Chii hutungamiri? Hutungamiri pfungwa ano uye zvetsika

Mazuva ano, munhu wose ari kuedza kuva anobudirira uye anoremekedzwa murume. Kuti aite izvi, unofanira kusangana zvimwe zvinodiwa pamusoro kwevamwe. Sei iwe vanokwanisa vanhu vagadze Kurayira kutungamirira? Pfungwa utungamiri siyana chaizvo uye vakakodzerwa yoga nhaurirano. Pavari ichakurukurwa munyaya ino.

pfungwa utungamiri

Utangamiri kugona kushanda mumwe simba sezvo munhu mumwe nomumwe, uye vari siyana boka revanhu, achitungamirira vanhuwo kuedza vanhu kuti vawane chinangwa nevakawanda. On the socio-mupfungwa nemaonero, izvi ndizvo zvachose chaivo, kunobva simba chiremera vanhu pamusoro maitiro vamwe nhengo dzeboka. Vakadhakwa panguva kunzwisiswa se zviito yevanhu kuti mutsaure pakati manzwiro, mafungiro, uye zviito mumwe munhu. Pane dzakawanda nzira kuita vatungamirire. Hutungamiri pfungwa kunoratidza kuti zvinogona kuratidza kuburikidza pfungwa, kunyengerera, pfungwa, rakanyorwa uye anotaurwa neshoko, kumanikidza, simba oga, mupfungwa contagion, muenzaniso pachake uye zvichingodaro.

Ndianiko mutungamiri

Kuvapo chikamu chimwe boka achipfeka utungamiri womumwe. Pfungwa utungamiri inobva dzakasiyana-siyana dzidziso. Ndehupi hunhu zvakafanira kuti munhu kutungamirira boka? The Mutungamiri - munhu anogona kubatanidza vanhu uye kutungamirira kuti kuzadzisa chinangwa. Uyezve, pfungwa "mutungamiri" uye "chinangwa" zvakabatana nepedyo. Zvisinei, kuti aise yakananga basa uye zvakanyatsorongwa dzika chete hazvirevi kuva mutungamiri. Chinokosha unhu mutungamiri ose ndiwo kuvapo vateveri. The chikuru basa chero mutungamiri kukwanisa kuwana vanhu kuti uvatevere, kuronga zvakafanira kusakarongeka pasi mune rimwe ino kuti aizobatsirawo agadzirise zvinetso chaizvo zviri kuumbwa hwakagadzwa zvinangwa. Nemamwe mashoko, mutungamiriri chinhu ichocho iyo anoita maitiro evamwe vanhu. A mutungamiriri wechokwadi anogona chete kuva munhu ari mutakuri zvinhu acclaimed uye taitarisira uyu unoratidza boka. Saka, "transplanting" mutungamiriri mumwe nokuwadzana kune mumwe, uyewo kugadzwa pamusoro wayo - kugamuchira kukodzera uye haushandi.

mhando utungamiri

Hutungamiri pfungwa anoratidza kuti vanhu munharaunda kuunganira zvikonzero zvitatu. Kazhinji, ivo vanotungamirirwa chido kuwana rutsigiro mupfungwa, kudzidza zvakafanira ruzivo uye kumisa basa ukama. Nokudaro, utungamiriri sangano chinosanganisira zvitatu zvinoti: mupfungwa, informational uye basa. Munhu anokwanisa panguva kudana vanhu arayire uye kuvayeuchidza pamusoro nevakariri chinangwa - a "nemaoko chikwata". Munhu akadaro anogona kunzi mutungamiriri bhizimisi. With kunoshanda zvikuru, anoziva sei kuronga bhizimisi uye kusimbisa zvakafanira vokukurukura uye mabhizimisi ukama. Munhu ane ruzivo rwakakura uye kununura kurudyi ruzivo kune dzimwe - a "muuropi chikwata". It anganzi ane mutungamiri ruzivo. Munhu, ndiani anogona kuva kushanyirwa tsitsi uye "kuzovakwirira nguvo" - a "mwoyo chehondo." Munhu akadaro ndiye mutungamiri mupfungwa. Kunze pamusoro matatu dzemarudzi kuitika zvikuru vaifarira chechina musimboti. Ichi - mutungamiriri zvakasikwa. munhu akadaro rinobatanidza zvose zvitatu zvinoriumba, asi yeutungamiri iyi apo neapo.

The siyana pfungwa

Kudzidza dambudziko rokutonga mumwe vanhu pamusoro dzimwe nzvimbo huru nhatu zvinogona kupatsanurwa: chetsika, ezvinhu uye itsva. Kare, tanga ndivo chinyakare Dzidziso utungamiri. Maererano navo kuronga revanhu kunogona chete kuva asina munhu, takaberekwa tine nemamwe unhu. Vatsigiri chinozikamwa kuti dzidziso iyi - Edwin Gizella, Warren Bennis uye Valf Stogdill.

