Chii hurongwa "mukomberedzo" uye kuti inoshanda sei. Nuclear maitiro "mukomberedzo"

Mukupindura zvichangobva kuitika munyika: dambudziko, hurumende uye nezvombo mukakavadzane Ukraine, kurwisana vanofarira uye revitalization vechiIslam State Mauto muSiriya uye Libya, dambudziko kuchengeteka National anova mumwe kudiwa dzakawanda nyaya. Panguva apo ose nyika zvikuru kana anotova kugona zvenyukireya, kana kugadzirira kundoitora, hapana munyika haagoni kuva zvachose chokwadi neramangwana rake. Uye zvakaipisisa uye bvungapfunga vanofanira kuonekwa kune vagari ramangwana Russia, zvikuru nyika kubatana zvirango uye ataure pachena kushatirwa kwavo panguva zviito nyika yedu.

On mumapeji mabhuku akawanda Western, muna vaitaura Chirungu network uye pomunhu, varipo kare vakawanda nyaya vachidanidzira zvakananga kuti kutanga emauto remapazi pamusoro Russia. Saka nei vose pakachena kuwedzera haangavi kutanga? Ita shamwari dzedu European uye American akarega ambosaina zvibvumirano? Uye nei, zvino, zvakafanana urongwa hazvikutadzisi kubva pakutanga kuti kunotutirwa Iraq bhomba Siria uye Libya? Nei inoda chinozunguzirwa kuti "Orange nokumukirana" mune dzaimbova nyika dzeSoviet, uye nei zvichikosha chaizvo kuti US kuisa chombo kudzivirira nezvigadziko mukati memiganhu yawo?

Mumwe mhinduro dzemibvunzo inogona akakwana pfungwa yokuti zvombo zvakadaro, sezvo kwegadziriro nechivimbo kutsiva "mukomberedzo".

pakusikwa pfungwa

Ngatidzokerei kwekanguva nenguva uye fungidzira kuti mhuri yedu yaigara munguva "hondo chando." Zvakasimba up "chidzitiro,", kuvapo "muvengi kwokunze" akasimba uye nguva dzose Virtual, vatsigiri pasisina kana zvishoma simba kunze. Pakadaro, chero kwakakodzera akarova aigona kuva vokupedzisira kuti nyika yedu. Uye zvakawanda zvaiitika, zvikuru mashoko American pfungwa shoma pamusoro hondo yenyukireya akazviratidza pachaunga. Maererano nedzidziso iyi, munhu preemptive amurove pamusoro USSR akareva kuparadzwa zvachose sezvo huru murayiro pakati Union, uye murayiro kuurongwa wegadziriro, "Kazbek", uye severance pakati Links RVSN.

Zvakadaro ezvinhu vaizoita musoro uye akapotsa kuparadzwa neHurumende? Chete wokupedzisira ruzha uye akanaka slam mukova, saka zvikuru zvokuti "donje" kwenguva refu akarangarira. Kunyora hondo yokupedzisira chiduku maturo, konzera amurove yenyukireya tide kutsiva kana anotungamirirwa chombo hakuzovi nomunhu kuruboshwe. Ndizvo nepfungwa idzi uye akaisa pamusoro vaitungamirira masayendisiti Soviet kukura rimwe yakaipisisa ano pfuti nokusingaperi kurangarirwa se "anodudzira nezvekuguma kwenyika chombo".

Saka, chii chiri Russian hurongwa "mukomberedzo"? Uye chii zvayo chikuru chinoratidza? "Mukomberedzo" mamiriro - "Dead Hand" - kutaridza otomatiki kudzora yenyukireya ranwa hombe. Chinangwa chikuru nayo - ndiko kuti nechokwadi munhu akavimbisa kushanda zvenyukireya zvombo mubasa pamwe Soviet Union, muna chiitiko kuti nyika vachatambura iri unorema akarova kusvikira muvengi, kuchapedza zvose murayiro zviumbu, anokwanisa kupa murayiro kudzorera rinoshamisa.

