Culture: nemagariro siyana. Russian tsika. tsika ano

Human budiriro kwasvika refu Danho okukura. Uye mumwe kutsanangura unhu izvi kusiyana netsika.

The tsananguro

Culture siyana mutsika uye mhando yayo - kunzwisisa uye chinoumbwa nezvinhu zvakawanda pfungwa paakafungisisa mabhora ose mabasa evanhu. Zvichida hakuna mamwe mashoko, izvo zvingadai zvaiitikawo dzinoverengeka tsanangudzo. Uye chokwadi, chii isu kureva ne "tsika"? Marudzi netsika - zvavari uye kuti vazhinji vavo ipapo?

Chokutanga ndechokuti kukura vanhu rose uye nokunzwisisa kwake runako. Ndicho zvokunyama zvose nokubudirira yebudiriro. Uye kubva pfungwa iyi maonero, zvose kuti rave uye zvichaitwa nemunhu - iri tsika. Marudzi tsika chiri sei saka zvakaoma pachena delineate uye kutsanangura. The zvokushandisa rokutanga - budiriro iyi vanhu, asi kungoti zvechikadzi rwokugadzira iyi nyaya - uyewo.

Mukuwedzera, tsika - zviri pamwero yebudiriro. Naizvozvo, ichi izwi rinoshandiswa kureva nhoroondo dzakaitika munguva: yekare, Ages uye ano tsika.

In pfungwa nevakariri murume ndiye - unyanzvi dzemitambo uye mamiziyamu, mabhuku. People, zvinhu, uye kunyange nzanga yose inoshandiswa kuongorora kubva pfungwa nemaonero akakodzera anoti: munhu tsika, mukuru unongotaura tsika. Naizvozvo, tsanangudzo shoko "tsika" zvikuru.

Nzira nhatu tsanangudzo

Anthropological - kuziva kukosha nomumwe nyika tsika uye vanhu. Izvi nzira yakafara, umo anopiwa soro nhamba tsanangudzo pfungwa tiri kufunga.

Kwouzivi - basa rake harisi chete tsanangudzo nemagariro mananara, asiwo munhumbi chaizvo kwavo, kuti avape kutsanangura.

Sociological - kudzidza tsika somumwe chikuru zvinokonzera dzidzo uye munzanga kukura.

Nhoroondo chidzoke rokuti

Culture akasimuka refu asati paiva izwi anoratidza nayo. Kokutanga shoko iri rinowanikwa muRoma yekare, mashoko akanyorwa I-II emakore BC. Raiva Kubata kurima. It zvaiva Cato Mukuru, uyo muna bhuku rake akanyora kwete chete pamusoro nzira kurimwa, asiwo sei zvakanaka unofanira kusarudza nzvimbo nokuda zvokurima, saka kuti kunokonzera inofadza manzwiro uye aida tenzi wake, zvikasadaro pachava tsika dzakanaka. Pano, shoko yakarira muchiLatin rinoreva "kuva chinhu."

Gare gare ichi izwi vaRoma wakaunganidza zvishoma tsika: dzidzo, budiriro, kunamata.

MuEurope, nguva XVII-XVIII emakore shoko "tsika" yakatanga kushandiswa zvakanyorwa wenhoroondo Pufendorf. Sezvineiwo, murume nemagariro, akadana murume akanga arerwa, kusiyana nevanhu vasina kudzidza.

Yaiwanzoshandiswa izwi akaita nyanzvi yokuGermany Iogann Kristof Adelung. Akanyora rondedzero umo akapa tsananguro ake. By tsika, aiziva mabasa nokuzvidzora dzidzo munhu uye marudzi.

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti remakore nomumwe kunowedzera tsanangudzo shoko zvishoma, uye izvi ndizvo kunge isati pamusoro.

Two pfungwa dzechiGiriki

Sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, budiriro yevanhu kwasvika refu Danho okukura. Mumazana kuvapo boka rakanga kuramba kuumba tsika. It iripo munhau uye haagoni kunzi kunze enhoroondo kuumbwa. Pane pfungwa mbiri nemagariro:

1. Zviri imwe muitiro okukura, zvakafanana bata nyika dzose.

2. Mumwe nomumwe kwevanhu nharaunda ine yayo rakasiyana nzira okukura.

Wokutanga Pfungwa kunosanganisira chimwe Gwara nemagariro chiitiko mumarudzi ose. Vaya vasina pasi zvimwe, ndiye "mhuka" uye "nenhendashure". Kutungamirirwa kunzwisisa tsika iripo kusvikira XX remakore.

