Military-enyika blocs: nhoroondo uye chinangwa zvisikwa

Military-enyika blocs masangano kuti nzanga vari nani zvakawanda. Vamwe vanhu vanofunga kuti dzinonyanya basa iri kutsigira runyararo uye kudzivirirwa nhengo vemauto kwomubatanidzwa, nepo vamwe vanodavira kuti ndiyo nemasangano - kwainyanya yaiparadza munyika. Ndiani aripo kodzero uye kana pane mhinduro nyore kuti mubvunzo uyu? Ngationei ndedzipi blocs nemauto-enyika, uye panguva imwecheteyo kuronda nhoroondo yokusika dzavo uye kubudirira.

tsananguro

Tinosimbisa chii chinorehwa tsanangudzo dzesangano. Military-enyika bloc - mumwe mubatanidzwa anoverengeka anoti zvakasikwa kubatana kudzivirira kana kuti vachirwa vanhuwo muvengi. Kutanga chikwata vanogonawo titevere chinangwa pamwe enyika uye zveupfumi nyaya pakati penhengo dzayo. Rwakadini mushandirapamwe uyu uye dzekuno kusangana mumwe nomumwe ane mubatanidzwa akadaro. Urongwa anogona kugovera kwemajoini chiito chete kana munhu yakananga rechiuto kutyisidzira kana kutora pedyo pamwe mune zvose nzvimbo, kunyange munguva yorugare.

Mune dzimwe masangano, munhu seboka kusarudza zvachose zvakakodzera kuti kuurayiwa, vamwe Advisory zvakasikwa, kureva nhengo imwe neimwe anekodzero kuramba kutevedza mutongo, pasina kusiya chinhu chinogumbura. Pane mibatanidzwa umo neimwe nhengo nyika vanosungirwa kutora zvechiuto chiito zvinoitirwawo kurwiswa rimwe chikwata nhengo. Asi kwete vose masangano aya, nheyo iyi inoshanda iri fanira hwaro. Somuenzaniso, kana ari NATO nokurwiswa nhengo imwe Union ari kuzivisa hondo kumativi chinogumbura rose, kuti SEATO mutemo kwakadaro akanga asiri usingaperi.

Military-enyika blocs inogona akasikwa kuti chairo, uye pashure kusvika vavariro akarambwa kana zvimwe kuita kuti isingazivikanwi izwi.

Ngano kwaita zvinogumbura

The Precursors hwemazuva nemauto dzakabatana anozivikanwa kubvira nyika yekare. Wokutanga chaizvo mubatanidzwa uto nyika dzinoverengeka anganzi mumubatanidzwa iripo guta makore 10 okuberekwa Greek ari kunozivikanwa rwendo pamusoro Troy ari XII remakore. BC Asi vakanga panzvimbo kunozivikanwa nguva, kwete zvenhoroondo, sezvo yaMakoronike zviitiko zvakanyorwa harina hwaponeswa.

Wemasangano wokutanga chaiwo ngano kuonekwa muna 691 BC. e. Yaiva chibvumirano eMedhiya, Babylonia uye Eramu Asiria. Uyezve, nhoroondo kubatana kwakadaro anozivikanwa guta Greek, sezvo Peloponnesian, Delian, Boeotia, Korinde, Chalcis. Papera chinguva isu wakaumba Elliysky, Achaean uye Aetolian League. Panguva iyoyo nechepakati Italy zvakanzi akaumba Latin Union, uye gare gare akakurira yekare mamiriro Roman.

Songaniro zvose izvi zvakanga zvakawanda sezvinoita mubatanidzwa pane vemauto dzakabatana dziri chipo kukosha kwavo.

KuMiddle Ages, mibatanidzwa pakati rinoti kazhinji zvakawanda rutsigiro uto kana hondo, uye akapotsa regai kubata dzimwe nzvimbo ukama. Kazhinji, kwaiva kubatanidza pamusoro muvengi chaiwo. Saka, cementing nheyo Franco-Scottish (kana mutana) Union, iyo akagumisa muna 1295, aiva ruvengo kunyika maviri England. Panguva ino England yakatanga kuwedzera ayo muScotland, uye mukati mashomanana emakore, vakatanga Makore Zana War pamwe France. Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti mubatanidzwa pakati Scotland uye France aripo kusvikira 1560 zvakawanda 265 makore.

