Chii nokubatana upfumi dziripo? List kuti dzakawanda zvoupfumi kubatana

Chero mhando sangano umo nyika akabvuma batanidza kutengeserana dzavo uye mari mutemo nedzimwe nyika, anonzi zvoupfumi kusangana. Zviri pachena kuti pane zvakawanda madhigirii akasiyana kusangana.

• Zvaunoda Trade Agreement (PTA). zvichida Agreement PTA ndiyo inokosha chimiro zvoupfumi kusangana. PTA, sezvo mutemo, yaida zvinoderedza tariffs, nokuti vamwe kwemamwe chigadzirwa mhando.
• The mapazi rusununguko wezvokutengeserana (Vapaa). It wakasikwa nyaya apo boka munyika kubvisa tariffs, pachavo, asi unochengeta kwokunze mutero pamusoro kupinzwa kubva dzimwe nyika. Muenzaniso ane Vapaa ndiye NAFTA, zvinoratidza razero tariffs, mune motokari kupinzwa pakati US uye Mexico. Zvisinei, nhengo dzakagamuchirwa havasi NAFTA, pane dzimwe yakatarwa tariffs, kuti motokari kupinzwa kupinda Mexico.
• Customs Union. Zviri apo boka munyika kubvisa tariffs, pakati nyika yavo, asi akaisa nevakawanda mutero pamusoro kupinzwa kubva zororo kwenyika.
• mubatanidzwa Economic. The musika chete anopa kutengeserana panguva yakanakisisa rates, ndiye zvakajairika zvimwewo tariffs, pakati penhengo uye kunounza zvakanaka kuti vakasununguka kufamba monies pakati munyika. The European Union akasikwa somumwe Chibvumirano Rome muna 1975, pamusika nevakawanda
• mubatanidzwa Economic. Economic Union nyika vanowanzotevedzera kutsigira vakasununguka kutengeserana nenhumbi, nepatinobvumirana zvimwewo tariffs, pakati penhengo, kutsanangura mamiriro nokuda vakasununguka kufamba mari guru. The European Union wokuti nevakawanda mune zvokurima (chivharo) muenzaniso norudzi mari Kufambisa ose anoratidza zvoupfumi munzanga.
• Monetary Union. Kiyi kusikwa nevakawanda mari pakati boka munyika ari pamwe mari, unosanganisira paumbwe simba mari huru kuti anoisa mari mutemo kuti rese.

Kutanga nzira EurAsEC

Eurasian Economic Union - yemarudzi sangano kwakavakirwa emunharaunda zvoupfumi kusangana, uye masangano dzakawanda. Izvi zvinoreva kuti sarudzo zvomukati ayo (Eurasian Economic Council, kuti Economic Commission uye Economic Court) anova mutemo dzakawanda.

Mundima Eurasian Union (EurAsEC) rinotaura ^km2 anopfuura mamiriyoni 20 (15% munyika nzvimbo kwePasi), mukati imwe Commonwealth pamusoro mugari nevanhu iri mari vanhu mamiriyoni 183 kubva.

Chibvumirano pamusoro Eurasian Economic Union anopa Kufambisa mabasa zvokurima, maindasitiri, simba; mukuru utsanana uye michina zvinodiwa. By wakateya Commonwealth masangano zvoupfumi achasika vakawanda pawaitengesa Pharmaceuticals muna 2016, 2019 iri kutarisirwa kupedzisa paumbwe nevakawanda simba pamusika, uye muna 2025 - mafuta pamusika, gasi, uye peturu zvigadzirwa.

History anoyeuka mienzaniso nokubatanidzwazve dzakawanda masangano ezvematongerwe enyika kana kunyange zvechiuto kubatana kwoupfumi, muenzaniso wakanaka uyu Economic Community pakati West African States. Kwete nguva yakawanda yapfuura kubvira inception wake kukoshesa kwakaita zvakachinja kubvira yezvokutengeserana zvirongwa pamusoro akavhiyiwa zvechiuto ari miganhu Commonwealth.

Ushamwari marudzi pakutanga!

