Chii oligarchy? zvichireva

Oligarchy akafarirawo zvakawanda nevafungi yekare. Sezvo vanyori vakatanga vari akadhindwa dzavo anorondedzera chiitiko ichi, chimwe Plato naAristotle. Saka chii chiri oligarchy mukunzwisisa vazivi vekare vechiGiriki?

Oligarchy zvinodzidziswa Plato

Mumwe dzepamusorosoro Greek vanyori vekare, Plato vamiriri. Raiva basa rake kuumba hwaro pakudzidza vakawanda nyaya enyika. Nzwisisika ongororo vanosangana akadhindwa akadai "nehurumende", "Apology yaSocrates", "Politia" uye vamwe. Akadzika dzinokurukura chimbi zvinetso nguva yake, kunyanya zvinokanganisawo mubvunzo yakanakisisa chehurumende. Mune mamwe manzwi, rinopa mhinduro dzemibvunzo pamusoro izvo oligarchy, gutsaruzhinji, zvematongerwo enyika, muchivadzvinyirira, timocracy uye nevamwe.

Clear zvinoreva shoko "oligarchy" Plato haadaro, kana chimiro ichi hurumende mukuenzanisa nevamwe, ichijekesa ayo noruzhinji zvinhu. Zvisinei, ichi izwi iye zvinoreva hurumende hurongwa, iyo iri pahwaro pfuma zvinodiwa. Nemamwe mashoko, vari achidzora ane mari uye vakapfuma vanhu, asi varombo havana kunyange kodzero kuvhota.

Maererano nharo anofunga oligarchy kwazvinoita chete renyeredzi pamusoro isiriyo siyana hurumende. Izvi socio-magariro zvishoma nezvishoma degenerates kubva timocracy, embodying kupfuura zvakaipa. Kunaka haizorambi kuita basa rinokosha mune zvematongerwo enyika, sezvo akatora upfumi. Oligarchic hurongwa hunogara chete rehondo, pane kuremekedzwa uye kunamata wamambo. Most vokuparidzira anogara pasi urombo mutsetse, uye mutongo vepamusoro haana kuedza kunyange kutora matanho kukurira tsika iyi. The oligarchy kunorevawo kuti redistribution uye ichidzvinyirira zvikomborero evanhu kuti zviri muvanhu.

Saka, maererano nedzidziso Plato, akanaka ezvinhu uye oligarchy zvaisaenderana mumwe. Asi kuti udzivise degeneration kuti timocracy chimiro ichi socio-upfumi maumbirwo vanhu hazvibviri.

Oligarchy dzidziso dzaAristotle

Aristotle aiva hwaPlato mudzidzi, saka akaramba zvidzidzo yake mudzidzisi wake nenzira dzakawanda. Zvikurukuru, akatanga kufunga mubvunzo wake zvinyorwa kwesayenzi kuti oligarchy ichi. Muzivi vaidavira kuti chimiro iyi hurumende, uyewo hweruzhinji uye vanodzvinyirirwa, muri akatsveyama siyana evanhu uye zvematongerwo enyika muhurongwa.

In ake bhuku "Politics" Aristotle kuisa shoko "oligarchy" musimboti mutemo nguva, mune mamwe mazwi, akanga achiti kuti chimiro ichi zvinoratidza simba mupfumi. Zvinonzi achapiwa ngwariro chaiyo kubatsira vari simba, nhengo dzekirasi akapfuma mune oligarchic mamiriro. Muzivi vakatenda ino kukwana, sezvo vakati, kuti kune mukana "nokutenga" nzvimbo iri zuva, saka yakafanana urongwa kwenzanga hakusi kugadzikana.

Concept R. Michels

Chii oligarchy? Zvizhinji pfungwa inobhadharwa nyaya iyi panguva dzakasiyana-siyana, kusanganisira muzana remakore rechi20. Zvikurukuru, abatsira zvikuru kuti adzidze Fani iyi akaita R. Michels, uyo panguva pakutanga XX remakore, akati dzidziso yake, iyo gare gare ainzi sezvo "simbi mutemo oligarchy." Muzivi vaidavira kuti chero munzanga uye pamagariro chevanhu pakupedzisira degenerates kupinda oligarchy, pasinei chii nheyo wakaradzikwa mavari - democratic kana autocratic.

