Chigadzira simba remagetsi enyukireya, mudzidzisi weLomonosov. Chigadzirwa chemagetsi enyukireya muCrimea. Mafashamu emagetsi enyukireya muRussia

Mafasitemu emagetsi enyukireya muRussia - chirongwa chevashandi vekumba kuti vagadzire mafoni emasimba mashoma. The state corporation "Rosatom", mabhizinesi "Baltiysky Zavod", "Malaya energetika" uye mamwe masangano akawanda anobatanidzwa mukubudirira.

Historical background

Pazvikamu zvekutanga zvekugadzirwa kwebhizimusi, simba renyukireya raifungidzirwa kunyanya maererano nekushambadzira kwemauto. Zvisinei, mumakumi mashoma emakore apfuura, zvinobatsira zvemasvosheni anokwanisa zvakakosha kushanda munzvimbo dziri kure uye zvisina kusimba zviri kuwedzera. Kumwero mukuru, zvinhu zvakakosha zvakashandurwa nekuda kwekusimudzirwa kwemauto emagetsi ehurumende, kuiswa kwezvigadziriswa pamidziyo yemasoja, zvikepe zvechando, zvombo zvepasi.

Kwenguva yokutanga, zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi zvakatanga kushandiswa neUnited States. Vakapa simba kuPanama Canal uye neAmerica tsvakurudzo yeAntarctic.

Nenguva ichangopfuura, vhidhiyo vakabvunza mubvunzo wokuti NPP inopinda ichaiswa muCrimea. Tsanangudzo panyaya iyi yakasiyana. Zvisinei, kwakanga kusina zvirevo kubva kuhurumende yehurumende inoronga purogiramu pamusoro peiyi nyaya. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinoti kushamba kwemagetsi enyukireya muCrimea hazvidiwi. Vanotsanangura chimiro chavo nekuti zvivako zvakadaro zvakagadzirirwa kushanda munzvimbo dziri kure, nzvimbo dzisingawanikwi. Nzvimbo yepa peninsula inogona kuitwa mune dzimwe nzira. Somuenzaniso, bhiriji rine simba rinovakwa kubva kumativi ose.

Domestic Industry

Maererano nehurumende yepurogiramu yakarongwa "Energy Efficient Economy" 2002-2005. Uye nokuda kwenguva yemberi kusvikira muna 2010, terenda yakaitwa kuitira kuti ipe FNPP yakasimba. Pakati peMay 2006, basa reSevmash rakava rakakunda. Mugore rakatevera, 2007, kutungamirirwa kweNizhny Novgorod State University uye Federal Atomic Energy Agency vakawana chibvumirano chokuti sangano richaita sechirongwa chekudzidziswa kwevanyanzvi vanogona. Muna 2008, vatungamiri veprojekiti vakazivisa kuti chikamu chemirairo yezvikwata uye zvikwata zvichaendeswa kuBeltic plant. Zvisinei, chimiro cheSevmash chakataura zvishoma gare gare kuti chigadzirirwe chemagetsi enyukireya chichaendeswa kwemwedzi 5 mushure mezuva rakarongwa. Munyaya iyi, mbeu yeBaltic yakapiwa urongwa hwakakwana.

Kutanga kwekuvaka

Sezvakataurwa muna 2010 naChina mukuru weRoenergoatom, Sergei Zavyalov, simiti yekutanga yezvigetsi zvekugadzira yakasikwa maererano nesarudzo. Kugadzirira kwemiti yacho kwakagadzirirwa kusvika pakupera kwa2012, uye kutumirwa kwaitarisirwa muna 2013. Muna Gumiguru 2010, simba rekutanga re simba rakaiswa. Izvi zvakaitika paBaltic factory. Asi panguva iyoyo turbogenerator uye reactor havana kuiswa. Basa rokuisa rakafanirwa kuitiswa pane imwe nzvimbo inopinda simba. MunaSeptember 2011, mafungiro akanaka ekuongorora kwezvakatipoteredza akagamuchirwa neprojekti yePevek. Parizvino, ari panhandare yekutsvaga kwekutsvaga mari. Pakupera kwaSeptember - kutanga kwaOctober 2013 magetsi ekugadzira zviyero zvine masendimita 220 matani, akabudiswa maererano nemapurogiramu eWBBM. Afrikantova, vakatakurwa kuenda kunharaunda yekufambisa kubva kumusasa wechitima chechitanhatu chemaBaltic. Ikoko, pamberi pevamiririri veRosenergoatom, ivo vakaiswa mumakamuri emagetsi ane magwenga anotenderera. Maererano nemitemo yesungano, simu yeSt. Petersburg inofanira kupa PES, yakagadzirirwa kuenda kunzvimbo yekushanda, musi waSeptember 9, 2016. Nhau dzekupedzisira pamusoro pesimba rekugadzira zvombo zvenyukireya zvinoratidza kuti inofanira kunge yakanyatsoshanda muna 2018.

Basa guru

Mune mutsara yezvitoro zvinotakura zvigadzirwa zviduku, simba rekugadzira zvombo zvenyukireya Akademik Lomonosov rinoonekwa seyo guru. Simba rayo guru rinopfuura 70 MW. Kuiswa kwacho kunosanganisira maviri KLT-40S maitiro. Mukuru wegadziri ndiAfrikantov OKBM. Imwe michina inonyanya kushandiswa uye inoshandiswa yezvipfeko zvinoshandiswa. Inosanganisira, kunyanya, mapampu, mafuta ekugadzirisa zviyero, maikironi ekugadzirisa, michina yebetsero nezvakadaro. Iyo Akademik Lomonosov yakasvibirira magetsi emagetsi enyukiresi yakasikwa pachishandiswa kushandiswa kwemaseri inoshandiswa mumagetsi echando, iyo yakaongororwa pamusoro penguva refu yekushanda pasi pemamiriro ekudenga.

