Chii manyowa? Chii manyowa ivhu: murwiyo uye zvivako zviri fetiraiza

With pfungwa iyi kusangana yakawanda vanhu, asi kwete vose anoziva manyowa. Translated kubva Latin "manyowa" rinoreva "pasi", "ivhu" uye ndiyo huru makemikari fuma ine zvinovaka muviri kuti zvinokosha miti.

Humic zvinhu uyewo nhengo rinokosha boka makemikari hunhu yepasi ivhu pakavha, kureva, dzakananga chete ivhu. Zvirokwazvo ndiye manyowa, zvinonzi ikozvino zvakajeka, uye chii rinokuyeuchidza kutarisa? Residues kubva miti, mhuka, uye utachiona zvichikonzerwa aiita-siyana zvinoumba kwezvakatipoteredza.

Makemikari anoumba manyowa iri nani kunzwisisa. Zvinonzi dzinoratidzwa ruvara rima, riri ndisipo miti. The sezvamunoita zvinosanganisira inokosha chaizvo manyowa humic asidhi ine yakawanda kabhoni (anenge 60%), okisijeni (anenge 35%), senitrogen (avhareji 5%), phosphorus, sarufa, simbi, uye zvichingodaro. Pachishandiswa zvataurwa, zvinoreva chimwe mamwe mhinduro yomubvunzo uri manyowa. Manyowa - izwi rinobatanidza makemikari huru kunzwisisa ane ayo sezvamunoita chikamu Organic (humic uye fulvic acids), inorganic yeimwe (zvine maatomu akafanana ane inorganic mavambo, kana mune mamwe mashoko, zvicherwa, vari pakati humates uye fulvates). Asi ichi zvino kutaura zvizere.

Sezvazvakanyorwa akaumba manyowa?

With pfungwa manyowa iwe wakasangana zvinotevera mubvunzo rakashama chinoramba chiri manyowa ivhu, uye sei anogadzirwa? Manyowa ivhu - haasi chinhu asi tsvina rakavapo zvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana, kunyanya earthworms. Pfungwa paumbwe manyowa ndiyo yakasimba.

Uswa, metabolic zvibereko zvitunha zvemhuka - ichi zvose zviri zvokudya zvinenge kuti muivhu. Vamwe chikamu chacho amenable mineralization, uye mumwe - nokukanganisika enzymatic kudzikisirana uye oxidation (humification), panguva iyo kwetunhu Organic yeimwe, uye manyowa aumbwa. Manyowa rikunde mairi, uyewo humic acid, ayo pakupedzisira kutendeuka, zvichiguma oxidized kuti carbon dioxide inobvisa uye mvura. Zvakakosha chaizvo kuti nzira kuchinja manyowa - mineralization kana humification - kuvimba zvakananga pamusoro ivhu uye okunze. Mune zvakanaka noushamwari uye nyorovera mumamirire ekunze ari oxidation muitiro zvinoitika nokukurumidza, nemarara yose miti mineralized rinenge usingabereki -wedzera muvhu manyowa. In chando mumamirire ekunze Kushandurwa nemarara ikakuruma kunonoka, uye nhamba yavo iri diki, zvichiguma duku ivhu manyowa kugutsikana. Zvakanyanya Kunaka Panguva Yepamuviri nokuti humification vari mwero mumamirire ekunze pasina waterlogging.

Saka, kubva pamusoro chatingawana chakakodzera ndezvipi:

1. kuwana goho rakanaka, muti anongoti inoda carbon dioxide inobvisa;
2. carbon dioxide inobvisa muvhu, kazhinji inoumbwa manyowa dzemhuka microbial chirimwa residues kuwadzana siyana zvinoumba kwezvakatipoteredza (tupukanana tusingaoneki, tumbuyu, makonye, notumwe tupukanana etc.);
3. zvishandiswezve Organic residues Zvirimwa, mhuka uye utachiona uye chimiro manyowa manyowa, inova musimboti chezvinonhuwira hwevhu.

mashandiro anoita manyowa

1. Physical basa. It unoitisa simba ivhu chimiro, iyoyo yakanaka makopi mvura inodiwa mhepo tembiricha uye zvakafanorongwa kubudikidza kukura zvakanaka nemidzi muvhu. Manyowa kunoitawo kuti kupa coherence chiedza nevhu uye ivhu kusunungura zvakasimba.
2. Chemical basa. Ndiye idura guru muviri. Somugumisiro siyana tusingaoneki manyowa uchiora ne nguva (mineralization muitiro), zvichiguma kusunungurwa musungwa ari senitrogen mairi, phosphorus, potassium uye nezvimwewo zvinhu.
3. The chaivo basa. Manyowa pave akanaka ezvinhu kuti kukura uye mberi mabasa zvigare siyana.

mhando manyowa

• Mor (manyowa podzolic ivhu). Manyowa ichi mhando moita masaisai, ine yakawanda detritus, pova pasi utachiona basa iri acidic ezvinhu kuita kwezvakatipoteredza.
• Moder (manyowa pevhu-podzolic ivhu), iyo yakaumbwa ari pakati chaivo basa pasi acidic maitiro svikiro uye simba aiita zvicherwa ivhu.
• Mullen (chernozem manyowa) dzichiumbwa panguva yakakwirira chaizvo chaivo basa pasi kwazvakarerekera maitiro unosvikirwa, nokushingaira interacts pamwe zvicherwa nevhu.
• Anmoor (manyowa pevhu-gley ivhu), iro achiumbwa kwenguva pfupi Wetland nevhu.
• Aligotrofny peat, inova "varombo manyowa" bogs.
• The wokupedzisira mhando - eutrofny peat, inova "akapfuma manyowa" Pamumvuri wetsanga napamurove.

