Dam - mvura kurwizi .... hari dhamu

Dam - chivakwa kuti zvinobatsira kuvhara kuwedzera kwemvura kana kuyerera vaya kana zvimwe zvinangwa. The tanga zvivako izvi mhando akawanikwa kuIjipiti, uko akashandisa kusika mvura chekuchengeta. chinhu kwakadaro, vanochera matongo kubva Germany akawana mazana maviri chete kubva Cairo. Raiva mai zita rake "Garden al-Carafa", iro rinowanikwa yenhau Herodotus. Panyaya zera ayo nyanzvi vasingabvumirani. Vamwe vanodavira kuti yakavakwa muna 3200 BC, vamwe - kuti pakati pemakore 2950-2750. BC.

Chii mukuru mai rakanga rakagadzirwa?

yakakura sei dangwe mai? Chimiro wakange ane mbiri wall, pakati iyo kumativi akanga anowedzera sketched ibwe zvimedu. Kureba mai penyika yava kupfuura 100 metres, kureba dzakasvikira 12 mamita. A yakafanana chirongwa anobvumirwa kuunganidza kusvika cubic metres mamiriyoni maviri mvura Wadi eri-Gharavi.

The Chinese zvakavaka pamwero uye nokuda mazera

Vamwe vanyori venhau dzakaitika vanofunga kuti dhamu iri Bronze Age dzakavakwa munyika yacho pfungwa iyi kana kuti omunharaunda budiriro. Somuenzaniso, kuMesopotamia akawana ibwe chivakwa chaiko kune rechinomwe remakore BC. MuSiriya yekare akavakawo zvivako zvakafanana gumi nemashanu zana makore Kristu asati. (Nahr eri Assi). Large-pamwero kuvakwa madhamu yaiitwa China yekare. Pano tenzi yakakurumbira pasi, uye gare gare Emperor Yu, uyo muna 2283 BC kuita mutongi akarayira zvose mvura utariri pakuvaka hwacho. Pasi kutungamirirwa Yu Great (sezvazvakanyorwa achiri vachinzi), kwete chete sedziva rimwe yakavakwa. Waiva kuvakwa pamwero mukuru kwemazana emakore uye zvemakore, izvo akabvumira kuti gore 250 BC kusvika mvura Somuenzaniso, 50,000 mativi makiromita mugwenga nokuda Sichuan Minjiang River. Zvino China, muitiro kwamuka kuvaka waterworks kushandisa chinhu akadai nedenga.

Ivo akasika Da Vinci pachake

MuEurope, apo dambudziko kudiridza haana chakasimba muna Asia uye Africa, mai akazviratidza zvikuru gare gare - muzana remakore rechi16. Yokufeva zvokusarudza, zvikurukuru, anotaurwa yenhau Spanish muna 1586, asi mainjiniya vanodavira kuti Namano pachavo inogona kuvakwa emakore akanga adarika. Izvi inobva pakuti vaiitawo zvavo zvakagadzirwa geniuses nguva - Leonado da Vinci, Malatesta, Mechin, uyewo vaunganidza ruzivo, kuti akauya Europe mushure nevanhu dzechiArabhu nyika. Somuenzaniso, tinoziva kuti kunyange zvakadaro zvinoita kwete chaizvo simba kuvakwa somunhu muhari Dam, wakashanda kwemakore zana pamberi yakadhirika (zvakanzi yakavakwa France muna 1196).

Kushandiswa madhamu muRussia

Nokuti Russia yayo akapfuma mvura zviwanikwa uye, panguva Pakutanga, kwete zvinodiwa mudhamu zvikuru. Asi pano vakaita iripo kubvira muzana remakore rechi14 BC uye zvaishandiswa hurongwa mvura zvigayo. Kutaurwa wokutanga madhamu nezvaro mutestamende Dmitriya Donskogo, kwakakonzerwa 1389. Chatinonyanya kufarira zvivako izvi akaratidza Peter Mukuru, saka muzana remakore rechi18, mukuru Russian Empire akanga atova anopfuura 200 zvinhu, ramakagadzwa yakakwirira yevhu mai - Zmeinogorsky. Water pfuma kuburikidza akadaro mano zvakave kushandiswa muna Whitehead Textile, migodhi nezvimwe emakambani nguva.

Mudhamu - munhu hydraulic chimiro, izvo zvinogona kureva imwe mhando chinhu zvichienderana kupatsanura. Nhasi ega ne dura mano vodoopuskayuschie uye anosimudza. Storage madhamu kazhinji yakakwirira chaizvo uye anokwanisa waidzora okuyerera mvura. Low chete hurongwa (semuenzaniso, mudziyo kuti madziva) Photo waasingawanzoshandisi kuva. Chimwe chinokosha chinhu kupatsanura Unit ndechokuti, zvichienderana kudzama mvura pamberi zaplotom. Pakanga yoga low-, medium- uye mukuru-kumanikidzwa mai (15, 50, uye 50 metres azvaitwa).

Madhamu kuti nzizi uye nemakoronga

Madhamu ari nzizi zvinogona kuvakwa pamuchinjikwa (kurera mvura pamwero, zvose Falls, simba rinogona zvimwe kushandisa; kuti kudzika chikamu rwizi passable zvikepe), uye pamwe chete (mafashamu kudzivirira). Mune zvimwe zviitiko, madhamu partitioned nzizi, hova, zvanza - kuichengeta thawed mvura yechando, ayo zvino kushandiswa kudiridzwa kana kuti recharge kuti navigable migero.