Pfungwa yechipiri anoramba pfungwa yetsika backwardness mamwe marudzi uye anotaura pamusoro kwavo nzira yokusiyana uye yaingowanikwa okukura.

Cultural nhoroondo: periodization uye zvokukura inotungamirwa

Setsika, pane zvitanhatu nguva yaro inotungamirwa uye kukura:

1. Uropi. Forms netsika dzakasiyana-siyana kuti nguva akaramba achiri embryo chimiro. Just kutanga kubuda mitemo, pane mungano uye uri (bako mifananidzo, zvivezwa).

2. Culture of Ancient World, izvo zvinosanganisira tsika Antiquity uye Ancient East.

3. Culture of Ages.

4. tsika Renaissance, kana Renaissance. Iye ndiye timeframe rinoreva nguva yeMiddle Ages, asi pamwero uye simba runotevera anosanganisira yakananga kumwedzi.

5. New Times Culture.

6. Modern tsika. It rinotanga pakuguma XIX remakore, uye varipo panguva ino.

Science uye kudzidza nzira

Forms netsika dzakasiyana-siyana zvokuti siyana kuti vari mubasa kudzidza sayenzi anoverengeka. The chikuru kwavari - nemagariro zvidzidzo, tsika anthropology, uzivi uye evanhu mutsika, uye tsika zvidzidzo.

Cultural - ano nesayenzi kuti kudzidza mitemo kukura tsika. Basic nzira kudzidza Applicability: dzakaitika uye musoro. Chokutanga nechinangwa kunzwisisa sei izvi kana kuti tsika, chii matanho yava vakashanduka uye chii zvava somugumisiro. Chechipiri, inonzwisisika nzira, anobvumira kuti enzanisa, enzanisa imwe tsika nevamwe.

The chikuru siyana netsika: mukuru unhu

Mubvunzo typology - chimwe chezvinhu zvakaoma tsika zveBhaibheri. Achiri nyaya makakatanwa masayendisiti. Types uye mhando netsika yakanyanya siyana kuti kukwanisa delineate zvakajeka kubva mumwe uye kuti govera mamwe marudzi. Naizvozvo, pane zvakawanda siyana dzomutauro tsika typology. Typology unokubvumira kuronga zvinhu pasi kufunga zvimwe ravaigona zvinhu.

Nyore uye pachena ndechokuti kuparadzana nhatu siyana nemagariro: zvokunyama, pakunamata uye mumuviri.

Material tsika - zvose zvakaitwa nemunhu kuti agutse zvaaida. Unosanganisira zvinhu gadzira uye rwokugadzira, akasiyana-siyana zvivako, nematurusi. Real vanovengwa zvinhu tsika dzinonzi zvaishandiswa.

Miti iyi ane kunzwisisa maumbirwo zvinosanganisira anoverengeka mirayiridzo:

1. Agriculture. It kunovimbisa kupona murume.

2. Facilities uye dzimba.

3. Tools kuti zvinopa utano uye pfungwa basa kodzero.

4. Transport uye kukurukurirana (e-mail, redhiyo, runhare, kombiyuta network).

5. Technologies.

Muzana XX remakore - sezvo kuenderera zvinhu - akatanga govera zvakawanda kweupfumi.

tsika Spiritual. Its zvinhu zviri dzetsika, dzematongerwe, chitendero, unyanzvi, uzivi, mabhuku, ngano, dzidzo. Ndiko zvose kuti ndiyo zvibereko zvoupenyu chavanoziva. Rinobatanidzwa kwete chaicho zvinhu, asi uchenjeri, manzwiro uye manzwiro.

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti marudzi aya maviri zvisingaiti zvakajeka delineate nguva dzose. Somuenzaniso, uri magadzirirwo kana zvivako zvikuru zvakafanana zvinoshanda zvose zvokunyama uye tsika yokunamata.

Marudzi tsika zvokunamata siyana chaizvo uye zvinosanganisira chitendero, mungano, unyanzvi, uzivi.

Chitendero - munhu chaiye hwemunhu ukama pachake uye kuti nyika mhando, kutotenda kune rokumusoro simba, ivo vanonamata. Pfungwa inokosha muchitendero - zvakanaka uye zvakaipa, kutenda uye tsika.

Mythology - pevairwara nengano muchimiro epics, rengano uye ngano. Ivo zviripo mumatanho akasiyana-siyana okukura mune chero munzanga uye navanhu.

