Chii kuzvipira sangano? Pezvakaitwa, misimboti uye dzidziso yokuzvidzora sangano

Mubvunzo chii kuzvipira sangano, unofadza zvikuru. Funga izvozvo munyaya ino. Self-kuronga hurongwa - ichi chinhu kusingarapiki muitiro kunobva nesungano yawo siyana vatori kuti kwaita rikurumidze hurongwa.

Kudzidza kwenzanga uye hunhu inoratidza kuti rakazaruka kunzwisisa hurongwa zhinji, iyo ine vakawanda subsystems, anokwanisa pasi dzakananga ezvinhu kuti shanduka uye kuzvidzora sangano.

Nhoroondo kudzidza kuzvipira sangano

Nokuti kuruzhinji uye zvakasikwa pezvakaitwa dzokuzvikoshesa yave adzidza, kunyange panguva zvouMwari kana chaihwoihwo kwouzivi sandara, kubva panguva Aristotle. Mazana mapepa zvakanyorwa pamusoro sei nyika inoshanda, chii chiri honzeri kudzikama kuvimbika zvakasikwa chakavapo kwemabhiriyoni emakore. Chikuru chazvo dambudziko iri rava muzana remakore rapfuura, rechipiri hafu. Zvinonzi kwakabatana pokumuka cybernetics.

cybernetic kunzwisisa

Uzivi kwenguva refu hunodzorwa timboona muitiro uyu sezvo kuri pakurarama gadziriro chete chinonakidza nguva. Self-sangano zvakasikwa Somuenzaniso - imwe nhengo, mhenyu sero, munhu zvipenyu vanogara. Watch boka shiri, masvosve kana nyuchi, uye uchanzwisisa chii.

Cybernetic kunzwisisa dzokuzvikoshesa sangano, kuti ndiyo tsanangudzo sechinhu hierarchical centralized maumbirwo apo pasi anogamuchira mashoko mugero inofambiswa chete sezvo yokupedzisira mugumisiro, uye vanosarudza chete pamusoro, haana kukwanisa kuratidza chaiko kushanda ezvinhu ayo kunzwisisa, nokusika pezvakaitwa anotsanangura womuenzaniso, kuti kuitika shamwari dzakaoma.

Non-venguva kusvika

Mukati cybernetics yechipiri yezana 1950s hunobuda nonclassical kuitika yakasimbiswa kuti kudzidza dzakasiyana hurongwa (kuzviremekedza sangano kwenyaya, vanhu). Mukati framework ichi, mumwe mashandiro raiva pedyo synergistic kupfuura cybernetic (riri vaitirei chaiwo). Norbert Wiener, muvambi cybernetics, yava imwe neklassikov uyo nezvokumwe musimboti yokuzvidzora sangano. Muzana XX remakore, mukuvamba Kuma1960, M. L. Tsetlin, musayendisiti Soviet, akanyora nezvokuti kana isu funga utariri senzira kugadzirisa zviri kuitika kubva pamusoro pasi, iyo hurongwa achabva zvakaoma chaizvo. Machines, kana tinopiwa mitemo vomene matanho anodiwa, pasina kudikanwa mirayiridzo. Kureva, yake mafungiro, pfungwa yokuzvidzora sangano.

Synergetics sezvo kurangwa

Discipline Mubatanidzwa kuti yakabuda kuMadokero muna 1975, rakavambwa sezvo pakutevedzera mutsva zvesayenzi, vaizotibata chaizvo, yekudyidzana anowedzera kuwanda akasiyana dzinotsanagura dzokuzvikoshesa sangano, kare aidzidza cybernetics. In mabasa ichi kuitika zvinogona kucherechedzwa kuti kuzvipira sangano sezvo kutanga kunoonekwa sehwakapararira kuti vose vasiri vapenyu uye zvipenyu enyika. Zvaiva pakatanga rokuti nesayenzi "Synergetics" akadaro pakuonekwa maviri nzira huru kuti kudzidza: cybernetic uye synergetic. Kusiyana izvi pfungwa mbiri kunyanya panyaya ita hurongwa maitiro kuti apo dzinotsanagura anozvipira sangano varipo.

Kusiyana synergistic uye cybernetic kusvika

The cybernetic kusvika presupposes mumwe akafanorongerwa chinangwa uko yavo hurongwa ruchigona, pakavakirwa izvozvo anoronga pacharo. Synergetic kusvika hakurevi kuda. Kubva kwayo nemaonero sezvo pamwe kushanda pakati siyana zvemamiriro ezvinhu ndiwo vakaratidzawo kuzvidzora sangano.