Muna 1386 kwakauya Anglo-Portuguese mubatanidzwa, yakashongedzwa Chibvumirano Windsor. Iyewo, wakayambirwa pamusoro nokusimbaradza Spain. Zvisinei, zvazviri riripo kusvikira nhasi, saka ari mukuru nemauto-enyika mubatanidzwa, asi haana kuvhara mune ano mupfungwa.

Pakutanga kwezana ano paiva dzinoverengeka vemauto kubatana European nyika vanoda kubatana mune mubatanidzwa kuzorwa vanhuwo muvengi. Izvi mibatanidzwa anosanganisira Matsvene Catholic League pasi patronage raPapa, mubatanidzwa echiPurotesitendi, kubatanidza weLutheran uye Calvinist hurumende uye dzimwe shamwari.

Muna 1668 kwaiva Triple Alliance of England, Sweden uye Netherlands, kunangana kuitwa Louis XIV weFrance.

Muna 1756, yakanga yakaumbwa maviri chete kushora Union - Anglo-Prussian uye Versailles. Recently kushamwaridzana yaisanganisira Russia, France neAustria. Zviri coalitions izvi akapinda kunetsana muHondo Yemakore Seven '. Pakupedzisira, yokuRussia Empire, somugumisiro wacho accession kuti chigaro Peter III, vakatamira kurutivi Anglo-Prussian mubatanidzwa.

Kubva 1790 kusvika 1815 iye vakaumba wandei coalitions kurwisa echimurenga uye Napoleonic France. Uye kazhinji nechisimba uye kuburikidza nezvibvumirano France kwakamanikidza dzimwe nhengo wemasangano Data kuvasiya, kana kunyange kutamira kurutivi French. Asi pakupedzisira, mauto yeChitanhatu Coalition akakwanisa kukunda Napoleon.

Muna 1815, pakati Prussia, Austria uye Russia yakaumbwa Mutsvene Alliance, iyo nechinangwa kwokungosimbisa nyika kuitira yakasimbiswa mushure Napoleonic Wars, uye kudzivirirwa nokumukirana mu Europe. Zvisinei, muna 1832, pashure yechimurenga France, kwomubatanidzwa uyu vakarambana.

Muna 1853, mumwe mubatanidzwa rakaumbwa pakati France, England, hweOttoman Empire uye Umambo Sardinia kurwisa Russian Empire. kwomubatanidzwa uyu akakundwa muna Crimean War.

Unions hutsva mhando

Zvino ndiyo nguva kutsanangura paumbwe uto-enyika blocs pedyo ano mhando. The chidzoke masangano akadaro akatanga yechipiri yezana XIX remakore uye yakagadzirwa muna kongiri zvivako pedyo kuguma remakore. Ndicho paumbwe shamwari idzi kwaiva kusarudza kuti pave pakutanga kweHondo Yenyika I.

The hwaro anoshorana blocs vakava Triple (1882-1915 gg.) Uye Franco-Russian mubatanidzwa (1891-1893 gg.), Gare gare tinoshandurirwa Quadruple Alliance uye Entente.

Paumbwe Quadruple Alliance

Sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, hwaro pakusikwa Quadruple Alliance sehofisi Triple Alliance, akagumisa muna 1882 pakati hweAustria-Hungary, Italy uye Germany. Nyika yacho Triple Alliance anoedza kutaura kutonga kwayo kuEurope, iro vakabatana pamusoro French uye Russian Empire.

Akanga pashure kwemamiriro Triple Alliance vakatsigira hunyambiri chibvumirano muna 1879. Rakanga riri Empire German, yakasimbiswa pachishandiswa Umambo Prussia, akatanga kusikwa bloc nemauto-enyika kunangana Russia uye France. Germany yakanga vakasimba zveupfumi uye enyika mashoko, hurumende chikwata.