Art - nzira yokunzwisisa chokwadi. Kazhinji, pfungwa unyanzvi uyewo tsika, wakakura chaizvo uye chinoumbwa nezvinhu zvakawanda.

Philosophy - imwe nzira yokuziva nyika, kudzidza mitemo yayo okukura.

tsika Spiritual ine peculiarities ayo. Zviri chinonyanya inonyatsoziva evanhu kwechirwere, uye zvigadzirwa ayo anokosha pachavo, kunyange pasina kushandura vave chaihwo chimiro.

dzidzo panyama - iri yokusika mhando yebasa, iyo runoratidzwa mumuviri, uye ari hwaiitirwa chikuru zvinodiwa nomunhu. Unosanganisira: kukura mumuviri tsika (zvose zvine chokuita noutano kusimudzirwa, kusvikira zvemitambo nyanzvi), kutandara (nezvokudzorerwa uye dzigadziridzwe utano) uye kurara.

Uyezve, tsika nemagariro iri rakakamurwa zvetsika, maindasitiri uye postindustrial typology.

siyana netsika

Akapiwa kunzwisisa uye zvakasiyana-siyana kushuma rokuti, akasarudzawo kugoverana tsika zvinotevera siyana:

1. World tsika - kuunganidza zvose zvakanakisisa nebudiriro vanhu munhoroondo ivepo.

2. National - a kwetunhu zvokunyama tsika, dzemunharaunda yokuzvibata uye zvinotendwa rwacho. Kazhinji, hazvina vakasikwa yose munzanga, uye nhengo vakadzidza zvikuru - vanyori, vananyanduri, masayendisiti, vemifananidzo. Zvakakosha kusiyanisa nyika uye dzinza tsika. Izvi zvakasiyana rudzi, kunyange vane chaizvo yakafanana pakutanga kuaona.

3. Ethnic - nguva dzose zvachose vemunyika mune zvimwe kwavanogara framework. Hazvina homogeneous mu marongerwo uye Anofukidza zvatinosiita zvoupenyu tsika nezuva.

4. The rave - tsika, tsika, tsika kuti bhadharwa ne chete chikamu vanhu, asi chikuru uye ane zvishandiso kufurira zvasara.

5. Subculture - tsika, dzemunharaunda, mitemo yokuzvibata chero zvikuru munzanga boka. Species zvikuru: hippies, punks, Emo gothic vamiririri, majors, hackers, uye dzimwe bikers. Dzimwe rudzi inova zvinopikisana chikuru tsika.

6. Elite (mukuru) - akasikwa nenyanzvi pachavo kana zvakumbirwa rakaropafadzwa strata munzanga. maonero ake, uyewo, ndivo kutarisana Arts, mabhuku, weclassical.

7. Misa muchimiro nemagariro - unogona kunzi zvakapesana elitist. Zvinonzi wakasika pamwero kuti vanhu vakasiyana-siyana. Its basa chikuru - varaidzo uye mubereko. Uyu ndiwo mumwe Newest siyana netsika, izvo zvakasikwa kufambira chiitiko XX remakore vanobudisa nhau. Vari akakamurwa marudzi anotevera:

• The nhau - terevhizheni, mapepanhau uye redhiyo. Ivo zvinozivisa mashoko, vane simba rokuchinja magariro uye nangananga panguva dzakasiyana mapoka evanhu.

• The nhau kwechirwere - kushambadza, firimu, fashoni. Impact zvavo magariro hakusi dzose nguva dzose. Kakawanda, ivo nezvatinovavarira paavhareji mutengi, pane mapoka.

• Kukurukurirana Ezvemutauro - izvi zvinosanganisira Indaneti, mobile uye runhare kubatana.

Munguva ichangopfuura, zvimwe vatsvakurudzi zvinganaka govera mumwe vakawanda tsika mhando - kombiyuta. Computers uye mahwendefa anenge atsiva vanozvishandisa zhinji mabhuku, terevhizheni uye mapepanhau. Uchibatsirwa wavo, unogona pakarepo kuwana chero mashoko. On the simba iri mhando tsika iri ndibate pamwe nhau, uye zvakare kupararira makombiyuta munguva pfupi uye anogona kuasiya.

8. On-screen - mumwe siyana mutsika dzakakurumbira. Yakasvika zita rayo kubva nzira kuratidza pamadziro. Unosanganisira mafirimu, mitambo yepakombiyuta, TV series, mavhidhiyo mutambo inomunyaradza.