December 22, 2014 pakataurwa kupanana nhumbi ratification zvakanaka-vavakidzani uye sungano noukama pakati Russia uye Kazakhstan. Chibvumirano pamusoro Eurasian Economic Union haadi kukanzura dzakamboitika chibvumirano pamusoro zveupfumi uye enyika pamwe akasaina pakati penyika mbiri muna 1992, nekusiyana, anotsigira uye kunosvika yezvinoreva nekuita rinobvumira Implementation vaviri kuronga zvakafanana.

The sangano yakazarukira chero hurumende kuti anoda kugovana zvinangwa uye mamiriro nezvaro chibvumirano pakati States. Pakapera 2014 Union uyewo vakabatana Armenia uye Kyrgyzstan.

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti President Putin akaita bhizimisi kushanya kuna Uzbekistan, apo vakanga yakakurukura ezvinhu kubatana Eurasian Union. Wehurukuro Federal Assembly Russian akati kuti yokubvunza pamusoro zvaibvira accession pakati Tajikistan kuna Eurasian Economic Union.

Mhaka EurAsEC Customs Union

EurAsEC Customs Union (GAC) akapinda zvizere kushanda kubva January 2010 sezvo Customs Union Belarus, Kazakhstan uye Russia, takazobatana naye Armenia uye Kyrgyzstan.

Customs Economic Union yakavhurwa sezvo pakutanga zvoupfumi pamwe chinoda kare chikamu Soviet Union. Nokudaro, Member States mberi mugwara upfumi kusangana nokuda kubviswa tsika zvipingamupinyi pakati pavo. Pakapera 2014 Eurasian Economic Union inobva motokari, inova chakajairika mari nzvimbo kukurudzira zvimwe kweupfumi kusangana.

TC EurAsEC nhengo rinoti: Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia.

Documents nemasaini 1995, 1999 uye 2007, Shumira waidzora uye kudzivirira mitemo kodzero Customs Union. The Common Economic Space ndehwokuti kudzora gwaro muna 2007, anoita pokugadzwa motokari yokutanga, wechipiri - dzidzo yake.

TC mitemo

Technical Mirayiro, kufarirwa kutorwa kuti accession kuti GAC:

- National approvals zvigadzirwa.

- Chitupa of Tsika Union, yakabudiswa maererano gwaro, chinopa mazita zvigadzirwa pasi fanira kuita kupima. chitupa ichi chinoshanda pane zvose munyika yose TC.

- The kukura mwero nechitarisiko kuparadzirwa uye tose TC kutengeserana. Common Customs Code hunodzorwa Eurasian Economic Commission uye weDhipatimendi Statistics.

Economic mibatanidzwa kazhinji vanotsvaka imupota uye ekisipoti chete zvinhu idzo zvinobatsira mune imwe zvoupfumi nzvimbo. Muenzaniso uyu ndiyo motokari. zvinogadzirwa chete kuti ave "zvinhu motokari" anogona vakasununguka kupinza / aivigirwa mukati ndima yakajeka. Maererano Article 4 Tsika Code, nhumbi kuwana chinzvimbo chakadaro zvinotevera nyaya:

- zvigadzirwa anogadzirwa GAC miganhu.

- Products, zvinhu yakabereka nezvezvipfuwo kudyiwa pamwe kuripwa netsika mabasa nezvaro kondirakiti.

- zvinogadzirwa kuti kusangana zvose zvinhu: akapa kuna GAC kumuganhu nechinangwa zvezvipfuwo rinodyiwa.

Products kuti murege kusangana nzira dzekuziva kuti TC nhumbi pamusoro iyo haina mhosva chero magwaro akakodzera kuti kuona wemapoka nhumbi motokari, aifanira nzira zvinowanzoitwa tsika mabasa Customs Union miganhu.

Other Russian zveupfumi mibatanidzwa

- APEC. Economic Cooperation (APEC) yakatangwa muna 1989 kuti vauye pamwe chete nyika yacho Asia-Pacific nharaunda. APEC ari Forum kuti nyika 21. Vavariro munharaunda kare kwenguva refu ndizvo pakagadzwa misika kuti zvinhu uye pakugadzira zvinhu kunze Europe. Nyanzvi dzinodavira kuti AETS akasikwa kupindura kukura upfumi dzakapfuma Japan, iro rine simba zvakazadza Asia-Pacific nharaunda. Zvisinei, zvinokosha kuti Zvaraiva Commonwealth zvikurukuru inoti yaisanganisira mairi, sezvo zvinobatsira dzinotarisira zvoupfumi mabasa pakati chokuita nyika.

