Chii "yendarama pokutonga" inodaro? Kukosha uye zvinorehwa "kutonga yendarama"

Rakanga hwakagadzirwa nevafungi akakurumbira uye vadzidzisi yekare, asi zvakare Pari kukamura uchishandisa chaizvo. "Kutonga mufambiro yendarama" rinoburitsa nzwisisika unhu pachinhu mumwe munhu senhengo chero mamiriro ezvinhu anobatsira. Pachirehwa zvose chokuita noukama hwevanhu.

Chii "kutonga yendarama"?

It aripo, pasina kupamhidzira, mune imwe neimwe aivapo zvitendero nenzira imwe kana mumwe. "Golden Kutonga" - ndicho chinokosha seakafuridzirwa, tichiratidza kukumbirwa yetsika. Chinowanzoonekwa vachinzwisisa sezvo chinokosha, chinonyanya kukosha chokwadi chacho. The Kutonga pasi kukurukurwa tsika inoti, "Rega vamwe chii haudi kuita kwamuri» (Quod kwauri fieri zvisiri Nya alteri NE feceris).

Wevasungwa kwouchenjeri hunoshandisika mairi mumwe zvinoumba kusingaperi zvetsika Kufungisisa.

Historical zvinhu pamwe maererano kuti nhau mitemo

Panguva chitarisiko chake misi nechepakati pezana 1 zviuru. BC. e., kana ikatanga humanistic kubvuta masimba. "Gold" chinzvimbo nayo awana ari XVIII remakore.

Zvinozivikanwa kuti kwokutanga munzvimbo dzokumaruwa pamwe maererano netsika kutsiva ropa - talion (mubayiro, yakaenzana mhosva). Iye waitsigira pamusoro limiter ruvengo ekubereka nomutsa, sezvo mutemo uyu utsinye zvaida noenderana chirango.

Kana dzemadzinza ukama akatanga kunyangarika, paiva dambudziko iri pachena kupesana, saka kutaura, vamwe vavo pachavo. Economic ukama kunze munharaunda dzaiva kazhinji kupfuura ukama.

Kare vomunharaunda kutsvaka haana anokonzera kucharohwa waro nhengo. Panyaya iyi, Taleon anorasikirwa kushanda, uye pane chikonzero kuumba musimboti hutsva waidzora interpersonal ukama, pasina worudzi chavanopinda. Kuti nhungamiro iyi yaiva mutemo: "Itira vanhu nzira waungada kuti vakuitirewo."

Decoding pakati chokuita mitemo

mumwe Link zvakafanana aripo wayo Formulations siyana - "mamwe". Rinoreva munhu (the dzepedyo kana kure hama, waunoziva kana mweni).

Kukosha 'kutonga yendarama "- ari yokuenzana vanhu vose maererano kuti rusununguko rwavo uye mikana kuvandudza. Zviri mhando wakanyatsojeka panyaya yakanakisisa dzevanhu unhu uye optimum mitemo yetsika.

Kana mukakumbira mubvunzo, "" kutonga yendarama "-? Chii", The mhinduro haafaniri buritsa izvozvo verbatim dudziro, uye pfungwa yomukati kwouzivi, izvo ndokumuisa mamiriro "ndarama".

Saka, chokuita nokutonga kunoda pachine vazive nomumwe munhu nezvemigumisiro yezvakaitwa navo ramangwana pachinhu mumwe munhu achishandisa fungidziro uri panzvimbo yake. Rinotidzidzisa kuti kubata vamwe sezvo iye.

Mune dzimwe tsika zvinoratidzwa?

Panguva iyoyowo (asi pasina mumwe) iri "yendarama pokutonga maitiro" akazviratidza uye Hindu, uye muBuddha uye chiJudha nechiKristu uye Islam, uyewo yetsika uye dzouzivi dzidziso (konfutsianstve). Mumwe Formulations zvinokwanisika kuona mu "Mahabharata" (mashoko Buddha).

Zvinozivikanwa kuti Confucius, apo akabvunza mudzidzi wake pamusoro kana pane shoko aigona kutungamirira zvose hwake, akati: "Izvi shoko -" Reciprocity ". Rega kuita vamwe zvamunoda Havadi kufungidzira. "

Muzvinyorwa Greek richiwanika munyika Homer kuti "Odyssey" chaiwo ari prose mabasa Herodotus "History", uyewo dzidziso Socrates, Aristotle, anonzi Hesiod, Plato, Thales pamusoro kuMireto uye Seneca.