Meaning of manyowa mu hwevhu

Manyowa ari kushingaira munyaya nedanho ivhu inotungamirwa. Dzaanoridza basa rinokosha zvakananga paumbwe ivhu profile. Manyowa chinowedzera chokuedza ivhu inoramba kupinda aggregates (nemavhinga), zvinoita kuti pave zvinokosha agronomic chivako uye aisimudzira zvinomera upenyu ehupfumi ivhu chaiko. Rine zvinokosha zvinovaka muviri kuti zvinomera uye siyana chiya chisingadiwi zvinhu izvo zvava kuwanikwa kuti chirimwa mushure mineralization rikurumidze.

Humic zvinhu zviri zvokudya ivhu tusingaoneki. On zviri manyowa muvhu kunoenderana kusimba siyana zvemakemikari uye utachiona pezvakaitwa kuti anokonzera kuunganidza zvinhu zvinodiwa kuti zvinomera. Manyowa kunoitawo kuti kupa ivhu ine ruvara rima, saka nyika nani absorbs rezuva simba.

Murwiyo uye zvivako zviri manyowa

fetiraiza uyu kunzwisisa simba kunzwisisa Organic yeimwe izvo yakaumbwa munguva manyowa-siyana Organic residues.

In murwiyo ivhu manyowa zvinokwanisika govera yakananga mugove (vanenge 90%) zvinosanganisira humic zvinhu uye non-yakananga mugove (navamwe) zvinosanganisira negumifitsirovannyh Organic zvinhu. Ivhu humic zvinhu, akavapindurawo, vakaisawo:

• humic acids - yakakwirira samolecular uremu senitrogen tubhokisi Organic yeimwe ane cyclic chimiro, kwete soluble mumvura uye acids, asi soluble mune simba alkalis, ari humic asidhi zvinosanganisira Mahydrocarbon (vanenge 50%), rehydrogen (5%), okisijeni (40%), senitrogen (5%);
• humates, inoumbwa nesungano pakati humic acids pamwe zvicherwa nevhu; alkaline humates dzine soluble nemvura, nokudaro achiumba colloidal dambudziko; humates sezvo calcium magnesium havasi soluble mumvura chimiro mvura nemishonga mamiriro;
• fulvic acids - yakakwirira samolecular uremu senitrogen tubhokisi Organic acids zvazvichanyungudutswa mvura, acids siyana uye alkaline zvinogadzirisa, mukuwedzera, vane soluble mune dzimwe zvinoita zvokufembedzwa; fulvic acids zviri kabhoni, sehydrogen, okisijeni uye senitrogen, uyewo zviripo ataura kuti acids izvi zvinokonzera vanoshingaira kuparadzwa chicherwa ivhu.

Meaning manyowa zvinomera

Zvose zvemashoko humic zvinhu haisi kuzivikanwa, saka zvinotevera zviri chete zvihombe, midzi dzidziso uye tsika.

Saka, manyowa - mumwe fetiraiza inosimudzira:

1. kukurudzira afemeruke zvinomera kunyange rikwanise kuperevedza okisijeni;
2. Unganatsiridza zvokurima zvigadzirwa;
3. tiwedzere photosynthesis, kukurudzira basa makemikari kuti chokuita photosynthetic maitiro zvakananga;
4. kuwedzera senga uye kuparadzirwa inotonhorera pakarepo mukati chirimwa;
5. kukura miti;
6. Udane rooting uye itsvo kukura;
7. kushinga kuti zvekunze nemigumisiro;
8. inotungamirwa akatsiga yeimwe pamwe nesimbi, Absorção de Água pamusoro phosphate, nitrate nevamwe vazhinji;
9. acidity kuwedzera pamusoro mudzi hukawanika;
10. kuwedzera chirimwa kuramba kuti zviito kwemishonga yezvipembenene uye sora, kuderedza kuunganidza navo chokupedzisira chigadzirwa.

Kushandiswa humic zvinhu mukurapa

Maererano migumisiro nemiedzo yakasiyana-siyana kuitwa pharmacology kuziva chii manyowa, zvinodhaka, iyo yakavakirwa zvinosanganisira humic zvinhu zvinogona kushandiswa munguva yedu yevanhu uye wemhuka sezvo asiri chaiwo zvinodhaka kuti tiwedzere kurwisa muviri kuti zvinokonzerwa ngozi siyana.

nemishonga kwakavakirwa humic zvinhu Data nhasi yatovapo pamusoro pamusika. Vari kushingaira kushandiswa pakurapa Sciatica siyana zvirwere nzeve uye mhuno, pharyngitis, rhinitis, arthritis, arthritis, arthrosis nezvimwe zvirwere zvakawanda. Kunakisa zvinodhaka izvi ndechokuti ivo vasiri muchetura.

Zvakavanzika humic zvinhu

Akauya inonzwisisika kwemamiriro nyaya iri manyowa ivhu pamusoro wayo inotungamirwa, zvivako uye mabasa. Chinhu bedzi ndinoda kuwedzera, kuti mashoko mashoma pamusoro zvakavanzika humic zvinhu. Sokuziva, havana yaingowanikwa kugara makemikari anoumba, vasina yakananga samolecular uremu uye kugara chete ruvara. Humic zvinhu ichiripo adzidza ne mishonga, ivhu masayendisiti, hydrobiologists, vanachiremba, vemishonga, kuti kutsanangura zvose zvakavanzika kuti zvakachengeterwa mazviri, iyo kunotarisirwa achava kukanganisika zvakawanda.