Mutemo waSherman: zvinyorwa nemigumisiro yeshoko

Mutemo weSherman's antiitrust, wakagadzwa muUnited States mukutanga kwezana remakore rechi20, chaizvoizvo wakarondedzera hondo kune mamiririki uye makambani makuru. Panofungidzira, yakanga ine ramangwana rakanyanya kuvimbiswa, muchiito icho chakaita sechisingabatsiri. Chii chaive chirevo chaicho uye ndezvipi zvikonzero zvekukundikana kwekushanda kwayo, kuverengwa munyaya yacho.

Kutanga kwezana ramakore rechi20 muUnited States: basa rehurumende mune zvehupfumi uye hukama hwehukama

America mumakore ekuma1900. - kutanga kwezana remakore rechi20. Pakufamba kwakanyanyisa, yakashandurwa kuva nyika ye classical corporate capitalism. Mariri, pasina mimwe mitemo, kwaiva nechokuchengetedza, chivimbo chikuru. Zvinonzwisisika kuti vakanyanyisa kurambidza rusununguko rwemakwikwi emakemikari uye vakataurira kumabhizimisi maduku neakadzama zvakadai izvo zvakaita kuti zviparadzwe. Havana kukwanisa kupikisana nemakwikwi. Chii chinonzi John Rockefeller chinonzi Standart Oil, iyo yekutanga kwezana remakore rechi20 yakabata soko reAmerican petroleum products market by 95%! Chiito chekutanga chakagadzirirwa kuchengetedza bhizimusi nekutengeserana kubva kune mumwe munhu uye zvigadziriswa ndiye Sherman Act. Zvisinei, zvinopesana nezvinotarisirwa, haana kunge akazonzi pakati pevanhu "mutemo wekusununguka kwemabhizimisi."

Sherman ndiani?

Mutevedzeri wemutemo wakataurwa pamusoro apa ndiye wezvematongerwe enyika anozivikanwa weAmerican John Sherman, ane zita iro chiito icho chakazogamuchirwa. Nhengo yemunguva yemberi yeVamiririri uye Sénator weHurumende yeOhio, pamwe chete neChishanu cheNyika uye Munyori wePfuma yeUnited States akaberekwa musi waMarch 7, 1897 muLancaster. Baba vake vaishanda sevatongi, uye mhuri yakanga yakakura uye yaiva nevabereki nevana gumi. Dzidzo Sherman yakagamuchira muchikoro chese, saka akave anofarira mutemo uye, mushure mekudzidziswa, akabvumirwa kubha.

Mushure mekuroora kwake, akange atorwa nevematongerwo enyika. Muna 1854, pazera remakore makumi mana, akasarudzwa kuImba yeVamiririri vekuzvarwa kwenyika yeOhio. Muna 1980, akaedza kutora nzvimbo yemutungamiriri wenyika, asi akarasikirwa naGarfield. Unhu hwake hunokosha zvikuru munhoroondo yenyika, asi nyika yose inowanzozivikanwa neSherman Act, yakagamuchirwa muUnited States. Anotaura nezvemaitiro emutemo webasa nenzira isina kujeka uye panguva iyo yakava chinhu chinodiwa kuti zvive zvakanaka pane izvi munharaunda.

Chinangwa chemurairo

Mutemo weSherman waiva mutemo wekutanga wekuAmerica wokurambana. Ainzi zita rake, akatanga kubvumirwa neSeneti yenyika munaApril 1890 (51 mavhoti kune mumwe), Imba yeVamiririri (pamwe chete) uye yakagamuchirwa neMutungamiri Harrisson. Mutemo wakapinda musimba musi waJuly 2, 1890.

Nyaya yake yakaratidza kuti kudzivisa kusununguka kwekusununguka kuburikidza nekugadzirisa matariro (monopolies), pamwe nekupinda mukunamatira nezvinangwa izvi, hazvisi chinhu asi mhosva. Zvinofanira kuonekwa kuti mutemo waSherman waiva mu "kurara" mumakore gumi, kusvikira Mutungamiri wemakumi maviri nematanhatu wekuUnited States ainzi Theodore Roosevelt ataura naye .

