Brass - yemhangura chiwanikwa Zvinoumba kwendarira ...

chiwanikwa Izvi zvakafanana negoridhe, asi zviri isingadhuri zvikuru. Anozikamwa muRoma yekare, asi kuzodzosera chavhurwa XVIII remakore. Kusanganisa mbiri kwazvo ehupfumi kwemakemikari okunze, ndarira yakazviwanira yakafarikana kushanda mumunda.

mamiriro

Pasinei anokudzwa ruvara uye chitarisiko, nendarira - yemhangura-zingi chiwanikwa, ndarama kana nedzimwe simbi anokosha ikoko. Kuwedzera kune izvi zviviri zvinoriumba, kuvandudza physicochemical zvivako uye zvimwe zvinhu zvinoshandiswa: .. Manganese, tini, nesimbi, nesilicon, nickel, kutungamirira, etc. Kazhinji, nhamba nouipi izvi hazvisi kupfuura 10%. Vamwe kwendarira sezvamunoita kana kusatonzwa kugara, kunyange zvazvo nhamba yenhengo hungasiyana. Kazhinji zingi kugutsikana asingadi kupfuudza 30-35%, asi ayo mugove hwokugadzira alloys vanogona kusvika kusvika 50%.

ehupfumi

Sezvo nendarira - ndiyo imwe chiwanikwa chemhangura pamwe zingi uye ayo unhu panhu pamwe unhu hwavo. Zvichienderana rokuti reshiyo, ayo ruvara zvichisiyana tsvuku kuchiedza tsvuku. arambe achirema wayo 8500 makirogiramu / m ^3, uye kunyunguduka tembiricha iri 880-950 Celsius. Brass zvakanaka akagadziriswa sezvo nevamwe inopisa uye kuchitonhora mamiriro, ane zvakanaka zvemaziso maitiro, anodzivisa zvokunze kwezvakatipoteredza, asi pasina unhani anochinja dema pamusoro nguva. Brass uye mhangura hakusi nyore kusiyanisa kubva mumwe neboka asiri nyanzvi nguva dzose, zvisinei ine zvakaoma chekutanga, kupfeka nemishonga, zviri zvishoma refractory, asi zvikuru nyore kufurirwa uye viscous, uye saka nyore ribude. Zvichienderana mujinga simbi zvirimo, zvakasiyana chafariz uye zvemagetsi conductivity nendarira - pane ayo zvinoenderana riri kumusoro, zvikuru raidudzwa ehupfumi izvi.

The ukoshi munhoroondo

Pasinei chokwadi kuti kupfuura rakakurumbira uye chinokosha chiwanikwa nendarira - a yendarira, ndarira vakaitawo munhau. Pasinei chokwadi kuti ayo chikuru chinoumba rechipiri - zingi - rakanga rakazaruka chete XVI remakore, zvazikamwa kare. Romans yakapambadzirwa mhangura galmeem - mhangura, asi nzira iyi usingachashandi. Secondary nendarira yakavhurwa kuEngland muna XVIII remakore uye angotanga kukurumbira nokuti chaizvo nowenyika nendarama, nokuti iro chinowanzoonekwa anomupandukira. MuRussia, chiwanikwa ichi unowanzonzi "yeyero mhangura". Kunyange iye zvino, mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzaunogona kuwana zita.

Mushure "kuberekwa chechipiri" kuti crucibles vaishandisa nendarira, izvo rakavapo kuti tembiricha kuti 1000 Celsius. Zingi mhangura Vaviri yakanga yakazara, uye kana pasina tsvina, zvino goho ndiyo inodiwa mugumisiro. Products dzakagadzirwa chiwanikwa ichi zvave nevakawanda nokuti ayo pasi mutengo uye zvivako anobvumirwa. Nenzira, pasinei nokuti kwenguva refu munhoroondo mumabhuku akanyora kuti shongwe Minin uye Pozharsky muMoscow, vakakanda dzendarira, restorers akati kuti chaizvoizvo zviri chakagadzirwa yakasiyana chiwanikwa hwemhangura - zvendarira. Nhasi, mashoko aya achiri yakawanda mafomu, saka akafanira Accessibility uye inoshanda yokutsiva ikoko, zvichida nokukurumidza.