Chikonzero chikuru ichi kuitika - chido munharaunda mutungamiri kudzokera hurumende wehurumende uye akaisa mberi zvavanofarira yakatsviriridza, kusanganisira zvemari. Panguva iyo vanhu vazhinji zvakakwana kuvimba kwake changamire, tinongoita kuteerera mirairo yake yose, achiita muchimiro mitemo.

mhando oligarchy

To musi, masayendisiti political vanodzidza Fani iyi, pane ina dzakasiyana siyana oligarchy, imwe neimwe ine nemamwe maitiro uye mamiriro;

1. Monooligarhiya. Ichi kuti munzanga unovapo pakati inoti avo, apo simba rose changamire riri kusimbiswa mumaoko mutongi monarchical. Hazvina basa, richava esangano kana rokunyika. Asi musiyano chikuru ndechokuti namambo pave hierarchical chimiro, vane mabasa chinangwa zvikurukuru panguva okudzidziswa. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, vachaparidza zvakadaro pasocial chimiro akasimba zvikuru uye chinzvimbo dzakakwirira kupfuura namambo. Somuenzaniso feudalism.
2. Demoligarhiya. Sezvo zita rinoreva, pane musanganiswa kuzvitonga uye oligarchy, izvo kunoratidzwa muna chokwadi chokuti vanhu vane uchangamire, kutamiswa simba rizere duku oligarchic boka kuburikidza musarudzo kana referendamu.
3. Dzaifanoiswa oligarchy. Izvi mhando mudziyo chinhu Transitional vanhu. It apo mambo varasikirwa simba rose, uye vanhu vakanga asi havana kuva changamire. Zvaive munguva iyi kusagadzikana inotisvitsa basa kuedza kuridza oligarchy, izvo kuedza kuchengetedza nesimba angambosvika.
4. Akatsamwisa oligarchy. Panyaya iyi, vapfumi vanhu kuti varambe vaine simba, usaedza tuzvikonzero nzvimbo dzavo changamire. Asi, vanoshandisa mhando pamutemo kuti kukanganisa vanhu, kusanganisira mhirizhonga uye nhema.

Boyar oligarchy - wokupedzisira mweya

Vamwe vatsvakurudzi, kuwedzera ataurwa pamusoro-4 mhando oligarchy, ndiyo yoga uye wechishanu mhando - Boyarsky. Ichi chimiro mudziyo une tinoberekwa Novgorod uye muPskov pakati XII XV zera. Panguva ino, zvishoma kwakaderera simba mumaoko mutongi monarchical, mapoka oligarchic muchimiro chezvinhu zvikuru boyars vakaedza kukunda pamusoro pouchangamire.

Nemamwe mashoko, vaida remake nheyo State, achichipa huru zviri oligarchy.

Tarisiro yose oligarchy munyika yanhasi

Kusvika panguva oligarchy yazova mumwe kiyi misoro kukurukura pa munharaunda yaimbova Soviet Union. Kana isu kuongorora mamiriro ezvinhu okupedzisira 15-20 makore, zvinganzi vakagumisa kuti udzvinyiriri pakati oligarchs chete yokuwana ayo tichimhanya, zvikurukuru, uye muna Russian Federation.

Hurumende anovaka Mutemo waro nenzira yakadai kuvhara nyaya predominance pakati oligarchs muhurumende. Asi pasinei kuedza zvose kuwana nzira yekupedza dambudziko iri harisi kuwana kudaro kure. Naizvozvo, tarisiro nokuti oligarchy kuRussia uye rose nhasi, zvikuru chinopunyairireiko, sezvo izvi zvingaita destabilization of political ezvinhu munyika kuti akasvika democratic nzira okukura.