Saka, uri chirongwa creators avo, maitiro yenyukireya "mukomberedzo" aigona kuita kugadzirira uye nezvekutanga zvitundumuseremusere kunyange nyaya kana zvose vakaurayiwa, uye kuti arayire kuti Zvaizovawo munhu. Hazvina pfungwa iyi kutsiva, kubudisa nechekare pasi rufu maitiro uye akagamuchira kuMadokero zita rayo rechipiri - "ruoko akafa". KuMabvazuva rainzi chaipo - "The reSheori."

musimboti oparesheni

The Developers yacho mukomberedzo kuchengeteka ezvinhu munyika miganhu vaiva nematambudziko maviri yose. Chekutanga, nyika hurongwa aifanira kupa zvimwe akatodzana chakagadzirwa ungwaru panguva, akakwanisa vakazvimirira kunzwisisa kuti yakanga nguva yake. Chechipiri, zvakanga zvakakodzerawo debug uye kusarudza kure uye kumhanya chirongwa pakuparwa kurongerwa. Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, kwaiva kukwanisa kuongorora mamiriro kwezvakatipoteredza, vachiongorora anenge zana zviratidzo zvakasiyana, uyewo kuva "zvashata akamedura", iro anopindura wakananga rwacho imwe mhando.

Mushure asingabereki kuedza anoverengeka, Developers vakakwanisa kusika zvakaoma, izvo, sezvo rinoshamisa sezvo zvinganzwika, zvakazara zvinodiwa zvavo zvose. Saka chii vakaitei?

Sezvo anozivikanwa, chero kuitika munyika chombo ndinogona kukwira mumhepo chete imwe nyaya - kana pane murayiro wakajeka. Zvinofanira kuchinjwa ndarayira akadaro ridiculously nyore. Command kutaurirana mitsetse bumbiro anotumwa, iyo inobvisa zvose kiyi pamwe maitiro, uye anopa mvumo kuti injini kuvesa. The chitundumuseremusere wakasimudza mumhepo uye akatakura kuti chinangwa chake. Asi chii chauri kuita kana mukana arayire ikoko?

Panyaya iyi, basa kupa mirairo kupa maitiro "mukomberedzo". Akadzidzira yacho uye ongorora nechinzwano zvokunze enyika mamiriro ezvinhu, pasina kana kuvapo kutaurirana netsvimbo, uyewo remagetsi minda munyika, akatora chisarudzo uye akapa murayiro kutanga.

At chiratidzo kubva akangwara nepurogiramu imwe chitundumuseremusere chete akamuka mumhepo, izvo nendege asina akaona muvengi, uye kuburikidza huru nzvimbo Soviet renyukireya chombo hurongwa. Hazvina chitundumuseremusere ichi, izvo, kufanana rose rakaoma rose, aiva musoro "mukomberedzo". Uye riri nokushandisa kwake redhiyo, uye kutumira mureza yose muchiuto nesimba munyika. Kamwe bumbiro yave vagamuchira, zvose zviripo uye mothballed boosters vanoita volley akananga vanonzi muvengi. Saka akavimbisa kukunda atendeuka kanenge imwe unorema kukundwa.

History chokusika

"Mukomberedzo" nokutsividza mamiriro akanga "pamuviri" shure muna August 1974, apo basa riri kutanga rinokosha chombo hurongwa raitwa pamberi "Southern". Pakutanga, sepokuwana muenzaniso chitundumuseremusere zvakanzi akaronga kushandisa MR-muUri-100, asi akazogara musi MR UR1000UTTH.

Draft chirongwa rakapera muna December 1975. Maererano naye, ari chitundumuseremusere yokugadza chaiyo musoro chikamu, izvo zvinosanganisira redhiyo hurongwa yakataurwa OKB LPI. Mukuwedzera waivawo zvakakodzera kusika uye Kudzikamiswa purogiramu yose zvayo kutiza, kuti chitundumuseremusere aiva dzose wezwi iri muchadenga.