mutambo

Sezvo wava pachena, nendarira - ndiko chiwanikwa chemhangura pamwe zingi uye (kana zvakakodzera) dzimwe zvinoriumba, asi pane dambudziko rimwe duku. Kunyanya ichi dambudziko kuzvuzvungudza zvebhizimisi kugadzirwa. Chokwadi chokuti utsotso pfungwa yoga zingi uye mhangura akasiyana akawandisa, saka wokumborerutsa dambudziko nezvokuwana chiwanikwa inowedzerwa ligature - shoma Finished sezvamunoita.

Uyezve kugadzira kunobva achida mugumisiro. The chiwanikwa inowedzerwa vamwe zvinoriumba, ari doped, ndikamurova akaumbwa, uye zvichingodaro. D. Pasinei zvose nezvinetso, kugadzirwa nyika uye kudyiwa chigadzirwa ichi anoramba ari mukuru pamwero.

Types nemitemo

Chokutanga, kusiyanisa akasonerapo vakakandira nendarira. GOST anopa mudzimba dzomukati kwavari: 15527-07 uye 17711-93 azvaitwa. In Russia tara chiwanikwa sezvo "L" ane nhamba, iyo inoratidza nhamba mhangura. Kana, zvisinei, yakawanda yenhengo, mugumisiro wacho chokuguma chingaratidzika chinhu chakadai: LAZhMts66-6-3-2. Izvi zvichareva kuti, kuwedzera 66% mhangura, chiratidzo ichi zvinosanganisira 6% aruminiyamu, 3% simbi uye 2% manganese. Huwandu zingi rinowanikwa sezvo kusiyana 100% uye uwandu zvimwe zvinhu. Muchiitiko ichi 23%. By Fananidzo mazita nezvimwe muchiso nendarira. yokuvirisa izvi kubvumira chiwanikwa kuwana zvivako zvitsva uye kuvandudza munazvo. Zvichienderana mazano kwendarira chepfu zvakasiyana siyana, inowanzonzi kunzi aruminiyamu wayo, nesilicon, uye zhelezomargantsovistoy m. P.

In Europe uye United States kushandisa mamwe mazita pezvitsiga akadai CuZn37 kana S27200. nhamba nouipi uyewo siyana zvishoma asi zvavo murwiyo yendarira kubva vagadziri siyana zvakakwana yunifomu.

Uyezve, zvichienderana zingi tigutsikane ari chiwanikwa ndiyewo anokudzwa tombak (10%) uye polutompaki (kubvira 10% kusvika 20%). Asi dzimwe nguva vamwe pezvitsiga kuwana madunhurirwa, sezvakanga yezvinoreva inokosha kushandiswa. Saka kusiyaniswa munhu "gungwa", "awa" uye dzimwe nendarira.

kunyoresa

Nzvimbo Kushandiswa chiwanikwa ichi hazvirevi kuverenga. The hama cheapness uye nyore kubudiswa, uyewo dzayo ehupfumi achitirega nendarira kuva anenge nokudenga. Iye akandimirira waya uye tsvimbo, chibhakera machira ane zvinoita kunyange thinnest foil.

Pombi, zviduku zvikamu, Fittings, mavharuvhu - rinoshandiswa mune motokari indasitiri, mudziyo, kemisitiri, uye rinoshandiswa kugadzirwa-siyana decoration okunze, insignia, etc. Ava chete pfupi pasi ... Zviri zvose zvakatipoteredza, uye chaizvoizvo nendarira - mumwe chiwanikwa ndarira zingi - a zvakajairika okunze. Saka, zvichida, ayo yose sezvakaita Accessibility zvose panguva ruoko uye.

