Chicxulub - mwena on Yucatán Peninsula: kukura, mavambo, nhoroondo yakawanikwa

Vazhinji vedu takanzwa kubva Tunguska meteorite. Panguva iyoyowo, vanhu vashoma vanoziva pamusoro munin'ina wake, akawira Earth kare. Chicxulub - mwena yakaumbwa mushure mokuparara ane meteorite makore mamiriyoni 65 apfuura. Kuonekwa kwake munyika kwakaita kuti migumisiro, izvo zvakakanganisa nyika yose yose.

Uripiko Chicxulub mwena?

It riri kuchamhembe-yokumadokero nharaunda vokuYucatán Peninsula, uyewo pasi Gulf of Mexico. Chicxulub mwena 180? Km mu dhayamita anoti chikuru meteorite mwena Panyika. Chikamu chiri panyika, uye chechipiri pasi pemvura Gulf.

History yakawanikwa

Yawanikwa mwena rakanga zvakavhiringika. Nokuti ane hombe saizi, ipapo ivepo haina kumbofungidzira. Masayendisiti akawana nayo netsaona muna 1978 panguva Gulf Geophysical Research. Research rwendo rakarongwa ne kambani "Pemex" (wakazara unoti "Mexican Petroleum"). Pamberi raiva basa rakaoma - kuwana oiri pamusoro pasi bay. Geophysics Glen PenField uye Antonio Camargo muzvidzidzo kutanga kuwana zvinoshamisa zvakafanana, ichibata semidesyatikilometrovuyu chinhu chakakombama pasi mvura. Nokuda rinokweva mepu, masayendisiti akawana kuenderera chinhu chakakombama pamusoro vokuYucatán Peninsula (Mexico), pedyo nomusha Chicxulub.

Zita musha anoshandura kubva mutauro Mayan se "dhimoni nezvikwekwe." Zita iri chokuita isati yamboitwa nhamba rezvipembenene munharaunda iyi kwenguva refu. Kuti kufunga vokuYucatán Peninsula pamepu (rinokweva) akabvumira kuti zvekungofungira zhinji.

Scientific substantiation ane pfungwa

Kuva kuvharwa chinhu chakakombama zvabuda vanoumba denderedzwa ane dhayamita iri 180 makiromita. Mumwe vaongorori ainzi PenField kamwe akataura kuti mwoyo mwena, yakabuda somugumisiro imwe meteorite aaiitawo.

Pfungwa yake zvakanga zvakarurama, izvo hwakasimbiswa nemamwe mashoko. Inside the mwena zvakanzi yakawanikwa giravhiti anomaly. Uyezve, masayendisiti ivhu "kuvhunduka Goldstone" yakawanikwa wakati zvakadzipwa ari samolecular chivako, uye rinoonekera tektites. zvinhu zvakadai ingangoumbwa chete takamanikidzika uye tembiricha. Chii Chikskulub - mwena, usina vakaenzana munyika, hazvisi mu mubvunzo, asi aida uchapupu husingarambiki kuzosimbisa zvekungofungira. Vakasvika.

Nesayenzi asimbise pfungwa akatsiva Professor, Department of University of Calgary Hildebrant muna 1980 nemhaka yokudzidza makemikari anoumba pamatombo uye Nzvimbo hwakadzama Satellite yemifananidzo Peninsula.

Zvakaipira meteorite

Zvinofungidzirwa kuti Chiksulub - mwena kuumbwa kana meteorite vane dhayamita haasi makiromita asingasviki gumi. Masvomhu masayendisiti anoratidza kuti meteorite zvaifamba pane zvishoma yorusvingo kubva kumaodzanyemba. Ake kumhanya raiva makiromita 30 pasekondi yoga yoga.

Fall guru yepasi pose muviri kuna Earth kwakaitika anenge mamiriyoni 65 apfuura. Masayendisiti zvinoratidza kuti chiitiko ichi chakaitika panguva kwezana paleogona uye Cretaceous. Migumisiro vaiva aiparadza kukanganisa uye aiva mukuru nezvainoita pakuzadzisa upenyu Panyika. Somugumisiro ari kudhumhana ane meteorite pamwe panyika akaumba kupfuura mwena munyika.

Maererano masayendisiti, zvakamubaya vanokwanisa kwazvo wandei miriyoni nguva simba mabhomba bhomba paHiroshima. Somugumisiro matambudziko akaumba kupfuura mwena munyika, takapoteredzwa muhomba, kukwirira raiva zviuru zvakawanda mamita. Asi nokukurumidza muhomba yakadhirika nokuda kwenyika uye zvimwe Geological transformations kushatiriswa imwe meteorite rova. Maererano masayendisiti, Tsunami akatanga kubva rakaoma chaizvo. Anofungidzirwa kukwirira mafungu ndiyo 50-100 mamita. Waves vakaenda kondinendi, achiparadza zvose munzira kwayo.