- Kishi. Kusakarongeka pakati dzimwe nyika dzaiumba Soviet Union pahwaro dzinozvitonga kuenzana inobva yesungano kubva Commonwealth pakati Independent States (Kishi). Panguva ino, kuti Kishi inosanganisira zvinotevera nyika: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan uye Ukraine. The chibvumirano yakanga yakasainwa muna 1991.

- BRICS. BRICS inobatanidza shanu makuru zvichiitika upfumi dzinotevera nyika: Brazil, Russia, India, China neSouth Africa. Asati kuwanikwa muzvinyorwa South African sangano rinonzi "BRIC." All nyika kuti vari chikamu, tiri kukura nokukurumidza upfumi, kuchikosha kukanganisa kwematunhu uye pasi rose kuchinja.

Pakupera 2014 BRICS nhau yakapiwa vanhu bhiriyoni 3, anomirira 40% vemo nyika.

The Commonwealth rakaumbwa muna 2006 panguva St. Petersburg Forum kuti vashumiri Brazil, Russia, India uye China upfumi. Musangano wokutanga wakaitwa muna 2009 muna Yekaterinburg. Pamisangano zvinokurukurwa nyaya mose kudyidzana, achiposa zvakatipoteredza uye ikoroji.

Munzira, kuti Maastricht Treaty

European Economic Union (EU) - zvoupfumi uye enyika mubatanidzwa, zvinosanganisira makumi maviri nemanomwe Member States vane zvakafanana mutemo munzvimbo dzakawanda. The EU akasikwa muna 1993 pamwe kusaina kuti chibvumirano musi European Union, iyo inowanzonzi nezvavo savakuru Maastricht Treaty. Zvisinei, izvi pashure pokugadzwa masangano dzakawanda dzokuEurope, uyo akabatsira kuti kukura EU.

Senzira EU pakutanga raiva 12 Member States: Denmark, Germany, Greece, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Belgium, Portugal, Ireland, France, Spain uye muUK. Muna 1993, European Council, musangano muCopenhagen (Denmark), rinorondedzerwa nzira dzekuziva kuti accession kuna EU. Izvi zvinodiwa, anozivikanwa somunhu Copenhagen nzira zvinosanganisira zvinokosha zvakadai:

• yakadzikama gutsaruzhinji unoremekedza kodzero dzevanhu uye kwemitemo;
• kutoitwa musika zvemakwikwi upfumi;
• kubvuma nokubatira nhengo, kusanganisira EU mutemo.

Development of EU pashure 1993

EU yakawedzera ka3 kubvira pakutanga kwayo. Muna 1995 akanga akabatana nenhengo itsva 3: Austria, Finland neSweden. Muna 2004 zvakava apinda EU nhengo itsva 10, kunyanya kubva aimbova bloc Soviet: Czech Republic, Cyprus, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Marita, Poland, Hungary, Slovakia uye Slovenia. Muna 2007, Romania uye Bulgaria, izvo haana kusangana mukova nzira muna 2004 vakanga akabvuma uye akagamuchira kupinda Union. Muna 2013 nayo akawedzera pamazita neHurumende yeCroatia.

Mumwe zvinangwa EU - zvoupfumi uye mari pamwe, izvo zvinoratidza kusikwa nevakawanda European mari. kutengeserana International mukati miganhu nevakariri mari nzvimbo kuchabatsira zvikuru kuti pakasikwa musika chete, wakakwana dzakafanana Pricing uye mutemo kumisika National. Kutanga musika chete anokwanisa kumutsa rakawedzera makwikwi pakati niche zvinhu uye kuti zvive nyore yemakambani mari, zvikurukuru, dzakawanda kutengeserana pakati nhengo chete mari yacho. Pakupedzisira, muna kwenguva kuti muve nezvamunobvumirana wezvokutengeserana uye mari nzvimbo inofanira hureruke European yemakambani chivako kuti kugarwa ose normative nomutemo mabasa kune homogeneous.

euros

Economic mibatanidzwa kazhinji akaratidza chinangwa wokubatanidza upfumi nyika mukati kwavari. Zvakanyanya Kunaka Panguva Yepamuviri kudzora zvoupfumi basa imwe mari mapazi anogona kubudirira kuburikidza kutanga rimwe mari; convergence ichi achasika kufanana kukuru pakati siyana yenyika upfumi. Mamiriro ezvinhu akaratidza pakatanga kweeuro uye kusikwa rimwe mari:

1. Kwerunyararo dzakawanda Exchange mukati akafanorongerwa siyana (Gengi mashandiro, kana ERM) kwemakore anenge maviri asati pakatanga kweeuro.
2. Kuramba kwenguva refu mubereko prices.
3. Kudzora chikwereti paruzhinji mukati waakaudzwa mitemo.
4. Maintenance Hurumende chikwereti mukuru chero kupfuura 60% kwakakomba mumhuri chigadzirwa.

EU kuti mamiriro

European Union zvoupfumi kunosanganisira 4 muviri administrative, iyo kubata dzakananga nzvimbo zveupfumi uye enyika basa.

1. The Council of Vashumiri. Kazhinji inoitwa vamiririri Ministries pakati Foreign Affairs of EU nhengo inoti. European Council of Vashumiri ane wokupedzisira munoti muzvinhu zvose dzisina kufukidzwa ngadzirambe zvibvumirano yakagadzwa EU kana ayo masangano mugadzi. The Council of Vashumiri hunotendera vanoona Committee, anotaura nhau ukama hukama pakati dzeEU pazvinhu zvinotevera: Hurumende, kurima, Fisheries, maindasitiri mutemo uye dzomunyika kumusika, tsvakurudzo, simba, zvekufambisa, ikoroji.

2. European Commission. mubatanidzwa Economic kuti inotaura, sezvinoita mutemo, zvinoumba nyanzvi miviri kugadzirisa zvemari nyaya. Zvazvakadaro sangano iri EU anemasimba, European Commission anoita. Rinotsvaka kushumira zvido Europe rose pamusoro nyaya kwokunze ukama, upfumi, mari, bhizimisi uye kurima mitemo.

3. European Parliament. Chinosanganisira vamiririri EU nhengo rinoti, vari kusarudzwa zvakananga vhoti munyika dzavo. Kunyange zvazvo kushanda Forum nokuda kwokukurukurwa nyaya inonetsa nomumwe Member States uye EU yose, European Parliament haana simba rokusika kana kushandisa dzemunharaunda mitemo. Zvisinei, iye ane simba zvimwe pamusoro EU bhajeti uye anogona kuita zvinhu nehanya neDare Vashumiri kana European Commission.

4. Court. Chero mibatanidzwa yemari inofanira kuva pamutemo hwaro, European Union hakuna anosara. The Dare ine vatongi 13 uye magweta matanhatu yokumiririra EU Member States. Its basa ndiko kududzira mitemo nemirayiro kwakaitwa sarudzo dzinoshanda kuti EU nhengo hurumende, makambani uye vanhu vari EU nhengo inoti.

International zveupfumi mibatanidzwa

- WTO / GATT. Chinokosha Rules 153 pakati nyika ndiyo General Agreement musi tariffs, uye Trade (GATT). Rutapudzo pakati tariffs, kubviswa zvipingamupinyi, unbiased mutero uye netsika nemaitiro pachinhu mumwe - izvi chikuru zvinangwa chibvumirano, iyo yakasainwa muna 1947

- YUNKAD. The United Nations Conference musi Trade uye Development - mumiriri mutumbi General Assembly of UN (United Nations), iyo anobata nyaya zvoupfumi, zvokutengeserana uye inivhesitimendi. The chikuru chinangwa sangano hunoronga kwacho zvishoma dzakabudirira dziri kusangana mumusika yose zvoupfumi.

- NAFTA. The Kudeuka North American akasununguka kutengeserana mapazi pakati muUnited States, Canada, uye Mexico kubva 1994

- ASEAN. Political uye upfumi nenzanga kunyika Southeast Asia, zvino iri kukura nokukurumidza, anomirirwa Association of South-East Asia. The chibvumirano wacho wakasainwa anotevera nyika: Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore, Philippines, Brunei, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Vietnam. zvinangwa ASEAN vari nechinangwa kuwedzera zvoupfumi kukura, kudzivirirwa zvinodiwa nenyika, runyararo uye kutsiga; kugonesa ne miviri epamutemo kugadzirisa kusawirirana murunyararo.