Flight kuidzwa Finished chitundumuseremusere yaiitwa pasi kutarisira State Commission, uye pamwe pachake Kupinda of Deputy Mukuru Staff of Strategic Chombo remauto V. V. Korobushina. Kuti aite kuedza zvombo gumi akafanana wakapiwa, asi chokutanga kunotangira shoma vakabudirira zvokuti kwakasarudzwa kurega dzimwe volleys nomwe.

In zvakafanana, mumwe launcher chaiye akasikawo - 15P716. Maererano mashoko akapiwa, ayo chikuru zvinoriumba vari chombo murayiro uye kugamuchira namano izvo zvinopa womuchato mirayiro uye murayiro Codes kubva zvombo.

Maererano unconfirmed mishumo launcher ndowangu zvikuru yakachengeteka Os mhando yakaoma asi dziripowo mukana kuronga murayiro zvombo uye mamwe marudzi zvenhau.

Mushure ndege kuedza creators ari zvakaoma kwave tasked kutanga mamwe mazhinji zvinhu regai munopa kuti vomurova zvombo kwete pasi nemabhuku chete kunzwisisa, asiwo zvenyukireya Ngarava dzepasi pemvura uye kumberi ndege uye wengarava chombo avhiyesheni (zvakafanana vamire pasi, uye kurwisana basa) .

Pakupedzisira ose basa "mukomberedzo" maitiro zvakapedzwa muna March 1982, uye muna January 1985, zvakaoma raitwa kare pabasa, akanga ashumira apo kusvikira pakupera kwa1995.

Zvinoriumba vanobatanidzwa yakatarwa "mukomberedzo"

Chokwadi, tsananguro chaiyo yenhengo zvose wegadziriro uye murayiro nekuita kwavo pamwe chete kwese. Zvisinei, kunyange mumamiriro kunanga mashoko anoratidza kuti mukomberedzo kuchengeteka hurongwa ehurumende miganhu - kunzwisisa multi-yaishandiswa kunzwisisa, akashongedzerwa siyana siyana yokukurukurirana mitsetse uye zvinotakura.

Pane zvakawanda zvekungofungira pamusoro algorithm yacho zvakaoma. Muchiitiko chokutanga, zvinofungidzirwa kuti, kuva pamusoro kugara takangwarira, "mukomberedzo" zvinoda mashoko multiple Tracking mugadziriro, kusanganisira avo kubva mangwanani yambiro radar chombo kurwisa. Mushure akagamuchira anonongedzera vari chakasvitswa vakawanda akazvimirira murayiro mbiru, izvo riri kure zvikuru mumwe vavo nouya kuverengwa (unconfirmed mana chete kwakadaro mbiru).

Zviri muzvinhu izvi uye kunobva zvikuru usingaonekwi zvinoriumba "mukomberedzo" - yayo huru zvionera kuzvidzora-murayiro hurongwa. Unit ichi, ine zvose zviri chakagadzirwa akachenjera, anokwanisa Achipfupikisa humboo chinopfuudzwa kubva akasiyana pakuongorora namagwatidziro, kuti tigumise pamusoro mukana wokuti kurwiswa yenyukireya. Pano nheyo basa kusvika pokupedzisira riri nyore uye inobva ongororo ina dzinokosha ezvinhu.

Aongorora vose vakapiwa data, kuti hurongwa anogumisa kuti, kana akaita nokurwisa yenyukireya. Pashure paizvozvo, achaongorora kuti kutaurirana pamwe General Staff. Kana kubatana aripo, atova kutanga kuwana traction gadziriro iri adzima zvakare. Kana pasina munhu anopindura padzimbahwe, purogiramu anoedza anobatana huru Anti-chombo kuvharidzira nyika - "Kazbek". Kana pasina mhinduro, kuti hurongwa achaita kupa kodzero yokusarudza kuti munhu iyi iri murayiro BUNKER. Kana pasina kuti varege, chete ipapo chirongwa anotanga kushanda.

