Ecology: chinhu uye zvakatipoteredza zvinangwa, nzira

Geosphere mitemo, kutsvaka uye Kuziviswa ukama pakati pomunhu hunhu, uyewo kuvakwa ane Zvakanyanya Kunaka Panguva Yepamuviri muenzaniso nekuita ichi - zvanzi sayenzi ikoroji. Subject uye kwezvakatipoteredza zvinangwa, zvinangwa uye nzira tsvakurudzo - ndezvipi? Izvi huchakurukurwa.

Chii ikoroji?

Iri sainzi, umo, chokwadi, kunoenderana remangwana nzanga yevanhu. Muzana XXI remakore, dambudziko iri ukama pakati murume uye zvakatipoteredza rakawedzera kusvika pokupedzisira, saka huru zvinangwa uye zvakatipoteredza nezvinangwa vanovandira kuwana nzira kugadzirisa kusawirirana.

The zita rinobva maviri anoranga fruit mashoko: "oikos" - "imba, musha" uye "Logos" - "kudzidzisa". Muna 1866, yokutanga kutaurwa sayenzi "ikoroji", pasi uye zvinetso chokuita zvechadenga kukurukurirana munharaunda zvipenyu nemumwe uye zvakatipoteredza. Izwi iri sezvaari musayendisiti wokuGermany Ernst Haeckel pamapeji rinonzi "The mukuru Morphology ezvinhu zvipenyu."

Broadly kutaura, chinangwa pakudzidza ikoroji iri noukama pakati zvinenge uye nyika yakavapoteredza, uyewo kudzidza marongerwo uye sangano zvinhu zvipenyu uye vanhu, kuparadzana zvigadziriswe kuramba takatsiga yavo muchadenga-nguva munda.

Musimboti Ecology XXI-ST remakore

Chete panguva pakuguma XIX remakore yava vakaumba sayenzi ikoroji. The chinhu uye chinangwa chake panguva iyoyo vakanga kungogumira kudzidza ukama zvipenyu pamwe hwaiitwa dzinogarisana. Kutaura zvazviri, zvakadai yakaramba kusvikira makore maviri remakore, apo rarinoshevedzwa zvinhu evasingatombonamati zvipenyu anoranga.

Kunopera rokupedzisira remakore, kwezvakatipoteredza kuri kuva mumwe rokutanga chakaita zvokugadzirwa (interdisciplinary) sayenzi. Mazuva ano, zvave zvichachengetwawo zita rayo Greek. Chokwadi ndechokuti, ayo chaizvoizvo, haisi zvakarurama kwazvo zvinoratidza huru dzezvakatipoteredza zvinangwa.

Modern Ecology XXI Century - sayenzi zvirongwa kuchengetedza uye inogona kuenderera mberi kwoupenyu Panyika yose. Ndiro huru basa chirango ichi, tichibatanidza yokungotaura uye iine zvinhu.

Ecology: yacho uye zvakatipoteredza dambudziko

Asi chikuru methodological midziyo ipi nesayenzi vachida ayo nenyaya uye mabasa akaoma. "Zivo yezvakaita upfumi," - ichi zvaiita Ernst Haeckel ikoroji. Subject uye kwezvakatipoteredza zvinangwa - ndezvipi? Ngatiedzei wofunga nyaya iyi.

Kuti tipindure mubvunzo uyu unofanira kuvimba kuzivikanwa munyika sainzi mugadziriro musimboti. Rinotibatsira kunzwisisa rokudzora enyika sezvo rimwe, Integrated hurongwa. Zvichienderana nheyo enderana, chinhu kudzidza ikoroji ndiwo mararamiro (kana kuti, munhu mararamiro vezvinzvimbo zvakasiyana).

Ecology ayo kukura ndehwokuti kupindura mibvunzo miviri inokosha:

1. Chii sechivako mararamiro.
2. Sei kushanda uye ari kukura ane mararamiro.

Saka, zvose zvakatipoteredza iri muzvikamu zviviri guru: asi STRUCTURAL uye simba. Uye vose vari vaviri vari pedyo kudyidzana.

Zvichienderana zvesayenzi nheyo hurongwa, zvingadarowo kuti delineate nyaya nyaya sayenzi iyi: kudzidzwa mamiriro, unhu uye mifananidzo mararamiro kushanda panguva dzakasiyana siyana.

