Chii zvinomera dzinonzi spore? Spore zvinomera uye avo kupatsanura

Munhu wose ane kunyange zvishoma kubatwa panyaya bhotani, vakanga vanzwa yakadaro delimitation zvinomera akadai maruva uye cryptogamic. Panyaya iyi, ekupedzisira vane chimwezve zita unoratidza musimboti wavo nzira kubereka, - spore. Chii zvinomera dzinonzi spore? Avo vari kuti ruminant uye vanoparadzira mbeu dzavo ndasarudza kupfuura yekare shanduka mashoko nenzira - paumbwe duku, siyana chimiro zvivako - spores.

Chii zvinomera dzinonzi spore?

Kuti tipindure mubvunzo uyu zvizere sezvataigona, kutanga nokududza kupfuura dzichipesana (muchiGiriki spora - "mbeu", "mbeu", "chirimwa"). Izvi duku kwemavara mukuru 1 micron mamiriro (10 ^-3 millimeters), dzaisiyana maererano chimiro uye ruvara, iro kuridza basa mbeu spore zvose, achipa pave yemberi kukura embryo zvinomera.

Vaunze gakava - haisi anozviita yamarudzi ose zviripo parizvino zvinomera. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti kugona ichi zvose kuuya vamiririri nemiti kubva kare kure, kana pakanga kutotanga kuonekwa rokutanga nenyika zvinomera, uye upenyu kunze mvura yakatanga panyika.

Zvinozivikanwa kuti mukuru zvirimwa vari algae, horsetails, tsvimbo mosses uye ferns. Zviri yavo nhoroondo midzi mune nguva dzakadai Cretaceous, Carboniferous uye Silurian. Uye vachiri vagari mumasango, mapani, anezvimiti, steppes uye polar nedunhu kubva munyika dzakasiyana-siyana.

Akadaro refu kuvapo kwava vakwanise, muchidimbu, nokuti chete kureva spore. Saka, mubvunzo chii anonzi spore miti, tinogona kupa mhinduro chaiwo. It ferns, mosses, tsvimbo mosses, horsetails (kubva muchikwata yakakwirira), uyewo algae uye lichens apasi mhando.

nevamwe zvinhu

Huru chinhu chinosiyanisa spore zvose zvinomera, zvinosanganisira zvinotevera:

1. Nokuda kuti paumbwe zvivako zvakadai spores, zvirimwa izvi haazombofi kuumba ruvara (Biology izvi hazvina chinangwa). Saka, zvose nhema pamusoro maruva Fern pausiku Ivan Kupala - chete rungano.
2. Ichitanga miti izvi upenyu hune pachake zvachiri. Spore zvinomera alternation zvizvarwa muupenyu yatinofema. Saka, gametophyte - pabonde chizvarwa, yakaumbwa nokuda confluence pakati urume (antheridium) uye mazai (archegonium) - pakupedzisira anoumba munhu chirimwa vakura unobereka spores. Kubva spores imere sporophyte - asexual chizvarwa, iyo inowanikwa spores akanaka chaiwo zvivako, uye kunoita kuti tibvunze kuti chirimwa chitsva. kuchinja kwakadaro mune zvepabonde uye asexual chizvarwa zvaanoripirwa spore miti yose yose nguva chokuvapo kwavo.
3. Nokuti kubereka ivo hazvo vanoda mvura. Kuti mvura dzisingaoneki zvikanzwika archegonium umo zai vovanda. Pasina mvura, muchangosangana kwacho spore hazviiti. Ichi chimwe chiratidzo kuti chinonyanya vamiririri ekare kasvisto, upenyu uhwo ave hunonyatsobatana chete aqueous svikiro. Yakanga ikoko uye dzakavapo mune miti yose.