Chimwe musiyano wezvinyorwa wegadziriro anobvisa mukana chakagadzirwa njere. Anoti Chinyorwa kutanga murayiro zvombo. Maererano nepfungwa iyi, mumwe mashiripiti sutukezi nuke mumaoko musoro wehurumende. Uye vatungamiriri munyika anogona kuisa hurongwa muhondo muoti kana anogamuchira ruzivo pamusoro pokushandisa yenyukireya ranwa hombe.

Pashure paizvozvo, kana zviri kweawa haagamuchiri anonongedzera itsva uye haagoni kuwana nekuonana chero murayiro centre, kwegadziriro "mukomberedzo" Russia vachangoerekana kutanga kutsiva maitirwe ezvinhu. Kana totaura mudonzvo chiratidzo chenhema aramu, zvose kuchengeteka hurongwa "mukomberedzo" zvakare kupinda Tracking muoti. (Anofungidzirwa kukanzura yose nzira zvinotora maminitsi 15.)

Location "mukomberedzo"

Maererano unconfirmed zvinyorwa, huru maoko Russian - zvose dziviriro hurongwa "mukomberedzo" - dziri muna Urals, muna Mount Kosvinsky Kamen. gomo iri Range riri pamusoro Konzhakovsky ibwe iri Northern Urals, wasvika pane nekukwirira 1519 metres uye rinoumbwa kuitwa zvinhu zvakadai sekuimba pyroxenite uye duanitov. Zviri ngaavongwe kwaari, tinogona kutaura dzinongoitika mavambo ari tangi, maererano American wenhau Blair, ndiyo nyaya kuyemurwa iyi neAmerican Nyanzvi dzezvehondo kubvira ipapo yose girenayiti mbiru, unogona kuramba vachikurukurirana uchishandisa VLF redhiyo chiratidzo (pakuwanza kunyange mukutarisana yenyukireya hondo) zvose enyika Russian zvine urongwa avhiyesheni.

Pakutanga nzvimbo yokuvaka BUNKER akashanda kutambisa chinjikira Platinum nezvimbambaira, izvo uye pachavo vave chinhu pakavanda. Duanity, zvinova chicherwa chikuru nokuda kwezvifananidzo zvaAtemisi refractories, mumwe kushanda pakuvheneka nechigumbuso redhiyo mafungu uye rinobvumira muvengi kuziva redhiyo anonongedzera yakarurama chinhu nzvimbo.

Kuti pave nechokwadi risina kumiswa nerubatsiro yakawedzerwa simba mitsetse BUNKER pakuiswa parutivi pake, akaisa bhiriji itsva uye akaita tsvina mugwagwa. musha The pedyo Kytlym zvishoma nezvishoma inokura kuti ukuru kukamba, basa riri kuitwa pasi kuvakwa dzimba itsva mauto nemapurisa, vamwe kwezvivako yakaiswa.

The chikuru kunzwisisa zvombo

The chikuru zvemamiriro kudzivirira system ( "mukomberedzo", sezvo chave unorava) iri kumira-woga murayiro-IPS, izvo zvinosanganisira aro Zvinoumba ose mashoko nzvimbo uye kuongorora uye kunzwisisa murayiro zvombo.

Pakati hurongwa hunoumba "mukomberedzo", vangazivikanwa yoga:

• Center Hospitalier kurwisa utariri hurongwa, iri Sverdlovsk nharaunda pasi pegomo Kosvinsky Kamen.
• The chinjwa centre murayiro uye kuzvidzora.
• 1353 murayiro uye masimba pakati riri pasi Sumy nharaunda, mu Glukhov (1990 kusvika 1991), uye yatovapo zvino zvaitambidzwa kuguta Kartaly.
• 1193 murayiro uye masimba pakati (riri Nizhny Novgorod Region, muna duku muguta Kure Konstantinovo-5 muna 2005).
• 15P175 "sairini" - the Mobile compactor yakaoma murayiro zvombo.
• "Mukomberedzo-RC" - a modernized murayiro chombo hurongwa pamwe murayiro pamusoro chombo RT-2PM "Topol" (pakuyananisira kuhondo basa muna 1990).