MuBhaibheri, ushe runotaurwa kaviri: muMharidzo yepaGomo (Mt 7:12; Lk 3:31, vhangeri ..) Uye kukurukura nevaapostora vaJesu Kristu.

Mu "Sunnah" (mashoko Muhammad) "yendarama Kutonga" chinoti: ". Itai zvose vanhu zvaunoda kuda, saka une varume, uye regai kuita vamwe zvamunoda haana pachavo"

The mashoko ari "kutonga tsika yendarama"

Kare, unoedza patsanura anoumba vakaitwa maererano aesthetic kana magariro zvinodiwa.

Saka, muzivi wokuGermany Hristian Tomazy akataura zvikuru zvitatu siyana ushe, nokudaro delimiting kukura kwebasa mutemo, tsika uye zvematongerwo enyika, vanonzi misimboti mutemo, undere uye kuremekedza.

Ivo ndeinotevera.

1. Nheyo kodzero philosophically kunoratidza kuti chinodiwa kuti munhu haafaniri kuita pachinhu mamwe kwete kuti angada kuita maererano pachake mhando.
2. Nheyo undere waimiririra sechinhu yetsika nyaya kuti munhu unoitwa kune imwe nyaya kuti aizoda kuita izvozvo.
3. Kuremekedza pfungwa yokuti munhu nguva dzose akaita maererano kune vamwe vanhu nenzira aida kuita pamusoro pake.

mutsvakurudzi German G. Reiner zvakare akataura kuti mashoko ari "yendarama mitemo" vatatu, izvo zvinowanzoitika pamwe pamusoro-vaiona dudziro yacho (H. Tomasi).

• Pfungwa yokuti rokutanga - nomurau uyu kunzwa, iyo inoti: "(Ko) kuita vamwe chii (kwete) chido pachako."
• Wechipiri - poutongi kuzvionera iri: "(Iye) kuzviita pachako kuti iwe uwane (regai) kurumbidzwa imwe."
• The wechitatu - the reciprocity kuzvitonga: "sei iwe (kwete) kuda kuva ukama newe paiva vanhu (kwete) imwiwo uchaaitawo kwavari."

"Kutonga Golden" mumadimikira uye mashoko

This seakafuridzirwa tsika zvakasimba midzi munzvimbo kuziva vanhu kunyanya dziri ngano.

Saka, somuenzaniso, zvinorehwa "kutonga yendarama" zvinoratidzwa dzinoverengeka zvirevo Russian.

1. "Chii chimwe vasingadi, uye kuti haana kuita."
2. "Regai kuchera gomba mumwe - iye achapinda mairi."
3. "Sezvo kudanwa, saka ungira."
4. "How kudanidzira kudondo uye kubva musango ichapindura."
5. "Vanhu chii dai, ipapo gettin '.
6. "Regai mate patsime - kuti zvimwe mvura yokunwa."
7. "Kuita vanhu zvakaipa, usatarisira kuti zvakanaka" uye vamwe.

Nokudaro, "kutonga yendarama" mumadimikira uye mashoko kazhinji kubvumira kuzvishandisa muupenyu hwezuva nezuva uye vakapfuura nezvizvarwa muchimiro nyore kuyeuka ngano.

"Diamond pokutonga tsika"

Zviri mukwanisi "yendarama" yakakurukura kwokutanga. Zvinonzi Kazhinji anonzi nedhaimani nokuda pakawanda, inomiririra vanhu unhu, ndiro kwakasanangurwa rwayo.

Saka, sezvo kare akataura, "kutonga yendarama" rinoti: "Regai kuita vamwe chii haudi kuita kwamuri." "Diamond" uyewo anowedzera: "Ita hapana asi imi." Pano pfungwa iri kubatsira akaunzwa (zvikuru munhu zvichienderana nokuti imwe munhu) kuti kufadza zvinoita nhamba yevanhu.