Total Nzira mbiri

Uye Synergetics uye Cybernetics rinokoshesa zvikuru kwakadaro pfungwa se "utariri", saka kushumira zvinangwa zvakasiyana. Cybernetics anovandudza nzira uye algorithms kuti zvigoneke kuti kushandisa maitiro zvokuti nemabasa akafanotaurawo zvakajeka nzira. Panguva kuedza, mune imwe nzira Mubatanidzwa kushandura siyana kuzvidzora parameters, uye kuzvidzora sangano kuitwa kuongororwa sezvo maitiro kwavari, kureva siyana inoti iyo ino kuchinja vakadhakwa pairi pamusoro chidhiraivho dzakadaro. Ndiko, pasi pokudzora imwe rinodzora vezvikwata cybernetic ezvinhu, uye ayo synergistic maitiro haripinduri chokuita nokudzora parameters. Ivo chete kukonzera mashandiro yomunyika kuzvidzora sangano. Uye synergetic, uye cybernetic hurongwa maitiro anotarira kwawakananga, asi mumutsetse wokutanga, gadziriro anosarudza nzira pakukura kwacho yakakwirira pamusoro sangano, uye uyu wakaisirwa pachine vavariro yechipiri.

Synergetics nokuzvidzora sangano

Nhasi, zvinoreva "kuzvidzora sangano" pedyo yokuti "Mubatanidzwa." Vari inowanzoshandiswa anoreva zvakafanana nokuti nesayenzi. Kutaura zvazviri, pfungwa mbiri idzi dziri kudzidza nzira iri muchadenga uye nguva kune sangano kubva munyonganyonga (kuzviremekedza sangano) uye pakatarisana mananara (samodezorganizatsii pezvakaitwa) kuti anogona kuonekwa mugadziriro chero hunhu, vari kunzwisisa, yakazaruka uye vakagwinya disequilibrium. Zvose mashandiro dzataurwa pamusoro (synergistic uye cybernetic) zvacho zvakafanana hwaro: Communications, nomuzvarirwo yomuka pakati okunze, kubvumira kuti kusika nemamiriro, sangano wegadziriro uchaitwa kuitwa pasina kuzvidzora mirayiro omunharaunda mukukurukurirana.

Muitiro yokuzvidzora kuronga hurongwa

Pakutanga, kureva Chiitiko anozvipira sangano, ndiripo kunzwisisa hurongwa zvinofungirwa kuzvipira kwavo kune homeostatic pakusimba, ndichengetedze kuvimbika. Zvinogona kucherechedzwa zvinotevera kuitika chikuru unhu munhu anozvipira kuronga neshamwari: kuva kure sezvinobvira pamusoro mamiriro nyonganyonga, kunonyanyisa entropy zvakanyatsoenzana. Synergetics, Ukuwo, vanoti kuti hapana kukura pasina kusagadzikana, richiwanika pavaidira, mupfungwa. Nematambudziko uye kusagadzikana zvinokonzera Kusarudzwa uye kuziva yakanakisisa. The zvoupfumi, Somuenzaniso, anoranga, anoronga, zvinopa mukana muduku uye tichishingaira kusimbisa mberi, sezvo simbe uye simba - kurega nzvimbo dzavo pamusika. The Hurongwa, izvo zvinogona kunzi zvakanaka, sezvo anoziva pokugumira kuti zvinokwanisika munzvimbo iyi kusagadzikana akabvumidza stochasticity, uye otaura pachake dzimwe mitemo rehurumende, simba iri zvigadziriswe nokuzvidzora sangano. Kureva, iye anorwa naye entropy uye ngozi.

Self-sangano kwegadziriro - muitiro kuchinja zvachiri (kana chinzvimbo) hwokurara pasina vamwe zvakanangwa kutanga zvisinei tcelepolaganija matsime. Kufurira zvikonzero zvayo nzira ingava zvose nechinzwano zvekunze. Ndiwo maitiro zvinhu zvakadai kuzvicheka-sangano zvakasikwa, vanhu, kana asiri mupenyu enyika. Unogona kutaura pamusoro ne izvi.

A seti yokuzvidzora sangano zvigadziriswe

Takaona kuti iyi kuzvicheka-sangano iri zvakasikwa, asiri mupenyu hurongwa uye nzanga. Ndedzipi nzira yaro? The muunganidzwa yose zvigadziriswe anozvipira sangano inosanganisira selection, nhodzera, kushanduka. Zvanzi NN Moiseev, academician, rinoreva kumusika. Kuti rinopa zvakasiyana siyana zvokusarudza uye isimbe, mitemo maitiro uye nhungamiro kusarudzwa kusarudza inonyatsobudirira vaya. The musika, Mozisi, vakadzidza Ricardo uye Smith - iri nyaya inokosha vanonzi musika muchadenga. Nature kugona kukwira neimwe zano. Saka vanhu vanoenda mumugwagwa kare tsikwa, nekuti vamwe nyore hariko: nomusoro naro anoronga upfumi zvakasikwa uye upfumi hwevanhu bhadharwa.