Chiito chacho chakanga chisingataurirwi nezvitendero uye zvinyorwa zvakadai sezvo. Zvisinei, yakabatana nemiganhu yakananga uye yakajeka yekutengeserana pachena, kwete munyika yose (pakati pehurumende), asiwo munyika yose. D. Rockefeller uye kambani yake yakava chinangwa chikuru. Nokudaro, muna 1904 nhamba dzakasiyana-siyana dzomutongi dzakasvibiswa paStartart Oil. Dare Repamusorosoro rakasarudza kuparadzanisa kambani yacho. D. Rockefeller, kupwanya Standart Oil muzvikamu 34, panguva iyo, akachengetedzwa pamusoro pavo.

Mukukanganisa kupi?

Mutemo waSherman, wakagamuchirwa muUnited States, unoreva nzvimbo yehupfumi uye, muchikamu, marongerwo evanhu - nzvimbo dzaive panguva iyoyo yaida kuvandudzwa. Kubudirira kwacho kwaive kwakanyanya. Uyezve, chiito chacho chaigara chichishandiswa kwete nekuda kwechinangwa chayo chaida. Kushandurwa kwechirevo nemutemo kuburikidza nemitemo yekutonga kwakaita kuti hurumende dzevashandi dzive dzakaenzana kune zvinyorwa zvepamusoro, uye dzinotanga kurangana nechinangwa chekudzivirira kushambadzira pasina. Zvechokwadi, chiito chakagamuchirwa kuti vanhu pakupedzisira vamupandukira. Ichi chakanga chiri mumutemo chaibviswa muna 1914 chete nekubatsira kweClayton Act. Zvinoshamisa kuti Sherman Act mune imwe chikamu inoshanda munguva yedu, inowanikwa muUnited States Code.

Chii chakatevera?

Mutemo wakagara wakamirirwa uye wekutanga antimonopoly hauna kuuya nemigumisiro yaidiwa. Kusarudzwa kwehutano mune zvehupfumi muhupenyu hwakaramba huchiipisisa, vagari vemuAmerica vese vakanga vari mumamiriro ezvinhu akaora mwoyo, pane zvose zviratidzo zvekuderedza kuora. Zvose izvi zvinowanzoita kuti kuwedzerwa kusagutsikana nekuwedzera kwehuwandu hwehutano pakati pezvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zvehuwandu hwevanhu: inowedzera intelligentsia, varimi, vashandi. Nyika yacho inopinda muchikwata chekutenderera, ichienderera mberi nekuwedzera kwebasa rehurumende dzehurumende uye kurwisana kwevarombo vashoma pane zvekudzivirira kwenyika. Zvishoma nezvishoma, zvido zve "kuvandudzwa" kwehutano hwevanhu uye zvehupfumi zvakatorwa nevatungamiri venyika kwete kwete chete Democrats, asiwo maRepublicans. Nhanho yekutanga pamusoro penzira yekugadzirisa dambudziko iri "Mutemo wekukurumidza kwekutongwa nekugadzirisa kwekutonga maitiro" (1903), inoteverwa nemutemo unogadza Hurumende yeHurumende neBasa.

Sezvo zvave zvisingabatsiri mukuita, mutemo weSherman wakagamuchira muU.SA wakava chinhu chakakosha chekuchinja kwakanaka. Rinotsanangura kumativi ezvakanaka izvo izvi zvinogadziriswa ndezvekuti, chii chiri mukati maro, apo chimwe chezvikanganiso zvikuru zvakaputirwa - mhinduro dzemibvunzo iyi dzinoratidzwa munyaya yacho. Nyaya yakakwana yedhidhiyo inowanikwa zvose mumutauro wepakutanga uye mukushandura. Ichave yakakosha zvikuru kune avo vanofarira munhoroondo itsva neyozvino yeUnited States.