Chii polymerization mu makemikari kemisitiri

Polymerization - inofanira kugamuchira kubva mhando kutanga monomers mamorekuru makuru. The zvichiguma polymer chinhu macromolecule kuti rine nhamba yokungodzokorora muzvikamu zvakakwana.

The Mhando chikuru polymerization

Kupindura mubvunzo pamusoro chii munhu polymerization kemisitiri, tinoona kuti izvi maitiro kwaitika pamberi anowedzera (muitiro akisarareta).

Homopolymer - yakakwirira samolecular remubatanidzwa riri kuwanika nevanhu zvakajeka pokutangira monomers.

Heteropolymer - zvakaitwa zvibereko kukurukurirana dzakasiyana pokutangira zvinhu.

The nemamiriro polymer

Yandakapiwa polymerization - chinhu chisinganzwisisiki namakemikari kwacho, kuti samolecular kurema polymer yaibereka vangava pamwero yakasiyana. Mukuru-samolecular yeimwe ndiyo "mapoka kuguma" zvakasiyana nokudzokorora dzakabatana. Mapoka akadaro huri polymer mamiriro duku shoma, saka havaiti funga yezvakaita Kuongororwa kwemakemikari omuviri zvivako zviri zvichiguma polymeric fuma.

cationic polymerization

Ndechipi cationic polymerization mhando? Izvi zvinoitika pasi pokudzora munhu Lewis asidhi (musanganiswa aruminiyamu chloride, Boron fluoride, acid) by mashandiro riri rakafanana nedanho electrophilic kuwedzera kaviri (kaviri) zvisungo.

Pakutanga danho, Purotoni Kuwedzera alkenes, nokudaro wezvamatongerwe carbocation.

Uyezve, nokuda zvemagetsi pakukurukurirana, anouya achariwisira mumwe morekuru ane alkene, somugumisiro imwe carbocation aumbwa kuva yakareba cheni.

Kudzokorora kwacho kunoitika, nokudaro wezvamatongerwe carbocation ane yakakwirira samolecular uremu.

A mukuru fungidziro kufoira ane cationic centre, izvo zvinogona kukonzerwa kuparadzana kubva hwepurotoni yacho Morekuru.

mienzaniso

Ngatikurukurei mubvunzo kuti polymerization kemisitiri. Mienzaniso iyi vanopiwa inobva isobutylene polymerization. The kwacho makabva Via imwe cationic mashandiro, sezvo Erekitironi-anyatsoronga kuuya alkyl boka.

kunoitika inotungamirwa polyisobutylene cheni, zvokuti achiumbwa pakuguma kufadza yakagadzikana carbocation. Somugumisiro, pane yakarongeka annexation "musoro kuti muswe".

In pakuitisa nemakemikari kukurukurirana, kunova pasina kuvapo mvura, pane paumbwe imwe polymer ane refu cheni.

Chii polymerization ari mumiririri kirasi kuti unsaturated Mahydrocarbon? Kana akasarudza anowedzera , kuramba sulfuric acid, akanga aona pashure paumbwe polymerization musanganiswa dimers maviri. Pashure vari interconnected ne mamorekuru maviri isobutylene, imwe remudunhu rakashama kunoitika. In ichi zvenguva kunzwisisa (carbo) parinobudisa hwepurotoni mvura yaro isati anopinda kudyidzana nomumwe morekuru ane unsaturated alkene.

The anionic polymerization

Ndeipi anionic polymerization imwe mhuka? mashandiro Izvi zvinosanganisira alkene polymerization pane imwe mugumo vakawanda chisungo. Polymerization zvinogoneka ari kurwisa ane alkene Morekuru zvimwe nucleophilic reagents.

Somuenzaniso, amide-anion ikasakendenga pamwe akrilonitratom miviri chisungo, zvichiguma carbanion yakaumbwa umo kunaka vebasa iri mupasi pakati cyanide uye kabhoni atomu. Kana kunzwisisa akatsiga inotengwa, zviri achengeta zvinotevera accession alkene Morekuru.

Breakage zvinobvira muna kukura cheni maitiro inotisvitsa kuchaitwa yokuguma pamusoro akaipa mutariri kabhoni cheni.

Free yakakura polymerization

The kwacho nokuti ethylene polymerization kunogona kutora nzvimbo pamberi peroxides (panguva rakawedzera kumanikidzwa uye yakakwirira tembiricha). Chain kugumiswa kunoita recombination kana disproportionation radicals.

The yeHydrocarbon pachiremera polyethylene ndiyo ethylene wandei STRUCTURAL dzakabatana. Hazvina mamiriro ichi inechirevo zvinokosha ehupfumi mukuru samolecular uremu yeimwe kubatsira wayo kwazvo kushanda ari gadzira mu maindasitiri pamwero kavha firimu. Uyezve, polyethylene kunodiwa kuti asike zvinhu nokuda kuumbwa uye Kudzingwa.

Kana vakasununguka kukuru kwemarudzi ari polymerization kukura magumo kudzikama alkene nayo zvichakurukurwa muchimiro mudanga kukuru, uye muitiro chinomiririrwa mhando "musoro kuti muswe".

Munguva isobutylene uye propylene polymerization haisi vakasununguka yakakura mashandiro. All of Polymers anogadzirwa makemikari indasitiri, zvinoshandiswa mapazi engineering, chemishonga uye mishonga. Rakajairika Polymers kugadzirirwa kubva ethylene dzino unsaturated Mahydrocarbon vari polyethylene pacharo, uyewo yaro homologue - propylene.