzhordzho Vazari. Saka, akataura kushora twasa, uchizvienzanisa yekare unyanzvi. Zvechokwadi, pamazuva ano ose nekambani tinyatsonzwisisa Vasari kare hapana inokamukana, asi zita iri zvakanaka yakasimbiswa, zvishoma nezvishoma zvakajairika, kurasikirwa zvakaipa overtone. Mune Renaissance, gothic art chainzi zvikuru se "manyorero German" - Tsanangudzo, aivawo ne Vasari.

Zvinofanira kuzivikanwa kuti nokuda kwemabasa Goethe kuti vakazvipira German mapurani, chaizvoizvo chaionekwa somunhu National uri pairi, uyewo mune dzimwe nyika. Izvi zvairatidza revaluation vachibvuma Ages art.

With kuwedzera chivimbo ezvivako kuchamhembe kweFrance, uye nokukurumidza Europe yose, vaikwikwidzana rudzi nhangemutange kukunda dzakakwirira. Mumwe yakatarwa pakati Church idzva, sezvo mutemo, zvinofanira kuva akakwirira kupfuura mamita shoma, pane ayo vamutangira.

Kukwirira mukati menyika Cathedral kumukuru pfungwa yechiKristu - tariro inofadza kubva pasi nyika kuti nyika yokudenga.

Gothic akitekicha kunorondedzerwa pfungwa. Sculpture kuvanzwira tsitsi yakasungirirwa payo, vanenge mukutanga nezvishoma. Pamusoro pamadziro dzemachechi makuru, kunyanya vakakomba portal, takaramba kuita makandira kukuru, asi vakavapoteredza akaronga mitsara zvivezwa.

Mutsindo ruzivo yakakura mapurani uye akapfuma Stained magirazi mahwindo, dzimwe nguva kufukidza yose kukwirira meimba. Akashongedzwa mifananidzo kubva muBhaibheri, nhoroondo dzeupenyu vatsvene, inofananidza vaprofita nevamwe Vanhu vezvitendero, mahwindo yakasvibiswa-regirazi vaiva chikuru vavariro iri maonero ari Cathedral sechinhu compendium chiKristu. Muzana remakore rechigumi nematatu, mumwe mutemo unoti nyaya dzakawanda Church iri akakura window- "Rose", riri iro anofananidzirwa pakati Mwari, Iisus Hristos, neMhandara Maria vakapoteredzwa Cosmos.

Mukupera rechi14, mune kutarisira Renaissance, Gothic akawana zvimwe zvenyika zvinhu. Mumwe mukuru vamiririri iyi ndiyo Simone Martini.

Over nguva Gothic-gore 400 kupinda kwose art. Shamrocks, akataura maberere, dzimwe mapurani zvemaoresa akaonekwa kugogodza, minamato midziyo, makuva, mupfumi pakunamata nguvo, diptych anokosha, uyewo enyika nenhumbi - fenicha, ndiro.