Ndivo huru zvinhu kusiyanisa spore-zvirimwa kubva kumbeu. Zvino funga mashoko huru vamiririri nadotdela ichi.

ferns

Ferns - anowanzodanwa anozivikanwa sezvo kushongedza, uyewo nhoroondo mifananidzo yekare Maruva spore zvinomera. Mienzaniso miti anozivikanwa zvose mudzidzi Chikwata uye vanoda hunhu uye sango ushoma. Bracken, athyrium, strausnik - akangwara mune mashoko zvinomera zvinokwezva nekubudirira kwevanhu uye hunova ouswa mashizha. Ndivo ubiquitous musango nzvimbo munzvimbo ine okunze uye yakakwirira mwando.

Uyo anoda dzinovaraidza Pot maruva, zvichida anewo mune vamwe ake kana kuona nephrolepis - vakawanda kamuri Fern. Kuwedzera runako zvokunze miti yakadaro rakanyatsojeka vane mwero uye chete zvinoda mafashafasha uye chinoramba kudiridza. Kufanana spore zvose, havagoni bereka pasina mvura.

On Mashizha ferns akanyatsojeka kuoneka sporangia pamwe spores. Vari iri neizvi rutivi webwe (jira) uye ndine chimiro duku reraundi pouches shava kana rima Orange ruvara. Ivo yakanaka yero upfu kusaswa thickly kukakavadzana. Pashure kuibvisa pamusoro sporangia pachena, uye spores kunodururwa kupinda zvakatipoteredza.

Total ferns kune vanopfuura 10,000 marudzi, vakabatana muna 300 genera.

mosses

kunakidza chaizvo uye akanaka zvirimwa vanoumba chaiye pemasango, sezvinoita kapeti, - mosses. Spore zvirimwa vane hurongwa vashomashoma - hunde, mashizha, dzinde kubva sporangium ari muchimiro mabhokisi - zviri zvose pamusoro pavo. Naizvozvo, ndivo vanhu vashoma chaizvo yakasiyana chitarisiko, asi kuti nyanzvi chaiyo mosses.

Ruvara zvirimwa izvi vapfumi, akasvibirira mutema kunosiya yakaoma, duku, achikanganisa serin'i. Kunyange zvazvo pane dzimwe siyana, zvichienderana norudzi Moss. Huru mapoka parizvino vari:

• politrihovye;
• brievye;
• hypnum;
• sphagnum.

Total mosses pane anenge zana marudzi, saka nyora ichi zvinosanganisira chete vakawanda uye kubatsira.

An dzinonakidza kuchiitwa zvinomera izvi ndechokuti sporangia samapoka mugs vane lids maumbirwo siyana. Kana spores vachikura, muvharo akazaruka, uye hura, riri pamusoro sporangia, Bends, uye spores kunodururwa.

algae

Algae - spore miti, rinosvika nhasi anenge zana marudzi, zvakabatana 11 mumadhipatimendi zvikuru. The chikuru runoratidza nemiti - upenyu hwemvura ezvinhu panguva yakasiyana chaizvo pakadzika. muviri wavo anomiririrwa thallus, hakuna mashizha nemidzi. Mashandiro wokupedzisira miti izvi ushande Semi-prehensile nezvikokovonho, vakatakura zita rhizoids.

Algae vari dzakaderera zvirimwa nokuda kwokushayiwa muviri chairema pamusoro nhengo. Naivowo muwande kusawirirana. The chikuru ina Mapoka algae, inova kupfuura kwakapararira uye anobatsira mune zvinoshanda basa kwevanhu, zvinotevera:

1. Green.
2. Brown.
3. Red.
4. Diatoms.

equisetum

Pamwe chete ichi boka ferns spore miti kamwe populates nyika yose, asi zvishoma nezvishoma akaenda paumbwe peat uye marasha deposits. Nhasi horsetails hunomiririrwa vashoma kwemarudzi - kune vanenge makumi matatu.

Rakajairika mu Russia - horsetail. Unotarisa sezvinoita pasi chirimwa pamwe nomutsipa twasu hunde, rakakamurwa duku zvikamu interstices izvo zvinouya tsapo mashizha, akafanana tsono. Yose zvayo, saka, horsetail chakafanana Christmas duku muti.