Nemamwe mashoko, "diamond pokutonga yendarama" inoti: "Act kuitira kuti kukwanisa kwenyu chikuru kushumira zvinodiwa mukuru nevamwe." Ndicho yokusiyana wacho (nyaya yetsika chiito) tsitsi zvakasikwa chokuratidza.

Saka, kana "mutemo yendarama" - ndiyo kuchinja nyaya ive chinhu (mupfungwa fungidziro Kuzvidzidzisa mune mumwe munhu uye vanoziva kurambwa nezvaiitwa izvo angasada pachangu), "Diamond" seakafuridzirwa, Ukuwo, allocates hazvigoneki kuderedzwa pasi nokuongorora nyaya tsika chiito kubaya chinhu, uyewo yaro yokusiyana uye munhu akazvimiririra.

"Kutonga Golden" sezvo chinhu pfungwa vazivi

Chirungu zvinhu muzivi Thomas Hobbes touted nayo sehwaro kwemitemo zvakasikwa, izvo basa mutsindo basa hwevanhu. Zviri zvikuru nyore kunzwisisa maererano vose. Kutonga uku kunoita kuti ndikusungei nechishwe dzavasinei nadzo zvoudyire dzinofunga uye nokudaro kusika hwaro kubatana kwevanhu vose mukati hurumende.

The Chirungu Muzivi Dzhon Lokk haana kugamuchira "kutonga tsika yendarama" sezvo chinhu kubva pakuzvarwa rakapiwa murume, uye, Ukuwo, akataura kuti zvepanyama kuenzana kwevanhu vose iri achitaurwa nevanopinda ayo hwaro, uye kana vari tazviziva achishandisa chinyorwa, zvichava voruzhinji kunaka.

Muzivi wokuGermany Immanuel Kant rakanyatsojeka kutsoropodza tsika akasiyana chinyorwa. Maererano naye, "kutonga yendarama" iri kwayo yakajeka chimiro haikwani kuongorora mwero yetsika kuvandudzika wacho: Munhu anogona kurerutsa tsika zvinodiwa maringe pachake kana kutora youdyire mafungiro (I Anokuudza kurarama, havapindiri, uye mukandiudza) . Rinosanganisira munhu chido yake yetsika nomufambiro. Zvisinei, zviri izvi zvido, kuchiva uye zviroto kazhinji kuti munhu mubatwa wayo hunhu uye chose tsika - rusununguko kwevanhu.

Kunyange zvakadaro, mashoko categorical zvinokosha kuti Immanuel Kant (nechepakati pfungwa nedzidziso yetsika) anoita kujekeswa kungobva ouzivi aivapo seakafuridzirwa. Maererano Kant, kuti "kutonga yendarama" inoti: "Act kuitira kuti Bamba kwenyu vaigona kuva hwaro mutemo nokudenga." In tsanangudzo iyi, muzivi wokuGermany anoedza, saka kutaura, kuvhara imwe loophole kunyange zviduku udyire hwevanhu. Aidavira kuti dzevanhu zvido uye manzwiro havafaniri kutsiva wechokwadi yetsika chiito vavariro. Munhu anokonzera pezvingazoitika yezviito zvavo.

Two dzinoitwa yetsika dzevanhu kuzvitonga tichitarisa ano uzivi European

Munhu wokutanga rinoratidza sezvo pasocial munhu ari pasi kwakajairika netsika.

Chechipiri kuitika rinonyatsotarira kunzwisisa mumiriri rwevanhu somunhu, kuti unoenderana vanoda yakanaka (kukura kuvimbika ndangariro actualization, individualization Kuziva mweya mukati uye t. D.) Uye netsika somunhu nzira kubvumira kusvika kurima yomukati.

Kana nhasi vanhu kuti vazivi vanoti: "State ari" kutonga yendarama "," mhinduro hakusi mureza wayo Pfungwa uye zvakadzama Kumikidzo vaimuona munhu anoita sezvo nyaya yetsika chiito.

Kuwa tsika chechetere evanhu vemazuva ano

The nzvimbo yomudzimu munzanga yose nyika kubva pakutanga XX remakore varombo kwazvo. Izvi imhaka chikuru nzvimbo nhasi nezvinetso zvemari uye kuyeuka pfungwa uye dzezvematongerwo enyika (zvinenge zviito zvose hwevanhu chinangwa kuunganidza pfuma kunyanya).