Developers

Chokwadi, kugadzirwa uye kugadzwa kwegadziriro ino sandara uye pamwero - haisi imwe gumi. Nokusika hazvina zvaibvira pasina nomazvo uye vakarongeka basa masayendisiti akawanda matarenda. Sezvo "mukomberedzo" (kudzivirira mamiriro "ruoko akafa"), uyewo zvose yenhengo dzayo, achiri zvachose muchivande, uye ipapo kuwana hwakadzama ruzivo pamusoro creators ayo uye kutapwa kwavo hazvibviri.

Pakati mikuru Developers wegadziriro "mukomberedzo" zvakananga kuziva zita munhu mumwe chete - Vladimir Yarynich kuti pashure pokuwa Soviet Union yakaramba kurarama uye kushanda muUnited States, uko akaudza ari kubvunzurudzwa Wired magazini pamusoro kuvapo inosimbiswa kutsiva gadziriro "mukomberedzo". (By nzira, maererano nemazwi Yarynich, kuti hurongwa iri Chinyorwa kuzvidzora iri kusashanda, uye zvarayirwa Musoro State.)

About vamwe creators ari zvakaoma anozivikanwa zvishoma. Saka, kuita magadzirirwo uye kugadzwa midziyo zvaida makambani. Key pakati pavo - ane NGO "zvechivhurumukira" rinotungamirirwa V. Melnikov, CDB "Geophysics" pasi GF Ignatieff, TSKBTM pamwe BR Aksyutin uye nevamwe vakawanda.

Basa iri "mukomberedzo" raitungamirirwa shumiro zhinji zvakasiyana uye masangano, izvo chinenge asingatsananguriki chokuti pakusikwa zvakaoma aichengeterwa zvakavanzika kwenguva refu.

Current chinzvimbo uye nokushanda zvakaoma

About njodzi iyi "ruoko afa," zvishoma zvinozivikanwa. Maererano nemagwaro, munyika mukomberedzo kuchengeteka maitiro akamira mubasa kusvikira June 1995. Zvino, ari gadziriro chibvumirano pamusoro vakawanda zvombo, akanga vakabviswa yetsiva basa. Maererano nemamwe mashoko, ndiko chiitiko chinokosha chakaitika muna September 1995, uye mukomberedzo kuchengeteka hurongwa haana kubviswa, asi chete upgraded. Uye yokutsiva 15A11 chitundumuseremusere chikwata akauya chizvarwa chitsva chombo RT-2PM "Topol".

Rakarurama umboo hunotsigira mamiriro ezvinhu ari asiko. Zvisinei, muna 2009, American magazini Wired akaudza zvakare vaverengi vake kuti zvombo Russian - kwegadziriro "mukomberedzo" - kuchiripo uye chichiri kushanda. Data aya nekusimbiswa December 2011, Mutungamiriri wenyika Strategic Chombo Forces, refutenendi-General S. Karakaevym, uyo akati zvakare bvunzurudzo kuti zvakaoma vari wakaderera ezvinhu uye ari takamuka.

Uyewo kubva unconfirmed manyuko kuti riri richiri pabasa "mukomberedzo" (unodzivirira mamiriro "akafa ruoko") uye akabvumira V. V. Putinu akati Russia anokwanisa kana uchida kuparadza United States muna isingasviki matatu maminitsi. Kutaura zvazviri, nhasi ndiyo nguva kuti dzimwe nguva kuchengetedza zvido ehurumende uye hazvizovi okushamisira unozvidzinga saka kutaura, mumwe anokumhan'arira.