Munguva chishongo bhizimisi

Zvinonzi dzaiwanzofungidzira kuti zvishongo uitwe zvinokosha nesimbi: goridhe, sirivha, Platinum. Asi kuveza mitemo yavo pachavo, uye chave imwe nguva masikati, vakadzi vakawanda vanosarudza akangwara zvishongo. Brass, ruvara iri pedyo nendarama, muchiitiko ichi, hunokosha. Uyezve, zvinoita anongokurukurwa zvakakwana yakakweshwa, saka kuti yakafanira nziyo uye tarenda mutengesi zvishongo zvakagadzirwa chiwanikwa, vanogona kutarisa akanaka chaizvo uye zvinodhura. Saka kuti vanhuwo zvavo zvisina vanofungidzira kuti haisi goridhe, uye nendarira. Photos kazhinji hazvisi kuratidza runako dzakarukwa zvakanaka akarigadzirira zvigadzirwa, saka zviri nani kuti kusarudza zvishongo kwakadaro munhu.

Zvinoitika kuti vakadzi vanotambura nokuda Kurwara uye kusawirirana. Pakutanga zvingaita sokuti yose mhosva ndiye nendarira. Asi sezvo ari kutonga, hazvisi. Kazhinji, munhu pathological kuita nickel, izvo zvinoita kuti ruvara uye zvinonyatsorehwa pakuonekwa chiwanikwa zvakawanda chitarisiko. Kana pane tsika chisimbwa kuti simbi nani kusarudza zvishongo, chikamu iyo vasina chikamu ichi. Kazhinji, vagadziri tsanangurai ichi voga.

analogs

Sezvo nendarira - ndiko chiwanikwa yemhangura zinc, zvine zvakawanda pakutanga, zvingaita sokuti simbi yakachena (neimwe yoga) vane ehupfumi nani, asi zvakaoma kwakadaro Inoshandiswa kuderedza mari zvinhu. Chokwadi hazvina kudaro. Copper wakachena muchimiro ane payakaipira akadai kusagadzikana kuti ngura, yakaderera ductility richienzaniswa alloys ose zingi uye zvikuru kusimba. Brass organically anosanganisa yakanakisisa ehupfumi vose yenhengo vzavimokompensiruya payakaipira.

Other mhangura chiwanikwa - ndarira, cupronickel, etc. - .. Ko uyewo kusingabviri zvakazara kunzi analogues. Wokutanga zvishoma mapurasitiki uye zvakawanda vakasindimara, apo zvinhu wechipiri zvikuru refractory uye nokuda nickel tigutsikane kunogona kukonzera ganda bundu. Uyewo, nechitarisiko chavo, uyewo yakasungirirwa kutanga nzvimbo zvendarira. Ruvara akafanana nendarama, anogadza pacharo kunze yendarira kunyanya anoyevedza mashava uye silvery nickel sirivha.

musika nyika

Industrial kugadzirwa yendarira vakatanga anenge pakarepo pashure ayo apiwa buri. Kukoshesa yakasiyana ehupfumi ayo, metallurgists vakatanga kuva kuitika mutsva indasitiri. Nhasi, kugadzirwa uye kunwa yendarira hunoenderana mamiriro enyika musika zvemhangura. kukura kwayo wakadzikama unopa chikonzero chokudavira kuti kwokudiwa alloys kusvikira kuwa. Uyezve, uprofita nezveramangwana maindasitiri izvi kupfuura zvakanaka, pasinei nematambudziko akadai zvinoderedza esimbi quality, kushaya kwezvivako, magariro evanhu uye zvematongerwo enyika zvakanga zvisina kugadzikana munyika bhizimisi kupfuura zvemhangura - Chile uye wandei nyika muAfrica.

The chikuru vatengi emhangura, nendarira saka vari zvoupfumi dzakabudirira muEurope uye United States, China, Japan nevamwe. Mumakore achangopfuura, ari kudiwa izvi zvinhu zviri chete kukura, zvikurukuru nokuda vokuAsia. Vavesa hofori achikwakuka nepakati 2000s, mutengo bv akaramba panguva dzose-nguva refu. Zvisinei, muna 2016 akatarisirwa yepamusoro pakati vaitaura izvo zvichida zvakatsamwisa mutengo kuderera.