Bimetallism - a ... Bimetallism: tsananguro, maitiro uye zvinonakidza zvinhu

Bimetallism - munhu mari mureza uye mari gadziriro, unosanganisira mashoko mawa kushandiswa zvendarama nesirivha. Kune mhando mbiri usapinde gadziriro. Chokutanga - chakaumbwa mureza. Zvinoitawo anouya mhando mbiri. It bimetallism uye monometallism. Wechipiri - pepa-chikwereti mureza. Modern mari hurongwa inoshanda chete kune vokupedzisira maonero. Asi nhasi tichataura pamusoro bimetallism sezvo nhoroondo yokutanga mari mwero, ayo kutadza, nhoroondo kukura uye unhu munyika dzakasiyana.

mamiriro

Chii mari yezvinhu? Bimetallism, monometallism uye pakupedzisira bepa-chikwereti mureza - vatatu nhoroondo zvokukura kwayo shanduka. Muzana remakore rechi19, mamiriro yakatarwa kukosha kwavo mari nendarama nesirivha. Nokudaro, Gengi avo mari iyi wagadzirirwa. Bimetallism kunosanganisira mawa kushandiswa goridhe nesirivha coinage. Kana mureza miviri hapana rairambidzwa pakusikwa mari kana varipo mbishi zvokuvakisa gadzira kwavo. Money wechiGeorgian kana kunotsigirwa rinokosha simbi. The chikuru dambudziko kushandisa ino ndechokuti State mumwe kuziva Gengi dzendarama hama kuti sirivha. Saka, unogona zvakasiyana-siyana kubva imwe nyika kune imwe.

Muna 1865, imwe kuedza kuumba chimwe dzakawanda bimetallic hurongwa akanga ashandiswe. Nokuti chinangwa ichi, France, Belgium, Italy uye Switzerland vakanga vakabatana mu Latin Monetary Union. Iye wakateya parity pakati zvacho zviviri. Zvisinei, mamiriro ezvinhu rwakatora makore mashomanana, kuti yave chokuita mari nemanomano Italy uye Greece, uye hondo 1870-1871 French-German.

Muna 1867-fung dzakawanda musangano rakaitirwa muParis, panguva iyo vakawanda nenhume akavhotera mureza goridhe, kureva monometallism. Nokukurumidza kupinda hurongwa uye vamwe vose, nokuti tsika kunzwisisa chii bimetallism uye chii ayo chikuru payakaipira. Akatsiga zvikuru muchimiro chaiva ezvinhu ane yakafanana mari, asi zvakanga zvisiri hwakapararira. Kana toreva zvizere bimetallism, ipapo tichikufunga iye anova usingachashandi. Izvi imhaka yokuti yakatarwa pamutemo Gengi hazviratidzi ezvinhu ari pamusika.

Features

Saka, zvinotevera dzinokosha zvechadenga mureza:

• Mashandiro anoita mari vanoita simbi mbiri. Kakawanda iri ndarama nesirivha.
• Mari dzinoitwa kubva simbi.
• Free parity pakati goridhe nesirivha.
• Circulation mari vose nesimbi kunoitika panguva imwe chete uye zvakafanana.
• The mutengo kwenhumbi yakaitika zvendarama nesirivha.

Govera kwemarudzi aya bimetallism:

• Full. zita rake rechipiri - "kaviri mari yezvinhu". Full bimetallism akanga chaizvo raishandiswa kare. Zvaiva ake Kunyanya chimiro hwaro nevakawanda tsanangudzo yose yezvinhu. mamwe marudzi ose vanodzinga mumwe yayo hunhu.
• Parallel.
• Kukwana. It anonziwo kwegadziriro "akaremara" mari.

Common matombo ose bimetallism ndechokuti vari riparadzirwe sezvo mari yendarama, uye mari yesirivha.

azere bimetallism

Saka bimetallism - munhu mari gadziriro iyo kunoratidzwa anotevera zvinhu:

• Legal nyoro yakafanana goridhe uye masirivha. Mutengo chete chinokosha chinosimbiswa zvose simbi.
• The coinage zvose zvendarama nesirivha chinhu akasununguka uye kwakakwana.
• State (nyika Union) akasimbisa parity pakati simbi.

Zvazvakadaro, ari bimetallism iripo muUnited States. Muna 1792, pakava yakamisirwa reshiyo yendarama nesirivha - 1 kusvika 15. Parity akachinja kakawanda pakupera kwezana remakore rechi19, apo US mureza rakachinjwa pamberi. Full bimetallism sezvo aiita kuti France. Mabviro nyika rakavambwa parity yendarama nesirivha - 1 kusvika 15.5. Zvisinei, ipapo zvakachinja kakawanda, asi zvakadaro hauna kuchengeta vanogona kukwira pamwe nokufamba mumusika. Muna 1874, dzava kugadzira Mari sirivha yakanga yakamira munyika. Dual mari hurongwa yave akararama pacharo. Izvi imhaka yokuti munhu displaces mumwe simbi iri wakaiswa parity nguva dzose. Kana mutengo goridhe rinobuda, vanhu ndinyatsoteerera nesirivha. Izvi zvinotungamirira ndechokuti musika anotanga mutsika neyokupedzisira, achihudana yakakura depreciation. Saizvozvowo chinoitika pamwe nokuwedzera mutengo yesirivha. Chete iyi, nepamusika kunoitika depreciating goridhe nhokwe.