The weboka muviri kupinda zvikamu zviduku - a pachena kuchiitwa kwemarudzi ose aya kasvisto. Horsetail reproduces sezvo dzimwe spore zvinomera, achishandisa generational kuchinja, ndiko kuti, uye asexually (spores), uye pabonde (dzisingaoneki uye mazai).

chikwindi

An dzinonakidza boka Marsh zvinomera, izvo vakasiyana nevamwe vose spore chitarisiko chavo. Vane akanaka, Dziine diki mashizha pemashanga. Mumwe nomumwe wavo aiita kupararira ukarova pasi.

Kune vanenge makumi mana nemashanu mhando Moss. Plant bhayoroji hapana chakasiyana zvakatoitika kukurukurwa ambotaurwa spore. Vanewo mu upenyu kutenderera yekupindurwa sporophyte uye gametophyte, kuvimba mvura, saka chete kukura machakwi uye nyoro zvikuru nevhu. sporangia yavo duku gobvu elongated marongerwo. Mushure spores vachikura, ivo hombodo, uye kukakavadzana kuenda panze.

lichens

About 26 zviuru marudzi zvinomera izvi, vakabatana mu kuzvarwa 400, ane zvipenyu ano. zvirimwa izvi zvakasiyana dzose dzimwe zviri marongerwo uye nzira youpenyu. Chokwadi kuti ndivo kungoerekana pedyo pamwe kungoreva zvinobatsira uye Kudyidzana pakati zviviri zvipenyu - chimwe-celled algae uye hunokuvadza.

symbiosis Izvi dzakawanda zvakwakanakira:

• kubvumidza kuti tembiricha nokufamba (lichens vanokwanisa kurarama mumamiriro ezvinhu akaipisisa Polar);
• kuramba kupanana zvinovaka muviri (makemikari alga anotumira chakuvhe uye chakuvhe s - zvicherwa);
• anochinjika nevhu siyana.

Naizvozvo lichens Zvisinei kunyange yakaderera spore miti, ndakaderedza undoubted zvakwakanakira pamusoro yepamusoro tichitarisa mararamiro.

phylogenesis

Ndizvo chete spore-miti zvakavapo yazvino Maruva redu. Kwemakore anoverengeka nedzidziso kuti upenyu dzakatangira munyanza. Pakavawo miriwo vokutanga vaiva dzakaderera spore - algae. Zvishoma nezvishoma, vari kutamira kunyika, ivo vakaumba mashizha nemidzi kubata ivhu. Zvisinei, nokuti kubereka vana vachiri mvura yaidiwa.

Ipapo algae chamuita kuti vekare ferns, horsetails, mosses uye chikwindi, izvo muitiro unooma kuti miriyoni mashoma makore vakaumba chicherwa rose deposits. Kana yemadzitateguru siyana yokudanwa spore-zvirimwa vaiva huni mamiriro, magetsi asina miti ipi zvayo.

Yose Chiito phylogeny zvinorondedzerwa mhando kasvisto vakatora vanenge mazana mana miriyoni makore. Zvisinei, iye zvino, pane tsananguro mukuru spore miti dzinovabvumira govera nadotdel, haana kurasa kokupedzisira kukurukurirana madzitateguru (nokuti kubereka vachiri kuda mvura), asi kare kuumbwa uye rine zviratidzo itsva.

Mafomu mumba

spore miriwo mamirire rinojekesa kuti havana yose inoshanda kukosha zvakadai, sezvo maruva. Zvisinei, zvose munzvimbo dzavo kushandiswa vakawanda:

1. Wood unoumba spore miriwo pakati selura uye Carboniferous akaumba hombe deposits kuti marasha, iyo vanhu vanoshandisa nanhasi.
2. nhungirwa vechiduku ferns zvinogona kudyiwa.
3. mativi akasiyana pamusoro chirimwa horsetail, uye Fern zvinoshandiswa mukurapa sezvo mushonga unonyaradza marwadzo, diuretic, astringent, Anti-anogumbura uye nedzimwe nzira.
4. Club mosses vane akanaka kwazvo uye akapfava Texture munyaya kuti rinogona kushandiswa upfu mwana.

Saka, tine zvakakwana uye hwakadzama mhinduro yomubvunzo wokuti chii anonzi spore miti.