Munguva dzose munhangemutange upfumi vanhu vangosiyiwa pakunamata, ndakarega kufunga womukati kuzviremekedza kuvandudzika, akatanga kufuratira yetsika divi nezvavaiita. Izvi zviri kuitika yakabuda kubva kumugumo XIX remakore. Kunyange F. M. Dostoevsky akanyora pamusoro kwakapararira kuchiva mari, izvo wakabatwa vanhu iyoyo (anopfuura zana adarika) Insanely ( "The Nemurubaka").

Vanhu Vazhinji wakanganwa, uye vazhinji havazivi kuti "yendarama mutemo" rinodaro.

The Pamusana pezvakaitwa kuitika panguva ino, anogona kurega kunotanga kukura yebudiriro, kana kunyange mhindumupindu anosvika standstill.

A zvinokosha mukuzadzika kushaya zvetsika nzanga ine maererano kuRussia uye Germany akabata akakodzera dzematongerwe kuti yakabuda munzvimbo dzose akaturikidzana, munguva iri kuuya nesimba Bolsheviks uye vaNazi, ukuwo.

Low yetsika pamwero kwevanhu, sezvinoita mutemo, zvakajeka akanyorwa dzinonetsa nguva nhoroondo (chimurenga, vehurumende uye Interstate yehondo, kusagadzikana kwezvinhu runyararo, uye zvichingodaro. D.). Miyenzaniso hunonyadzisa kutyorwa yetsika muRussia panguva Civil War, panguva Second World War (1939-1945 gg.), Munguva Stalin kuti maindasitiri (20-30-ies.) Uye (1918-1921). mazuva ano, iri muchimiro "kupararira" pamusoro nemagandanga mabasa. Zviitiko zvose izvi zvakatungamirira imwe ngozi mugumisiro - rufu vakawanda chero vanhu vasina mhosva.

Moral zvinhu kazhinji havasi kufungwa iri sarudzo ehurumende nyaya panguva kumhanya hupfumi, magariro, zvokurima uye maindasitiri kuchinja (kazhinji mugumisiro - kunaka zvezvakatipoteredza ekushandiswa).

Current rwakashata mamiriro ezvinhu munyika yedu Munenge muna zvose muupenyu hwevanhu - ndiwo mugumisiro yezvikanganiso hurumende pamusoro yaivapo yetsika chechetere nzanga panguva inotevera chisarudzo wehurumende.

Makore achangopfuura ndaona Kushatiswa nemutadzi ezvinhu munyika yedu yakawedzera nhamba umhondi, tsika uye kunyanya utsinye, kutyisidzirwa, kuba, kubata chibharo, pfumbamuromo, kuparadzirwa, etc. izvi zvose kazhinji kurangwa nokuti ichidzikira chikamu chakagadziriswa mhosva ...

A pebhanhire muenzaniso nenyonganyonga nenyonganyonga kwakapararira pari munyika yedu, anoita shamisa nyaya kuti kwakaitika muna 1996, vanhu vaviri vakasungwa kuti chiito kuba kubva yeImba hurumende yeRussia pakati atorwa, iyo hafu yemiriyoni emadhora kwakanga. Nokukurumidza vakagamuchira pamutemo mashoko anoratidza kuti muridzi mari haana kuratidza kumusoro, maererano nako tsotsi nyaya yakavharwa, uye kuferefeta wakagumiswa. Matsotsi vaizokurumidza kuva "vabatsiri Vehurumende", sezvo zvinoitika, vakawana "pfuma", uye akatora mari akatumwa hurumende muchivigiro.

Munhu wose anoziva kuti muridzi akawana mari nenzira yokusatendeseka, zvimwe pakarepo angadai akarara kutaura kwavari. Panyaya iyi, hofisi muchuchisi wacho aifanira kuita akaongorora kuziva kwaibva pakuonekwa bhokisi ane huru kwazvo emari. Sei izvi hazvina kuitika - mukuru mvumo munhu nokungwarira akanyarara. Zvazvinosarira kufunga kuti rezvemukati, matare uye hofisi muchuchisi havagoni kukurira nemutadzi mamiriro ezvinhu munyika. Chikonzero ichi, sokuti, vakawanda uori vehurumende.