Global kutonhora panyika

A kuvhunduka chinozunguzirwa akapota kakati kunhivi yose Earth. Rurefu tembiricha, kwahunokonzera kwazvo moto womusango. In siyana kumatunhu yepasi kwakawedzera volcanism nezvimwe tectonic kwendangariro. The vakawanda anoputika uye pomoto guru dondo nzvimbo zvakakonzera kuti guru mari magasi akasunungura mumhepo, guruva, dota chin'ai. Zvakaoma kuti uzvifungidzire asi akamutsa PARTICIPLE yainzi muitiro kuputika chando. It iri chokwadi kuti vakawanda gwenya simba zvinoratidzwa muchadenga, zvichiguma kutonhora pose kunoitika.

Kufanana kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze, pamwe nemamwe guva nemigumisiro wavanozvisunga aiva kunoparadza kwakabatsira nyika mupenyu nyika. Plants kwete chiedza zvinokwana photosynthesis, zvichiguma kuderera yakachena mhepo. Kunyangarika guru chikamu Dzenyika nyika pechifukidziro zvakakonzera rufu mhuka, iyo asina zvokudya zvakakwana. Zviri zviitiko izvi zvakatungamirira kuti kutsakatika pakati dinosaurs.

The kutsakatika pa muganhu Cretaceous uye Paleogene

Kuwa meteorite iri pari nezvenzvimbo unogombedzera chikonzero zvinoparadza ose upenyu iri Cretaceous-Paleogene kumwedzi. Version kutsakatika kuchaita zvipenyu izvi zvaitika kunyange pamberi Chicxulub (mwena) wakashamira. Uye zvikonzero chakaparira kutonhora okunze aisaziva.

Masayendisiti akawana mukuru wevakuru iridium (kushoma chaizvo chaikosha) mu sediments vane zera iri makore anenge mamiriyoni 65. An dzinonakidza ndechokuti dzakakwirira kuwanda ari chinhu wawanikwa kwete chete muna vokuYucatán, asiwo dzimwe nzvimbo panyika. Naizvozvo, vanamazvikokota vanoti, Ungangove, paiva mvura meteor.

On pamuganhu Paleogene uye Cretaceous dinosaurs akafa, kubhururuka zvinokambaira, zvomumvura zvinokambaira zvakanga refu akatonga iyi. Absolutely zvinhu zvipenyu zvose dzakaparadzwa. Pasina guru madzvinyu asina yakaitawo shanduka shiri uye mhuka, mhando kusiyana iyo yakawedzera zvinooneka.

Maererano masayendisiti, zvinokwanisika kuti kufunga kuti vamwe kutsakatika vakawanda vave kushatiriswa nokuwa guru meteorites. Available inofungidzirwa zvinoratidza kuti Earth zvisikwa guru achawira kamwe mumakore ane mamiriyoni zana. Izvi anoenderana anenge kuti nguva penguva pakati mukanyiwa kutsakatika.

Chii chakaitika pashure pokuwa meteorite?

Chii chakaitika munyika mushure kuwa meteorite? Maererano Mazvikokota Deniela Durda (Research Institute of Colorado), mumaminitsi uye maawa akasvibirira uye ndakajeka nyika yepasi akatsaukira kunyika yakaparadzwa. Zviuru zvemakiromita kubva kwokuputsika nzvimbo imwe meteorite yakaparadzwa zvachose. Rova chakauraya anopfuura matatu-muzana zvose zvipenyu uye zvinomera Panyika. Zvikuru kwazvo yarova aiva dinosaurs, vose vakafa.

Kwenguva refu nguva vanhu havana kutomboziva kuvapo mwena. Asi pashure iye akawanikwa, paiva faniro kutsvakurudza ake nokuti masayendisiti vaunganidza yakawanda hypotheses anoda ongororo mibvunzo uye zvekungofungira. Kana kutarira vokuYucatán Peninsula pamepu, zvakaoma kufungidzira chaiko kukura mwena pasi. North hazvina kure nemhenderekedzo uye makubhiti 600 penyanza akafuka emadhaka.

Muna 2016, masayendisiti akatanga drilling munharaunda yacho zvomumvura chikamu mwena, kubvisa moyo ivhu. The kuongorora anobviswa ivhu achava akajekesa yezvakaitika kare.

Zvakaitika pashure njodzi

asteroid Ipwa guru rwenyika nechepasi. Pamusoro penzvimbo kuwa kudenga akabhururuka kupinda ngwanda, nyika yakapenya moto uye kuputika kwemakomo. It chin'ai uye guruva akavhara chezuva akasvetukira kuti nyika ive refu zvikuru munguva yechando rima.

Mumwedzi yakatevera guruva nemarara akawira pasi pevhu, munhu gobvu rukoko rinofukidza nyika asteroid guruva. Hazvina rukoko uyu palaeontologists kupupurira panguva inokosha zvamboitika.