Basic zvinhu Hydroelectric

The Zvinoumba waterworks yemanyorero inosanganisira mvura, gungwa pamberi kana shure kwaro, mvura Nokusimudzwa chokugadza kuti kunzwisisa Hydroelectric dzakatenuka nokuda kwemutemo hove, mvura zvikasabudiswa (kana hurongwa Culvert), zvivako kuti kusimbisa Mahombekombe uye kucheneswa enyika kubva emadhaka. zvinhu Large wakaumbwa Akazadzisa kongiri, vaduku kunogona kuvakwa kubva muvhu, simbi, kongiri, huni, kana kunyange jira. Zvinozivikanwa kuti munguva mafashamo Komsomolsk-na-kukudzivirira dhamu yaiva masoja mês akabata firimu padandemutande pacharo, iro havana kubvumira mvura perehlestnut kuburikidza vertices huripo anodzivirira hurongwa.

Sezvo mai vanogona kutora mutoro?

Chimwe kupatsanura pakati madhamu kunoratidza sei izvi zvinhu ikurire mitoro. Rinokweva kuvakwa ndaziva anorova zvose zvayo uremu uye kudzivisa nokuda adhesion pakati mai uye mujinga sole, iro nezvarinomiririra. nzira dzakadaro kazhinji makuru chaizvo. Somuenzaniso, imwe Hydroelectric dhamu iri Indus rwizi (Tarbela Dam) ane mumhu vanenge 143 metres, uye kureba - anopfuura 2,7 km izvo zvinoita anokwana mamiriyoni 130. cubic metres. mamita. Yokufeva zvinhu zvinoparadzira kumanikidza pamahombekombe. Kana Arch rakafara vakawanda kumanikidzwa, ipapo kushandisa Arch-giravhiti mienzaniso kana Maberere pamwe buttresses nechepasi. ChoRusvingo sezvo dzakasiyana vane wakawondereiko kudai mazuva ose rusvingo mai, asi tichiregeredza yakawedzera chawo podporochnyh zvinhu. Dzichiisa madhamu nhasi kana alluvial hombe nzira, uye nzira rinotungamirirwa kuputika.

Zvakaipira tsaona

Tsaona pa madhamu kutakura nouchapupu zvemari nezvinhu navo, sezvo inoparadza kwete chete rakasiyana zvokushandisa, asiwo kurega mabhizimisi kuti vanomhanya pamusoro magetsi uye wedzerai mvura dhamu iri. Water Rwako dzimwe nguva zvitadzo misha yose, zvikazara acreage chirimwa akarasika. Asi kutombonaka zvinenge pakarepo anogona vakauraya dzakawanda, mazana uye kunyange zviuru zvevanhu.

Saka, muna March 1928 mune kanjoni yeSan Frantsiskito paiva kuparadzwa dhamu St. Francis, ipapo akarasikirwa varume vanenge mazana matanhatu, uye multi-mita zvipenga mai riri pamusoro kiromita kubva yokuzorora yacho. MuSoviet Union panguva Great Patriotic War (1941) kwakasarudzwa kuti ndeimwewo kukoromora mai Dnieper chokuita basa nokuda yeNazi nemauto Zaporizhzhya. Hombe kuvakwa nekongiri akanga zvishoma zvakakuvadza nematani 20 ammonal. Vanhu vangani vakafa zvino, achiri kwete chaiyo kunorondedzerwa. Dana nhamba kubva vanhu makumi maviri kusvika zana chiuru, kusanganisira mauto, vapoteri uye vanogara, izvo zvinogona kuva kuruboshwe kumahombekombe Dnieper, uyo akatora brunt mvura maatomu akafanana.

Uwandu vakaurayiwa - vanenge zviuru 230 vanhu

Pashure pehondo tsaona takawanda hydropower madhamu zvakakonzera rakatokura chepaseka. Muna August 1975, chete vakanyura zvakazoonekwa vanhu 26,000, uye kufungisisa matenda vakura uye nzara vakafa yasvika vanhu 170-230 zviuru mune breakout Banqiao Dam. Zvadaro yakaparadzwa pamusoro chetatu miriyoni nemombe uye vakaparadza dzimba anenge mamiriyoni 6 uye dzimba. Mazuva gumi rakavharwa Mugwagwa kubva Guangzhou kuna Beijing. Uye izvi zvose zvakaitika nokuda mai, zvakagadzirirwa kuti kunonyanyisa nhamba kunonaya, haana kurarama yakakuwandira mvura makore kuti zvinounzwa naSanta Dutu "Nina". August 8, 1975 ndiyo ruduku yakadhirika mai, zvichikonzera mvura zvinoyerera kupinda Bantsao, apo kwenguva pfupi nguva akavuniwa dhamu 62. The zvichiguma chinozunguzirwa ane makubhiti 10 km uye kukwirira matatu kusvika manomwe mamita. Vamwe Misha Chinese zvakave nokushambidzirwa zvakakwana, pamwe dzavo nevagari.

Kuti adzivise budiriro Dam, nhasi akatora nhamba zviyero, pakati pavo - kuchengetwa mai kugadzirwa parameters, vachiongorora kuti zvaidiwa mukufamba basa, kutarisira munguva oparesheni, kuunganidza rinoonekwa uye kundorondedzera ruzivo, etc. Nokuti mai vari kusiyana maviri chirongwa zvinodiwa uye nokurondedzerwa :. "K1 "- chinhu chiri chirwere nengozi uye vanoda rokukurumidzira matanho kugadzirisa ayo zvinokonzera, uye" k2 "- pre-nechimbichimbi hurumende inogona kuparadzwa, vanoda kununurwa uye kubvisa basa.