Ndinoda kutenda kuti "Perimeter" system yegore ra2014, ichiri kushanda uye mune zvayo zvose haisi iyo yakaderera kune mienzaniso yekare.

Mharidzo pamusoro pe "Perimeter"

Sezvazvambotaurwa kare, mabhuku makuru pamusoro pegadziriro akaonekwa mumakore makumi mapfumbamwe emakore ekupedzisira muMadokero neAmerica magazini. Yaiva pepanhau reWired rakatumidza zvakare "Perimeter" system mu "Dead Hand". Mamwe mabhuku akabudiswawo mune dzimwe nguva dzeJapan periodicals. Yaiva nechiedza chavo kuti sangano rekudzorera rakavimbiswa rakazozivikanwa se "The Hand from the Coffin".

Panharaunda yeRussian Federation, kufanana nenyika dzose dzeSoviet-Soviet, kune zvishomanana zvinyorwa pane zvakaoma. Nezvebasa rake mumhinduro dzake dzinotaurwa chete "Rossiyskaya Gazeta". Izwi "Perimeter", "Dead Hand" - aya nemamwe mazita haasati aonekwa muhurukuro. Chinyorwa chikuru chemashoko kune vashandisi vanotaura chiRussia ichiri deta, yakatorwa kubva paInternet uye yakashandurwa kubva mumitauro yekunze.

US retaliation

Hazvikwanisi kutaurwa kuti USSR ndiyo nyika chete yakagadzira zvombo zvakadaro. Saka, kubvira munaFebruary 1961 kusvikira paJune 24, 1990, pakanga pane purogiramu muAmerica iyo yakanga iine mhando imwechete yekushanda se "Perimeter" system. MuUnited States, iyi yakaoma yakanzi "Mirror".

Zviri pachena kuti musiyano mukuru pakati peAmerican uye Soviet complexes inonyatsotaura mubasa revanhu. IU.S. yakavimbika pamaitiro ekushanda emurairo wayo, asi muU.SR vakagadzira zvombo zvemazuva chaiwo akaipa. (Yeuka kuti munyaya yekuona kutyisidzira, ani zvake ari panguva iyoyo mumubhedha, pasinei nenzvimbo yake uye zita rake, anogona kupa chirongwa chekutora urongwa).

MuUnited States, nheyo yezvinetso yaiva 11 ndege "Boeing EU-135C", iyo ndiyo huru yemitemo yemhepo yeUnited States Army, uye 2 ndege, dzinonzi "Kurinda Ziso". Aya ekupedzisira akanga ari mumhepo, achitarisira miganhu yenyika yavo, achiyambuka maAlantic uye Pacific Pacific. Masikirwo emitemo aive nevane vanhu gumi nemashanu, pakati pavo iyo inofanira kunge yakabatanidzwa, iyo, kana pane chero kunze kwekutyisidzira, inogona kukurumidza kurongedza masimba enyukireya enyika yake.

Mushure mokuguma kweCold War, United States yakaramba kutsigira urongwa hwayo, uye iye zvino zvose WCPs zviri mumhepo mana dzenyika uye dziri munharaunda yakakwana yekugadzirira kurwisana.

Mukuwedzera kune iri sarudzo, pakanga panewo dambudziko remauto emitemo muUnited States, iri pa gumi gumi shaft silos. Mirror yakabviswawo kubva kushanda pakutanga kwa1991.

Zvechokwadi, nhasi isu hatifaniri kukanganwa kuti, zvisinei kuti yakajeka sei iri sangano, "Perimeter", asi ichi ichi chiri chimbo chekare. Yakasikwa mumamiriro ezvinhu e "hondo yekutonhora". Uye hazvigoneki nhasi kuti inosangana nehafu yezvinodiwa zvemazuva ano zvombo zvehondo. Zvisinei, chokwadi chokuti zvombo zvakadaro ndizvo zviripo, kuti mabasa ekugadzirisa matambudziko achiri kuenderera mberi, atova chikonzero chakanaka chetariro.