Ecology - ndiwo upenyu

Ecology - sayenzi kuti vanodzidza ukama zvipenyu nemumwe uye zvakavapoteredza. The izwi yakatanga kushandiswa Ernst Haeckel muna 1866. Pari, zvakatipoteredza - ichi ndechimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha sciences zvepanyama, ane zvikuru kukosha youpenyu munhu ano. Kunyange zvakadaro, kuranga ichi vachiri yakawanda makakatanwa pakati masayendisiti vakakurukura chinhu chacho kudzidza, ayo mamiriro, tsanangudzo "ikoroji" uye dzimwe nyaya zhinji. The vakawanda mhedziso kuti zvinogona kuitwa zvakasiyana siyana pfungwa maonero ndiyo zvinotevera: anogona kunzi zvidzidzo kunze kuongorora rinokosha basa zvipenyu zvavo dzinongoitika dzinogarisana chero zvakatipoteredza, unosimbiswa pakati pavo uye vaone kukanganisa kwavo zvakatipoteredza. Uyewo ona kuti kutaura Somuenzaniso, "wakaipa dzinongoitika zvakatipoteredza" kwakaipa, nokuti ikoroji chinhu sainzi, kwete dzezvakatipoteredza maitiro.

The chinhu kudzidza kuti kwezvakatipoteredza machechi utachiona hurongwa: Population, biocenosis, mararamiro. The chinhu kudzidza - kukura izvi hurongwa munguva uye nzvimbo. Ecology - a sayenzi kuti anotsvaka kugadzirisa zhinji siyana matambudziko yokungotaura uye zvinoshanda, isu ichataura anokosha vavo. Saka, mamiriro ezvinhu ari kuedza kumisa mitemo, izvo pakati hwakagadzwa biocenoses zvinobudirira dzinounzwa pfuma zvakakodzera kuti upenyu, uye udzidze kushandisa mitemo iyi pasi ezvinhu munhu vanoshingaira kupindira dzinongoitika kwendangariro.

Sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, zvakatipoteredza - iri nharo zvikuru pasi, uye mamiriro ayo anonzi vaiona zvakawanda: Nyanzvi dzakasiyana dzinoti nharaunda dzakasiyana-siyana ayo pakudzidza. Achitaura kupatsanura pakati kudzidza zvezvakatipoteredza kwevari sangano nyaya mhenyu.

1. Autoekologiya achidzidza vanhu organismal chechetere. Rinoongorora miganhu mamiriro ezvinhu zvezvakatipoteredza umo pangava nomumwe.
2. Population ikoroji inodzidza yevagari revarombo. Rinoongorora mamiriro ezvinhu ayo paumbwe chavagari nemafungiro mavari.
3. Eydekologiya kudzidza nezvemarudzi. Panguva iyoyo, ndizvo kukurumidza nzvimbo muduku zvakatipoteredza, sezvo mubereko kwave kushandisa kubva yevagari pamwero kuti biocenotic pavaigona kutora chikepe chaienda mhando revarombo.
4. Synecology ongororo biocenotic chechetere. Rinoongorora paumbwe uye nesimba pamusoro biocenoses upenyu basa.
5. Global Ecology inodzidza biosphere. Rinoongorora zvapedzisira dambudziko.

Zvichienderana inokosha zvataurwa ikoroji vakaumba itsva dzakawanda uye mamwe basa iri. madhipatimendi Latest kwezvakatipoteredza chaizvo zvakanyatsobatana nedzimwe sayenzi zvipenyu, iyo inotungamirira vawedzere kunyatsoshanda kuti kuferefeta pazvinhu sei.

Academician S. S. Shvarts akati kuti ikoroji "anova yokungotaura hwaro maindasitiri munzanga maitiro evanhu." Maererano nemashoko aya munhu anogona kutonga kukosha nesayenzi zvinorondedzerwa nesu. Nhasi, ikoroji uye hunhu vari vakadzidza munyika dzinoverengeka mumayunivhesiti muna Russian Federation.