Munzvimbo North America kuti matambudziko ari meteorite raibudirira akasvibirira masango pamwe gobvu makwenzi ane ferns uye maruva. Okunze mumazuva iwayo inodziya zvikuru kupfuura chipo. At matanda, pakanga pasina chando, uye dinosaurs Vaidzungaira kwete chete Alaska, asiwo Seymurovyh Islands.

Migumisiro matambudziko ane meteorite panyika, masayendisiti akadzidza, ongorora Cretaceous-Paleogene layer anowanikwa vanopfuura 300 dziri munyika yose. Izvi zvakapa chikonzero kuti achiuraya vose vaigara pedyo kwacho zviitiko. Nevakomana venyika sei nokudengenyeka kwenyika, Tsunami, kushaya chiedza uye zvimwe zvinokonzerwa njodzi.

Vaya zvipenyu kuti haana kufa pakarepo, kufa nokushayiwa zvokudya uye mvura, zvinoparadzwa asidhi mvura. The rufu zvinomera kwakakonzera kufa herbivores, izvo akatambura kubva Mbeswa rworuboshwe pasina simba. Links All chuma kunge yatyorwa.

New zvekungofungira masayendisiti

Maererano masayendisiti ari kudzidza zvisaririra Panyika chaizorarama chete zvisikwa duku (kufanana raccoons Somuenzaniso). Kuti vakanga mukana wokupona mune avo ezvinhu. Nekuti vanodya zvishoma, kutamba mhanyisa, uye nyore kuchinja.

Zvisaririra zvinoratidza kuti Europe uye North America aiva nani. ezvinhu pashure penjodzi, pane dzimwe nzvimbo. Misa kutsakatika - ichi Dual muitiro. Kana ari munhu ruoko chinhu akarasika mune rimwe divi chinhu chinofanira kuitika. Saka vanoti masayendisiti.

Kudzorera Pasi akatora refu kwazvo nguva. Gone vari mazana, kana kunyange zviuru zvemakore asati zvinhu zvipenyu zviri rakadzorerwa. Anofungidzirwa, makungwa akatora makore mamiriyoni matatu kudzorera chakaipa muupenyu zvipenyu.

Mushure chakakomba moto iri muvhu rakanga ragara ferns, vakakurumidza rizare chipiriso kumatunhu. zvinhu zvipenyu avo kuti vakapukunyuka moto vakanga inogarwa mosses uye algae. Areas muduku sei panyatwa, vanova nenzvimbo kurarama, mamwe marudzi zvipenyu. Gare gare vakaparadzira mhiri nyika. Somuenzaniso, muna makungwa Sharks achiripo, dzimwe hove, makarwe.

Complete Kutsakatika of dinosaurs akazarurwa niches itsva zvipenyu, izvo zvinogona kutora zvimwe zvisikwa. Mune remangwana yokutama mhuka kuti nzvimbo kwakaguma avo aripo zvizhinji panyika.

New ruzivo pamusoro nyika kare

Drilling makurusa mwena munyika, riri munzvimbo vokuYucatán Peninsula, uye akatora zvakawanda ivhu kuchaita masayendisiti kuti mamwe mashoko pamusoro pokuti mwena kuumbwa, uye pamigumisiro kuwa paumbwe matsva ezvinhu okunze. Mimwe akatorwa kubva mukati menyika mwena, kuchaita nyanzvi kunzwisisa zvakaitika pamwe Earth pashure yakasimba matambudziko uye sei mamwe kudzorerwa kuupenyu. Masayendisiti vanofarira kunzwisisa chii munzira anodzorerwa uye wokutanga uyo akadzoka nokukurumidza akauya shanduka vakasiyana siyana.

Pasinei chokwadi kuti kuuraya mamwe marudzi uye zvinenge, zvimwe zvipenyu vakatanga kaviri ruwedzere. Maererano masayendisiti, uyu mufananidzo ndiwo njodzi Panyika aigona kudzokororwa yose nhoroondo kazhinji. Uye nguva imwe neimwe vakaparara zvose zvipenyu zvose, uye mune ramangwana kune kudzorerwa kwacho. Kunenge kuti nzira nhoroondo uye kukura yaizova yakasiyana kana makore mamiriyoni 65 akapfuura, imwe asteroid angadai akawira pasi. Nyanzvi regai kudzivirira kuti upenyu panyika akaberekwa kunokwana guru asteroid rinokundwa.

panzvimbo imwe epilogue

Kuwa ane asteroid zvakakonzera simba hydrothermal basa Chicxulub mwena, izvo zvichida kwemakore 100,000. Aigona vakwanise gipermatofilam uye thermophiles (ichi zvekumwe kuroorwa-celled zvinenge) dzibudirire mune inopisa runyararo, Vakazopinda mukati mwena. pfungwa iyi masayendisiti, Chokwadi, zvinofanira kuongororwa. Dombo Drilling kungabatsira kujekesa zhinji zviitiko. Naizvozvo, masayendisiti vanosangana vachiri mibvunzo yakawanda kuti dzinoda mhinduro, kudzidza Chicxulub (mwena).