Kusarudzwa

Izvo zvakagadziriswa zvakaitwa neRosatom zvinyorwa uye masangano ekutsvakurudza zvakaratidza mukana wekuvaka chikwata chechimiro chakanaka pamusana pezvikwata zvekare zvigadziriswa zvikepe. Ichashandiswa pakugadzirwa kwemvura yakasvibiswa, magetsi, mumba uye kumhizha inotyisa. Inofungidzirwa kuti inotenderera magetsi enyukireya ichashandiswa kubva ku 3.5 kusvika ku70 uye kupfuura MW. Izvo zvinotarisirwa kupa zvivako maguta, mabhizimusi makuru emabhizimisi, kubvisa gesi uye mahofisi eiri ari munzvimbo yehepfini.

Kunyatsoziva

Nhare yesimbi yenyukireya zvinhu zvinodzivirira zvinhu. Izvo zvakasikwa zvakakwana pachiteshi chengarava semudziyo usina-self-propelled. Miti yakagadzirwa yakagadzirwa inotakurwa nerwizi kana gungwa kusvika panzvimbo yekushanda. Mutengi anogamuchira chinhu muchigadzirisa. Zvimwe zvinokambaira zvemagetsi enyukireya zvinosanganisira dambudziko rekugara uye zvivako zvekugadzirisa zvakakwana zvinopa hugaro hwevashandi vari kushanda, pamwe nekuchengetwa kwekuiswa. Nokudaro, muiti uye mutengesi anoita urongwa "turnkey". Kuvakwa mufekitari kunopa huwandu hunopera munguva yekuvaka. Pamwe chete neiyi, NPP yeRussia inofamba-famba inosangana nezvose zvido zvepasi rose zvehutano nekuchengeteka.

Batsirwa

Chigadzirwa chemagetsi enyukireya chinoputika chinonyatsokodzera kushanda munzvimbo dzakaoma-kusvika-kusvika pamhenderekedzo yenzizi kana makungwa ari kure nepakati pekugovera maitiro. MuRussian Federation, iyi ndiyo inonyanya iyo nzvimbo dzeFar East uye neFar North. Munharaunda idzi hapana humwe humwe hutano hwemagetsi. Pano, mune zvemari inogamuchirwa uye inotendeseka mitsva yekugovera inodiwa. Parizvino, kudiwa kwemamiriyoni gumi nemazana emagetsi emagetsi ane simba zvikuru munzvimbo idzi. Kutumirwa kwezvivako kuchasimudzira mabasa ehupfumi uye kuve nechokwadi chehupenyu hwakakwana hwehupenyu hwevanhu.

Chengetedzo

NPP inotenderera inosangana nezvose zvinoda kuitika kune dzimwe nyika. Kubudirira kwefurairi hausi kudarika muganhu wekutevedzera hurumende pane kusapararira kwezvombo zvenyukireya. Sezvo kushanda kunofungidzirwa mumhenderekedzo yegungwa dzemakungwa enyika, mubvunzo wekusima kwemiti yacho kumigumisiro yezvinhu zvakasikwa zvakasikwa (tornadoes, tsunamis, nezvimwewo) ndeyechokwadi.

"Afrikantov OKBB" ine dambudziko remichina inoshandiswa pakugadzirwa kwezvinhu, izvo zvinoshandiswa nechimiro chekugadzira zvombo zvenyukireya chichagadzirisa chero huwandu hwemhepo inoshandiswa mumushonga. Chirongwa chekuiswa kwemazuva anotevera chikaitwa ne "imwe nzvimbo yekuchengeteka". Inodarika zvinorema zvinotakura munzvimbo yekushanda. Semuenzaniso, zvinokwanisika kurova tsunami wave, inopesana nechekugadzirwa kwegungwa kana imwe imwe mudziyo. Mushure memakore makumi mana ekushanda, musoro wechikwata chenyika yakasvibirira ichagadziriswa neimwe itsva. Munyaya iyi, yekare ichadzoserwa kune bhizinesi yekugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvekugadzirisa zvakare. Panguva yekushanda uye pamagumo ayo, hapazovi nenzvimbo inokuvadza yemamiriro okunze pane nzvimbo iyo nzvimbo inotenderera magetsi (nuclear power plant) yakaiswa. Kugadzirisa nekugadzirisazve mafuta kwemafuta kunofanira kuitwa mumamiriro ezvinhu epakange aripo mazana emakambani emabhizimisi. Vane zvinhu zvose zvinodiwa, uye vanoshandisa vashandi vanogona.

Atomic nyanzvi: inotenderera magetsi enyukireya. Zvakanaka kubata

Iye zvino, nyaya dzakawanda pamusoro pehurukuro dziri kubudiswa. Muzhinji vavo zvimwe zviitiko zvekutsvaga kutsvaga nekutsvaga masangano zvinoratidzwa. Somuenzaniso, muna 2015, pfungwa yevasayendisiti kubva kuMassachusetts Institute of Technology yakavharwa. Zvinotendwa kuti chigadzirirwe chemagetsi enyukiresi (chinyorwa chinyorwa chinogona kuonekwa munyaya yacho) ndechimwe chezvinhu zvakasimbiswa zvikuru zvekupa nzvimbo dzisina nzvimbo dzakakwana dzemvura. Mhedziso yechipatara ichibatanidza zvinhu zviviri zvakanyatsozivikanwa. Kunyanya, kuvakwa kweatoriki reactor uye nzvimbo yakadzika yemafuta inotorwa inofungidzirwa.