9. Vanhu vanoumba netsika (ngano) - sezvo vaipikisa kuti vepamusoro, izvozvo anosika kusazivikanwa, vasiri nyanzvi. Rinogonawo anonzi mudzidzi. Izvi chevarwere unyanzvi, kuberekwa kubva kubasa uye upenyu hwezuva nezuva. Kugashidzanwa chizvarwa nechizvarwa, nguva dzose kupfumisa yenyika tsika.

Zvakakurukurwa Mutsika kunyika dzakasiyana uye eras

Nerimwe nyika, boka redzinza kana rudzi dzava tsika dzavo pachavo. Dzimwe nguva kusawirirana angava asingaoneki, asi kakawanda vari pakarepo pachena. VokuEurope zvakaoma kuona musiyano pakati tsika marudzi dzakadai vaInca uye Mayans. Hazvisi zvikuru akasiyana mumaziso ake unyanzvi China yekare uye Japan. Asi zviri nyore kusiyanisa tsika dzimwe nyika dzokuEurope kubva Asia.

Somuenzaniso, zvinokonzerwa China yekare. Zvii sei kuva? Uyu yakaoma hierarchical vanhu, tsika, kusavapo chitendero chete.

mabasa

Hapana chikonzero kuratidza kuti tsika nemagariro kukonzera muupenyu wacho uye nzanga yose zvayo. It anoita zvinotevera mabasa:

1. zvishande. Culture, Paaipedzisa kutaura zvakaitika nezvizvarwa, anounganidza mashoko anokosha pamusoro nyika, iyo inobatsira munhu ake zvishande basa. A yoga kambani achava akachenjera zvakakwana sei zvikuru ivo kudzidza uye kushandisa ruzivo uye ruzivo huri Gene mudziva.

2. pamutemo (pamutemo): taboos, dzemunharaunda, mitemo, tsika zvakagadzirirwa waidzora upenyu munhu pachake uye magariro.

3. Educational (dzidzo) - iri tsika kuti chinoita kuti munhu munhu. Kuva muvanhu, tive ruzivo, mitemo nemirayiro, mutauro, tsika nemaitiro, tsika - vose munzanga munharaunda yayo, uye pasi pose. On zvakadini munhu anodzidza kubva ruzivo netsika, zvichaita kuvimba chii, mushure zvose, vachadaro. Izvi zvose zvinoitwa refu mutoo Nokurerwa uye dzidzo.

4. Adaptive - kunobatsira munhu kuti ajairane zvakatipoteredza.

Russian tsika

Russia - a multiethnic nyika. kukura kwayo kwakanga kufurirwa tsika dzenyika. Kusiyana Russia ndiyo kunoshamisa-siyana netsika, zvitendero, mitemo yetsika, mirau, tsika uye aesthetic zvadzinofarira, riri chokuita chaizvo tsika nhaka yakasiyana dzavanhu.

Russian tsika ndihwo muna Russian Federation. Zvinonzwisisika, nokuti Russian vanoumba madzinza ruzhinji pakati vamwe vanhu munyika.

In zvose huripo typologies tsika yedu kwagara vaiona yoga. Domestic uye Western tsika nyanzvi dzinobvumirana kuti Russian tsika - kutanga yaingowanikwa. Hahugoni anonzi chero anozivikanwa mhando. Hazvisi kumavirira kana kumabvazuva, riri pane imwe nzvimbo iri pakati. muganhu uyu, hunyambiri chinzvimbo, uye kwakaita kuti paumbwe dzomukati kupokanidzana Russian tsika uye nyika hunhu.

Hongu, uye rakaumbwa zvakasiyana kuMabvazuva kana kuMadokero. A rakakura kukanganisa kwake pakukura yaiva pakurwisa kuzopindazve muArabhu, kuitwa chiKristu (ukuwo West angosimuka yakawanda simba dzeRoma), kuti Mongol joko, pamwe varombo uye vakashaisa zvemisoro kupinda rakabatana Russian mamiriro.

Panguva iyoyowo Russian tsika kumbobvira zvakangonyuka RUBATSIRO RUNOTARISA chinoshamisa. Aive yokusafa hunyambiri. Zviri kuramba aripo maviri akatarirana misimboti: wechihedheni uye Christian, Asia uye European. Chete duality tinoberekwa yezvakaita vanhu Russian. Kudivi rimwe, zviri kuzvininipisa uye tsitsi, pane dzimwe - the kuomarara.