Mhando nokuzvidzora sangano

Dzimwe nguva nyanzvi dzinoti evanhu, zvoutachiona uye zvekushandisa zvakasiyana-siyana dzokuzvikoshesa sangano, muchitenda kuti zvigadziriswe dzavo dzinobva dzemitemo siyana:

- social (kuzviremekedza sangano nzanga) anobva imwe evanhu purogiramu harmonization ukama, kusanganisira mitemo, tsika uye zvaunokoshesa, izvo kusanduka nenguva;

- Chirongwa zvoutachiona kunobva richengetedzwe mhando (kuvabereki), uyewo selection, nhodzera uye kushanduka (Darwin vanamwari vainamatwa vari vatatu);

- inobva hwokugadzira purogiramu anoita chaizvo algorithm otomatiki kusuduruka chiito pasi kunosiyana ezvinhu (autopilot, homing zvombo uye zvakafanana).

Yokuzvifungidzira chii kuzvidzora sangano, zivo aripo ukama pakati payo uye sangano iri magariro evanhu - rinokosha basa sayenzi. Chero boka, kambani imwe kwawakananga kuzvidzora wakarovedzwa achishandisa urongwa, zvinyorwa, nhungamiro, mirayiridzo, mirau, pane nguva dzose pezvakaitwa kuzvidzora sangano kuti chokuita ehupfumi wegadziriro rose, Kunyanya Synergies. Saka sei zvakawanda ichi kuzvipira sangano inofanira kuva? Pane huripo, kana zvichibvira uchibatsirwa hunobatsira ruzivo uye kukudziridza mutauro ano panyaya iyi kunenge?

Self-sangano magariro evanhu

Zvinozivikanwa kuti chandagwinyira ndiyo kudzorwa system saka pane zvishoma nzvimbo zvakasikwa uye kuzvidzora sangano. Asi kubvisa murusununguko ichiyangarara zvemamiriro ezvinhu, hatigoni awane chinangwa aida nesu. Self-sangano munzanga, rumwe rutivi, zvinoitwa kunze komutemo mabasa, zvisina pamwe. Asi pane imwe - nekuvongwa rakanyatsorongwa, chiito chinangwa inotongwa chipfuro akacherekedza zvakajeka.

Saka, chii chiri kuzvipira sangano munzanga? In magariro evanhu shanduka anotora zvinotevera:

- The Kuvapo weumwe pre-chinangwa icho yavo hurongwa ruchigona, samoorganizuyas kumativi dambudziko iri. Basa rinokosha itsva kukura zvaunokoshesa, okugadzira zvinhu, kukura kwounyanzvi, uyewo kuwedzera mukurumbira nhengo basa.

- Kuchinja, mukana wokushandiswa uye variability pamusoro pesimba zvivako. Kwaidarika ne administrative nzira magariro uye nepfungwa. Modern rezvebonde tefa marongerwo kusimbisa yaivapo Synergies, iyoyo nokuwedzera yose chaizvoizvo. Hierarchical zvakaoma kusiya nokuzviuraya-sangano zviduku zvinhu. Kunoratidza pacharo pakuti duku kuzvimirira dzakabatana asina chokuita mabasa daily bureaucratic hurongwa kuti kudzivisa Kufambisa zvisarudzo pamusoro chinjikira uye tote.

- decentralization, diversification, vakawedzera negoho nomumwe mukwikwidzi, kubatanidzwa nerimwe kutora utariri zvisarudzo, uye chido kushanda.

- Shandisa akasiyana-siyana zvinangwa zviri kuparadzira mashoko, kugadzirwa vanokwanisa, utsanzi, ruzivo, etc.

- Kuzvidzora, kuzvicheka-dzidzo, kuzvidzora-dzidzo. Kambani chinangwa ichi pakusika zvimwe zvinhu.

- Personal budiriro kunodiwa kutamira sangano unotevera padanho (yakarongeka shanduko, kukura atambudzwe idzva, kuunganidza mashoko nemamiriro).

Takurukura kuti vakadaro kuzviremekedza sangano, ayo tsanangudzo, specificity uye mhando. Sezvaunogona kuona, ichi Generic izwi nhasi yakasarudzwa mananara pakurarama uye asiri mupenyu enyika. Kureva kuzvipira sangano kwenyaya uye vomunzanga akafanana chaizvo. Izvi zvinofadza chaizvo sezvo zvakasikwa pfuma hurongwa.