Imwe zvakaipira nehurongwa akadaro chokuita nezvaizoitwa Mutemo Gresham vake. Nokufamba kwenguva, mishonga anova mari yakawanda nepolnovesnyh. Izvi zvinoitika nokuti kuti panguva nematambudziko zvemari ehurumende ari nyore kuderedza huwandu anokosha nesimbi tumari, apo kuramba yapfuura chezita kukosha kwavo. Migumisiro kubiridzira kwakadaro ndiko kuwedzera mitengo uye nokuwedzera mumari unodiwa.

yakafanana bimetallism

Zviri hurongwa umo:

• Coinage vose nesimbi rakasununguka uye hapana kukamurwa.
• Hurumende haripi mwero goridhe pachinhu sirivha.
• Coins vose simbi dziri wechiGeorgian.

zvinofambirana mari maitiro akanga ishoma pane bimetallism zvakakwana. Waivapo munyika dzakawanda yokumadokero kweEurope muna 15-17 emakore fung. Gare gare, zvose izvi vakaramba yokuHannover. Pano, akazosvika kusvikira 1857.

zvinofambirana mari hurongwa anobvisa zvimwe zvazvakashatira bimetallism zvizere chimiro. Kushaya zvakaoma parity pakati goridhe uye masirivha ambotirega zvose pachena kutenderedza uye kugoverana pamusika unodiwa. Zvisinei, chikuru chinetso pamwe mureza uyu inoda kugadzirwa vose mitengo zvose simbi. Dzimwe nguva mamiriro delimits kukura kwebasa kushandiswa zvendarama nesirivha. Somuenzaniso, mashoko okutanga waishandiswa kwema dzakawanda, uye wechipiri - mudzimai kumusika.

System "zvirema" mari

Ichi mari mureza dzinoratidzwa anotevera zvinhu:

• State mutemo anosimbisa nhamba pakati zvacho zviviri.
• Coins nendarama nesirivha zvose kunoshamisa.
• Zvisinei vakasununguka coinage chinoshanda chete nokuda mumwe simbi.

On misimboti iyi, mureza kwave akavaka, runotikurudzira Latin chibvumirano pakati France, Belgium, Italy, Switzerland uye Greece. Pakupedzisira, Zvisinei, vane dambudziko esirivha mashanu Franc mari. Zvishoma nezvishoma, nyika yose vakauya monometallism. Nhasi, zvisinei, goridhe haasisina kuita mari mabasa. Modern mari kwava pepa-chikwereti.

upfumi ongororo

Mukutanga kuma1990, kudzidza ino aishanda anozivikanwa Nezveupfumi Milton Friedman. Akagumisa kuti bimetallism - mhaka mutengo volatility iri US muna 1873. Maererano Friedman, ino yakaunza urwadziwe kwenguva refu kuti US upfumi. Aidavira kuti bimetallism - ndiko kukanganisa kukuru kuti akatungamirira zvikuru migumisiro yakaipa kuti US.

In Argentina

Muna 1881 currency kuchinja akatanga munyika. Sezvo July 1883rd akapinda simba bimetallic mureza. Chikumbiro akazviratidza goridhe nesirivha pesoa. Paper mari kwaenzaniswa kwavari. Coinage vokuArgentina zvinobatanidzwa mabhanga shanu. mureza uyu chakavapo munyika 17 chete kwemwedzi. Muna December 1884 pemahombekombe akatanga kuramba kuchinjana Banknotes ndarama panguva yakatarwa pamwero.

muFrance

Muna 1803 mumwe mutemo wakadzikwa munyika, maererano izvo Franc inogona vakatsinhanisa nokuda 5 magiramu zvesirivha. Yoga hwavapo uye mwero goridhe. A kilogram nesimbi iri kurasikirwa 3100 mafranc.

MuUK,

Bimetallism akanga zvinowanzoshandiswa Ages England. Zvisinei, zviri coinage dzesirivha achitoita rakarambidzwa wezana remakore rechi18, apo mureza goridhe wakatangwa munyika. Zvisinei, kwemakore akawanda, vatsigiri bimetallism nyasha kudzoka kwake, kunyanya munguva dzenhamo.

MuUnited States of America

The US Constitution wakatarwa ndarama nesirivha sezvo chepamutemo nyoro ane zvinoyangarara zvazvingava. Zvisinei, muna 1792, Munyori Treasury Alexander Hamilton zvinganaka kugadzirisa nhamba sirivha nendarama sezvo 15 1. The runoenzanirana kuchinja kwakaitwa kuti mutemo. Muna 1834, rimwe sirivha mashoma depreciated, uye rwakanga rwakakura mwero 16 1. Pashure kuitwa Mutemo pamusoro dzava kugadzira muna 1873 US akapotsa arega kushandisa mureza uyu, asi pamutemo zvakanga yakaguma mukutanga remakore rechi20. Maererano yakakurumbira Economist Milton Friedman, bimetallism akaita vaipiwa kukuvara kuUnited States.