Ndezvipi zvinangwa akaisa pachayo sayenzi ikoroji? Zvinotevera zvinogona kupatsanurwa kubva kwavari:

1. General uye nzwisisika kudzidza biosphere uye kukura kwayo pasi pokudzora siyana zvinokonzera.
2. Vachifanotaura rinomutsa vana mararamiro ezvinhu zviripo muchadenga-nguva munda.
3. Development nzira optimize ukama pakati murume uye hunhu kuitira kuvandudza upenyu panyika yose.

Ecology Nzvimbo mukuru yesayenzi ruzivo hurongwa

Modern Ecology rinobatanidza zvinhu dzinongoitika, munhu, chaiwo uye sayenzi michina. Biology, jogirafi, mushonga, zvoupfumi, zvepfungwa, evanhu uye Environmental Management - izvi uye dzimwe anoranga iri pedyo kudyidzana.

Mukuwedzera, pamharadzano dzenzira kuti ikoroji nemamwe sayenzi pedyo nawo akaumba kurangwa zvachose itsva uye zvinonakidza. Pakati pavo - bioecology, Geo-ikoroji, injiniya ikoroji, noospherology uye zvakafanana.

Sechivako ano zvipenyu nezvakazvipoteredza sayenzi

To musi, kune vanopfuura 100 dzokugara dziri kwezvakatipoteredza nesayenzi, imwe neimwe iri mubasa yakamanikana nyaya. Pane classifications akawanda zvakatipoteredza, imwe neimwe inovakwa pamusoro zvarinotaura. Kupfuura hwakadzama uye anonzwisisa ndiye mamiriro dzataurwa nokuda musayendisiti M. Reimers.

Anokuudza kugoverana sayenzi kwezvakatipoteredza kupinda kutigumbura makuru maviri:

1. Yokungotaura ikoroji.
2. Zvakarurama Ecology.

Wokutanga zvinosanganisira BIOECOLOGY nenhumbi dzayo pedzimba zhinji, uyewo zvinotivaraidza. The chikwata chikamu Zvakarurama Ecology geoecology, sotsioekologiya, Biospherology uye kwezvakatipoteredza ouinjiniya pamwe awo.

A nzvimbo inokosha zvikuru vakashandisa chinogumbura rinofukidza ouinjiniya ikoroji - kudzidza zvinhu uye nzira kuti kushatiswa kwezvakatipoteredza. Zvinonzi zvakare kakawanda aitaura tehnoekologiey. Zvinosanganisira anoranga zhinji: ikoroji simba, ikoroji yokufambisa uye kukurukurirana, zvakatipoteredza zvokurima, yepasi pose zvakatipoteredza, Environmental Impact mutengo nevamwe.

Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti mumwe nomumwe anoranga aya akagadzirirwa kugadzirisa zvakawanda nezvinetso uye matambudziko. Muchiitiko chino, ivo vose vanoshandisa zviitiko nebudiriro nemamwe anoranga zvakatipoteredza.

Zvinangwa uye nzira ikoroji

Kuti kugadzirisa zvinetso zvakaoma kwayo sayenzi kwezvakatipoteredza anoshandisa zvakawanda nzira dzakasiyana. Vanogona kumiririrwa nemapoka makuru matatu:

1. Nzira kuunganidza ruzivo pamusoro chinzvimbo uye kushanda kwezvinhu zvinhu zvipenyu.
2. Nzira dzekufambisa processing mashoko awanika.
3. Nzira nokududzira zvinhu uye zvabuda.

Inonyanya kufarirwa nzira inoshandiswa ikoroji nhasi: munhu mira pakuongorora uye kuedza, masvomhu, Mapping uye Modelling nzira. Nhasi kunyanya nevakawanda kuvakwa kwemasvomhu yokutevedzera. Nokuti ichi abstrakti mararamiro muenzaniso kwakavakirwa anobviswa "mu" empirical zvinhu uye zvinhu (chaizvo vatambi). Zvadaro, kuchinja tsika dzimwe parameters, unogona kucherechedza nyore sei kuti vazvibate (siyana) hurongwa.

In mhedziso ...

Kweinenge hafu yezana remakore kare sayenzi akasimuka pakukura nhasi sei ramangwana revanhu vose. Zita sayenzi iyi - ikoroji. Subject uye kwezvakatipoteredza nezvinangwa vari kudzidza unhu uye mitemo kushanda zvinhu zvipenyu, izvo dzinokudziridzwa pachishandiswa inogona kuenderera mberi hwevakuru upenyu pasi redu. Modern murume haafaniri kuratidza kukosha nezvokuvapo nesayenzi ichi.