Bhakti mu India

Bhakti sezvo sangano rechitendero aivapo kubva kare, asi kwezana XIV-XV emakore. uchaona rakapinza kuwedzera zvayo mukurumbira, pakuonekwa renyeredzi vaparidzi unyanzvi, vamwe vatsva zviri mukudzidzisa. Zvechokwadi, chiIslam, Sufism zvikurukuru, akapa zvimwe riwedzere kuti kumutsidzirwa evanhu pfungwa, kunyanya zvechitendero. Asi zvange uye pave mumaguta, kuwedzera madhorobha vakawanda, yekudyidzana kwakamutsa paumbwe vaMuslim inoti, chapamusoro pamusoro feudal nemadzishe vakanga vakaomerera dzomumaguta upenyu. City chevarwere, navapfuri vesimbi, vatengesi, uye varombo, zviri pachena aida dzematongerwe, vasunungurwe zvachose tsika uye chiHindu, uye Islam, uye akataura kuti zvikamu zvose vemo. Izvi vanoda kunokonzera vamwe nokusagadzikana mumaguta, kuti chidzoke vanoverengeka muMuslim, yechiHindu tumapoka, uye mapoka, vakabatana ayo vasaomerere zvinhu chiHindu uye Islam, izvo kazhinji akatungamirira Kumukira kuvanokudzwa mullahs. Ichi chikonzero zvinoratidzwa kuwanika siyana kumatunhu India vaparidzi Bhakti.

Ramananda (mushakabvu XIV -. The Pakutanga XV remakore) vakazivisa kudiwa anoitwa tsika uye kwakaderera vanhu vakaderera mitemo. Ake rokuparidza, atanga kumaodzanyemba, uye akabva muna Varanasi. Haana kusika chikoro chikuru vateveri, asi mumwe vadzidzi vake, muMuslim Kabnr (XV c.), Vakava kudzidzisa uye vakabatsira wayo kupararira. Kudzokorora nokurumbidzwa zita raMwari, chero zvayo mazita kabir - kupfuura zvakananga uye nzira chete yokuziva Mwari uye batanidza naye. Zvaidiwa nemitemo vanhu vakaderera uye Hindu uye zvinoitwa Muslim hazvina basa. Continuer dzidziso Kabnra Nanak (1469-1539) achidzidzisa Punjab. Vateveri vake vaSikh (vadzidzi) kunge vakaungana nharaunda, iyo haina chete misoro yavo (wavakasarudza), asi magwaro avo ( "Adi Granth"), rakanyorwa zvikuru yakagadzirwa kuti arufabheti ichi (gurmukhn), uye kunyange rayo guru (Amritsar).

Sikhism, akadzidzisa kuti Mwari ndiye mumwe chete, haana zita uye chimiro. Nyika vagare pakati chiedza uye rima pakutanga. hondo iyi kuitika mweya womunhu. Sikhism akaziva wechiHindu pfungwa karma (vatsiviwe nokuti zvekare mabasa) uye Samsara (kuberekwazve), asi akaramba vanhu vakaderera maitiro uye akaparidza kwete chete wakaenzana zvose pamberi paMwari, asi zvemagariro kuenzana pasi. The Sikh akarayirwa kuti kuitisa, upenyu mabhizimisi, kutarisira vomumhuri uye zvakanaka rose munharaunda, kudzivirira kwavo kutenda wokutanga munharaunda mumaoko. The democratic nature Sikhism yakawedzera apo, pashure wegumi Nanak Guru Govind (1675- 1708) chakagumisa Institute wavakasarudza mumaoko simba munharaunda (Khalsa) kazhinji basa vaSikh zvose zita Singh ( "shumba") uye kushandurwa yose vomunharaunda uh hondo akamira.

Other mirayiridzo Bhakti kwete zvakafanana zvikuru. In Gujarat, ari XV remakore. akanga anozivikanwa muparidzi Narasimha kumar, Kupwara - Lalla. In Bengal uye Orissa vakadzidzisa Chaithanya (1486-1535). Akataura nezverudo uye kuzvipira kuna Mwari, wakaenzana zvose pamberi pake, akatora munharaunda dzose - vaHindu nevaMuslim, Brahmins uye untouchables. In Maharashtra, chikoro kwakasimbiswa mu Bhakti Madhugiri. Pazviri vari Dzhianeshvara uye Namdev (XIII-XIV emakore.), Screen Nath uye Tukaram (XV-XVI emakore.), Ramdas (XVII remakore.). Munzvimbo Mathura mukurumbira akanakidzwa ashram (yemamongi) Valla- bhachari rweberere mumwe havaoni zviri nhetembo muna Hindi -Sur Das (XV-XVI emakore.). Muteveri Bhakti aiva mudetembi mukuru Hindi Tulsi Das (1532-1624), kuti zvakaitika mutauro wekare nhetembo "Ramayana". The Mithila akaita mumwe mudetembi unoshamisa Vidyapati Thakur (XV c.), Iro runoonekwa sechinhu chaiwo mithilskoy uye Bengali mabhuku. In Rajasthan, zvakanga yakakurumbira mudzidzi kabir, Dadu muparidzi (1544-1603). Muvambi nhetembo radzhastha- hakunganzi Krishna poetess Mirabai (XVI remakore.). Pamwe chete pfupi okunyanyisa dzenzvimbo Bhakti aripo mamwe kuchinja. The yokupedzisira chinomirirwa nemabasa nyanduri Tulsi Das, haana kushora vanhu vakaderera vakuru saka Zvechokwadi, kufanana nevamwe vaparidzi vakawanda Bhakti.

The kwetunhu Hindu uye vaMuslim kwakaratidzwa kwete chete mubasa Bhakti vadetembi. Aivawo mukudzidza - mapurani, kupenda (vakasiyana), mumhanzi, kutamba. Big basa XIV-XVI emakore. mune izvi yakanga reDare sultanates zviduku, breakaway Delhi (state Benga- Leah, Jaunpur, Gujarat, Malwa), apo basa mutorwa chaikosha raiva duku kupfuura guta guru North India, uye apo mutongo vepamusoro akamira pedyo kumusoro vaHindu. Muna XVI- XVII emakore., Kana Mughals, uye matare kare padishahs tsika Hindu akawana achigona.