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti pamberi Austria-Hungary vakaomerera kubatana yeRussian Empire uye Prussia chete feuded nokuda makwikwi kodzero ukuru munyika weGermany nyika. Asi pashure mukukunda Prussia muna rweAustro-Prussian Hondo 1866 uye Franco-Prussian War 1970, zvinhu zvakachinja. Prussia akaratidza kutonga kwayo pamusoro matongo yaimbova Hutsvene hweRoma uye Austria-Hungary akamanikidzwa kuita chibvumirano naye, akasaina muna 1879 muna Vienna chibvumirano pamusoro Kutsigirana, kururama kwemashoko iro paakagadzwa muna 5 years.

The chibvumirano waiti kana kurwiswa yeRussian Empire rechipiri rimwe signatories kuti vamuyamura. Kana Germany kana Austria-Hungary kuti kurwisa asina Russia, uye dzimwe nyika, yechipiri munhu zvinobatanidzwa anosungirwa kubata kanenge kuramba vasina kwavakarerekera, asi kana kurutivi atadza nokuda Russian Emperor, zvino, zvakare, kuti signatories vanofanira kuuya pamwe chete nokuda yakawiriranwa hondo. Izvi block masimba maviri kunzi Dual mubatanidzwa.

Muna 1882, Austria-Hungary uye Germany akabatana Italy. Saka pavaiwana Triple Alliance. Zvisinei, kusaina kuti chibvumirano pakati penyika nhatu pakutanga zvakavanzika. Sapakutanga, shoko chesungano aihuitira makore mashanu. Muna 1887 uye muna 1891. Iye akasaina zvakare, uye muna 1902 uye 1912. kwaita kufamba pamusoro.

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti Union kunyika nhatu haana yakasimba chaizvo. Saka, nokuda kwezvikonzero zvemari muna 1902 pakati Italy uye France dzakasaina chibvumirano, iyo rinoti iri mhosva yehondo pakati French uye vokuGermany, ivo vokuItaly yaizoramba kwavakarerekera. Naizvozvo, pashure pakatanga Hondo Yenyika I muna 1914, Italy haana aita kudivi Germany uye Austria-Hungary. Muna 1915, kupfurikidza kusaina chibvumirano muLondon pamwe Entente, Italy akabva kubva Triple Alliance uye akabatana hondo kudivi vaimushora.

Triple Alliance yakaguma. Germany uye Austria-Hungary akakwanisa kusika munhu mubatanidzwa mutsva. Asi, Italy, iri kosi Hondo Yenyika II, kuti mubatanidzwa akabatanidzwa maviri chete inoti - hweOttoman Empire (kubvira muna 1914) uye Bulgaria (kubvira 1915). Saka paiva Quadruple Alliance. Countries dzakanga chikamu zvemauto-enyika pamwe inonzi Central Powers.

Quadruple Alliance vakaguma kuvapo somugumisiro kukundwa muHondo Yenyika I. Somugumisiro rweAustro-Hungary uye hweOttoman Empire yakadhirika, uye Germany uye Bulgaria akatambura chinokosha miganhu varasikirwa.

Entente

Military enyika blocs the World War First havana dzakapfigirwa Quadruple Alliance. Second muedzo simba, vakasvika nokurwisana, aiva Entente.

Kutanga paumbwe Entente vakaisa Franco-Russian mubatanidzwa, akagumisa muna 1891. Rakanga mhinduro paumbwe Triple Alliance. Russia uye France vakatenderana kuti mumwe nyika, wechipiri kupa rubatsiro zvechiuto kana vaizorwiswa nenhengo utsinye mubatanidzwa. zvibvumirano izvi zvakanga simba kusvikira kune Triple Alliance.

Muna 1904 chibvumirano yakanga yakasainwa pakati UK uye France. It hwogumisa emakore tsere kwemasimba aya. Britain uye France vakabvumirana pamusoro yaitonga weboka nyika uye kuva of facto vatsigiri. Nokuti chibvumirano ichi, zita vakaramba Entente cordiale, kuti French rinoshandurwa se "Entente Cordiale". Nokudaro, zvakare, uye akaenda chidhina zita - Entente.