Basic Dzidziso eutungamiri munyika ano vakanga inobva chinyakare. Mumwe wavo - the ezvinhu dzidziso. Its pfungwa Frank Fiedler vaitenda kuti munhu anogona kuwana kukwanisa kutungamirira chete kana akakodzera ezvinhu. Common kune ezvinhu uye zvetsika yokusvika adzidze dambudziko ndiwo mugumisiro management basa nazvo kunobva unhu mutungamiriri.

Gare gare, itsva utungamiri pfungwa zvakasikwa. Izvi zvinosanganisira dzidziso yacho attributive (muongorori), munhu anokwezva uye transformative (kuchinja) utungamiri. Vose vari zvikuru akangwara uye vane kodzero iripo, asi regai kuratidza kudzidza chinonakidza zvachose. nyaya Izvi zvisingagadziriswi nanhasi. Basic Dzidziso eutungamiri zvichabviswa kusimuka pazasi.

chinyakare pfungwa

Sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, vakanga yakavakirwa zvinoonekwa pachavo unhu vatungamiri, asi vakanga vachiramba ne pamusoro nguva. Heano mamwe acho:

- The Pfungwa zvinooneka unhu kwave kuchizivikanwa kusauka mumwe wokutanga. Pashure pezvose, mutungamiriri haisi nguva dzose dzinoratidzwa yakakwirira kukura, mukuru uremu uye simba indefatigable. Mukupesana, chitarisiko chake kunogona mediocre chaizvo.

- Pfungwa njere pazvikanganiso vanotukwa uye evaluative unhu unhu. Zvinofungirwa kuti kuvapo uhwu zvinopa managerial kubudirira. Zvisinei, haasi munhu wose inodzidziswa, tsika uye munhu zvinobatsira zvingaita vanhu.

behaviorist kusvika

The Tsika Pfungwa utungamiri haringorevi maviri kumusoro-dzataurwa zvokufungidzira. Pfungwa zveutungamiri husina unoshandawo kwavari. Zvinonzi papfungwa yokuti mutungamiri ose anofanira nhaka imwe iine mafungiro zvinoyemurika. Anofanira ive nechivimbo, mukana wokushandiswa unopinza pfungwa, simba nechido, kugona, unyanzvi yesangano, ruzivo evanhu. American nyanzvi E. Bogadusom akarongwa unhu mutungamiri varidzi: simba, ungwaru, mutungamiri, kugona kutarisira, pfungwa zvinosetsa, nokungwarira, hunhu simba. Mu "Handbook Utungamiri" American R. Stogdill anoti sechivako unhu, vakananga boka inofanira correlated pamwe zviitwa, zvinangwa uye zvinhu zvake pasi. Zvisinei, kudzidza mapoka chaiko vakaratidza kuti vanogona kutungamirira munhu asina zvinhu izvi. Munhu ndiye utungamiri hunonzi vanokwanisa, dzimwe nguva ane nzvimbo nzvimbo mwero chaizvo musangano.

ezvinhu kusvika

Pfungwa ezvinhu utungamiri yakabuda pahwaro tsika yokusvika adzidze dambudziko. Ivo vanoti kutungamira rimwe boka kunogona chete kuva rimwe munhu anokwanisa kutungamirira vanhu kuti yakananga nokugadziriswa zvinhu. Anofanira kuva akakodzera unyanzvi, unhu, unhu, ruzivo uye ruzivo. Kuti kugadzirisa matambudziko akasiyana-siyana ungafanira yakasiyana unhu, saka hutungamiri munharaunda anogona kufamba kubva kune mumwe munhu. Business mutungamiri anogona kushandura mashoko, uye mupfungwa - vebasa uye zvichingodaro. E. Hartley akaratidza zvimwe regularities yo ezvinhu utungamiri:

1. Kana murume akatungamirira boka mumamiriro ezvinhu akafanana, kwaita nayo inowedzera mikana yokuva mutungamiriri mumwe.
2. Kana munhu akaratidza ake zveutungamiri uye ashandira kutendeseka asara, saka anogona vakazoroorwa kuva mutungamiri uye kusimbisa nzvimbo yaro kutungamirira.
3. Omumwe nemapoka inobva pfungwa. Kana munhu rava mutungamiri mumwe ezvinhu, ipapo iye achava kurinzwisisa sezvo kudaro imwe.
4. Kuti ave mutungamiriri, unofanira kuva nechido ichi yomukati.