Chinokosha Russian tsika yakanga kuti kwakamuka panguva multiethnic hwaro. Chinoumba ramangwana vanhu yeRussia, Eastern Slavs, mu nedanho Resettlement atarisana Turkic uye Finno-Ugric madzinza, aoma vanyatsobata uye kupinza pezvokuvamba tsika avanhu ava.

Zvokukura Kugadzirwa Russian tsika

1. nguva Ancient.

Achitaura pamusoro pokumuka wokuRussia tsika, zvinokosha kuziva kuti pakutanga ane simba guru wake aiva necheSalvic tsika. Slavs, kuti kuvaparadzanisa mumapoka matatu, vaigara Central uye Eastern Europe. Vakagara nenzizi nehova, panzvimbo yakachengeteka, zvakadai sokunge kure musango. Huru basa rakanga kurima, kubata hove, uye ounyanzvi akasiyana-siyana. The Slavs vaiva vahedheni uye vakanamata vamwari, hunhu midzimu uye madzitateguru. Pana nzvimbo zvemumba, zvishongo uye nezvombo chinoratidza pokudzora muSitiya madzinza uye tsika yekare.

2. Culture pamusoro Kievan Rus.

Kutanga iyi iri chokuita kuitwa chiKristu muRussia. Material tsika, iyo asati, zvachinja zvishoma. Asi haana kuchinja kukuru mune zvokunamata. Nemhaka Orthodoxy kuwana zvakasimbisa pokumuka mhando uri sezvo painting, mapurani, mumhanzi, mabhuku akadaro. Tsika iyi yakava unhu: zvakasimba chitendero, mumwe kanosvota gamba - mudziviriri Russia, kusabatana, uye voga pakati ukuru Russian, kusangana mukati tsika nzvimbo European. Panguva ino, kuva handicrafts, ngano, pane wokutanga yakakura, pane imwe mutauro kunyorwa, chikoro chokutanga akazarurwa.

3. Culture XIII-XVII emakore, iyo huviri yenguva: tsika Moscow Russia, uye Russian Empire.

Mumazuva ari Moscow Russia rava nyika lagged kure shure nyika dzokuMadokero sezvo pamusana Mongol joko. Paaiva Europe fekitari wokutanga akazviratidza, Russia aifanira kukurira kudzorerwa rwokugadzira.

Kutanga Russian Empire (the Petrine yaitonga, kana panguva "Russian Kujekerwa") kunoratidzwa kuchinja kubva kare nhaka tsika dzazvino.

4. tsika Soviet.

XX remakore yaiva nguva yenyonganyonga zvikuru munyika, asi zvikuru pose kuchinja zvose dzakawira Russian Empire. The chimurenga, shanduko zvematongerwe enyika, paumbwe USSR ... Culture, Russian Culture zvitarisiko zvakachinjwa nzira simba kupfuura. The chikuru zviri iyi: kuti chidzoke rutsva mugovanisi tsika, kusiyana siyana ayo. Mumakore aya, taishanda unhu hunoshamisa zvakadaro Mayakovsky, Blok, Zoshchenko, Bulgakov, Sholokhov, Gorky.

Maererano netsika yeRussia ano, pashure yakaoma achichinja kubva pokuwa USSR, hunotanga kwayo zvishoma nezvishoma kupora. Munzira dzakawanda, izvi zvinoita kuti ruzhinji negwaro. Kunotangwa uye rakatangwa zvirongwa siyana muupenyu. Somuenzaniso, yeUnited chirongwa "Culture kweRussia", iro rinongoshanda kubvira 2012 kusvika 2018. Zvinobatsira kuziva zvakawanda okusika isiri purofiti mapurojekiti, ichipa dzinopiwa kuti varidzi vahwo.

The ano tsika Russia - ndiko kuva netsika dzenyika, vari kugara kudyidzana. Zvishoma nezvishoma, iye chabva Pachivanhu uye nzira kwayo zvakanyanya chokuita nzvimbo zera uye pfungwa kwezvakatipoteredza vanhu. Nokuti murume ano anova anozivikanwa kuti kusagutsikana kwavo ezvinhu aripo uye mararamiro. Ari kutsvaka nzira "girini" sangano, inova kurudza zvakasikwa romugove kana nokushingaira kutanga kuita yoga. nhungirwa izvi zvose itsva, dzimwe tsika, iyo unotsiva mumwe zvaiitika panguva Transitional nguva pave Russia.