political dzidziso

Nokufamba kwenguva, pane zvose zvitsva dzidziso utungamiri. Mumwe wavo akasunda vakatanga pakati Marxism. Vakandipa zano kuti chiitiko ichi kunogona kutsanangurwa nemashoko dzekirasi kunetsana. In vanzwisise mutungamiriri enyika - nyanzvi, kupindirana uye vanoziva exponent pakati zvido imwe kirasi, izvo wakakurira chokuita boka iri pfungwa pabasa, hwebetsero basa. Marxist theorists vakaedza kuratidza kuti nhoroondo chinoitwa nevanhu, asi vavariro yavo dzinobva upfumi chezvinonhuwira upenyu kwenzanga. Saka, pfungwa utungamiri enyika yakaoneka hukuru basa wacho ari pedyo chokuita mabasa evanhu mapoka. In siyana zvenhoroondo nguva kuti mutungamiri anogona zvadzinoda.

Freud pfungwa

Modern Dzidziso utungamiri vari pasi rakasiyana, dzimwe nguva chaizvo kunzwisisa mupfungwa hwaro. Somuenzaniso, Sigmund Freud zvinganaka rakasiyana dzidziso "pachake uye mafungiro unhu." The dzezvematongerwo rinoti vamwe vanhu kuvimbisa kuti utungamiri nokuti kuedza kuripa zvisaitike kuyaruka kana pauduku uduku zvakaoma. Saka yemamiriro chinzvimbo pamusoro mumwe munhu akadaro anogona kuratidza unethical nzira dziri migumisiro netsinga, nemanic paranoia nezvimwe zvarakasiya mupfungwa.

asinganzwisisiki aikwanisa

Imwe zvinofadza zvikuru dzidziso ndiyo pfungwa utungamiri vekushangazhika. Zvinonzi papfungwa yokuti vamwe vanhu rusununguko kupfuura tarenda kudzora vamwe vanhu. Mushoko rechiGiriki "aikwanisa" rinoshandurwa sezvo nyasha, chipo chaMwari. Saka, mashoko asina kunaka pamberi kubva kumusoro, kukwanisa kukurira vanhu vapiwa vachikwidziridza anoshamisa kudaro munhu pamusoro zororo. Pfungwa utungamiri yemweya chinoreva kuti mutungamiriri boka iri pachena pachake kuti anoisa pamusoro zvido nharaunda tsika. Ukama musoro inobva rusingaperi kubvutwa wayo kutendeseka. mabasa The neboka, kukabatanidzwa mutungamiriri rerunziro, ndizvo zvakananga novimba unhu mutungamiri. Pasina izvozvo, sangano kunova husingakuvadzi dzinoparadzana.

attributive utungamiri

Pfungwa iyi rinobva pakuti mutungamiriri anofanira kukwanisa kuongorora maitiro mutevedzeri uye kufungidzira pavakapiwa imwe ezvinhu. Mumazuva chakaipa kuita bhizimisi mutungamiri inongogara kutsvaka mhinduro kumubvunzo pamusoro zvikonzero maitiro revashandi. In yayo kutsvaka, inobva zvitatu zvinoti:

1. Unhu.
2. The chaizvo basa basa.
3. Ezvinhu uye kwesangano kwezvakatipoteredza.

Saka, mutungamiri anoedza kuona zvinokonzera varombo mabasa vashandi uye kodzero kupindura ezvinhu. In womuenzaniso ichi, utungamiri iri kuramba kusakarongeka pakati mukuru uye vashandi zvavo. Kubudirira matanho akatorwa kuvandudza chokupika mutungamiri, pakutsvaga maitiro kwavari omurume.

transformative kusvika

Mutungamiri kuchinja anotsvaka kukurudzira vateveri nokumutsa kuziva kwavo. It anovandudza rokudzidzisa pamwero vashandi, anosika pave kuvimba chikwata, kunobatsira vanhu kudzidza chokubatanidza zvakavanakira chete paruzhinji. muenzaniso uyu achipfeka utungamiri mutevedzeri zvinobatanidzwa basa boka. Havaiti tinongoita kuteerera webasa, uye kutsvaka zvakakwana kuongorora maitiro ake. Pfungwa transformative utungamiri chakavakirwa okusika yokusvika: mutungamiriri kuramba kuwana ruremekedzo uye kuvimba wevateveri, kuramba yokutanga pakati kuenzana.

Masayendisiti vane mhinduro yakasiyana kuti mubvunzo pamusoro chii utungamiri. Hutungamiri pfungwa zvinoratidza Fani iyi kubva siyana pfungwa maonero. Ongorora pfungwa kuitika panyaya iyi ichava dzinonakidza uye anobatsira vanhu vose.