Muna 1907 iye akakwanisa kukunda Anglo-Russian kuzvipokanidza. chibvumirano pamusoro weboka simba yakanga yakasainwa pakati vamiririri States. Saka akapedza inotungamirwa omubatanidzwa.

Military-enyika blocs mu Europe - the Entente uye Quadruple Alliance - vakaita mutsindo basa kwakaita I World War. Mushure kurwisa, yokuGermany Empire pamusoro Russia uye France United Kingdom, akatendeka basa rake somubetseri, kurwa neGermany. Zvisinei, kwete nhengo dzose Entente vane simba uye pfuma kuunza hondo mukukunda magumo. Saka, muna 1917 kwaiva Bolshevik Revolution kuRussia, pashure iyo nyika vakayanana Germany uye chaizvoizvo vakabuda Entente. Zvisinei, izvi hazvina kudziviswa dzimwe nhengo wemasangano, achibatsirwa US nemamwe nevatsigiri, kuti ndiwane vari muhondo yenyika.

Pashure yehondo Entente (Britain uye France) vakaedza kupindira muRussia kupidigura Bolshevik hwechiKomonisiti. Zvisinei, zvakanga zvisingaiti kuti vabudirire zvikuru panguva ino.

Military dzakabatana muHondo Yenyika II

The muchiuto chibvumirano weNazi Germany, yechiFascist Italy uye Imperial Japan nedzimwe nyika vakashanda huru mhaka Second World War. Kutanga kusikwa chikwata akashumira nemasaini 1936 chibvumirano pakati Germany uye Japan iri pamwe mukurwisa kupararira communism. Rainzi "Anti-Comintern chibvumirano." Gare gare chibvumirano ichi akabatana Italy nedzimwe nyika dzinoverengeka, vanonzi Sekaiichi. Zviri simba iri chikwata akaratidza utsinye asati uye panguva WWII.

Coalition anodzivisa Sekaiichi, kwakasimbiswa chete mukufamba Hondo Yenyika II. It yakaumbwa kubva Soviet Union, Britain neUnited States uye akatora zita Anti-Hitler mubatanidzwa. Tanga kuvaka wakaradzikwa muna 1941, pashure asapinda hondo USSR uye USA. Chinokosha mukusika munhu bloc kunangana Kuedzwa vavengi, akava Tehran Musangano pakati Masimba muna 1943. Chete pashure pokugadzwa yakasimba mubatanidzwa vatsigiri vakatadza vavimbezve hondo.

NATO

Creation reuto-enyika blocs akava chinhu yokurwisana iri dzinonzi Cold Hondo pakati West uye Soviet Union. Kwavari vakasvika ngozi yehondo yenyika itsva, asi panguva imwe chete vaishumira uye chaiita.

Yakakurumbira vawana North Atlantic Alliance (NATO). It akasikwa muna 1949 uye vakabatana kunyika Western Europe, USA uye Canada. Chinangwa charo kuti nechokwadi seboka norunyararo pamusoro penyika. Zvisinei, izvozvo hazvina chakavanzika chepakutanga North Atlantic Alliance akazvarwa nechinangwa yaiva Soviet Union. Asi kunyange pashure pokuwa Union of chikwata asingakudzi tisisipo, asi nekusiyana, muchifumiswa nokuda dzakawanda kubva Eastern Europe.

Kunyange asati inotungamirwa NATO muna 1948, rakaumbwa ne Western European Union. Yaiva mhando kuedza kuronga pachake pani-European mauto ayo, asi mushure inotungamirwa NATO, nyaya iyi rakanga risisiri akakodzera.

Kuunza MAD

Achipindura kuti paumbwe NATO muna 1955, ari mugovanisi nyika yose kumisasa chirongwa of Soviet Union akasika rechiuto-enyika bloc, iyo akasvika pakunzi MAD. Chinangwa chake chaiva zvinopesana North Atlantic mubatanidzwa. The Unit, kuwedzera kune USSR, vakanga vachiri 7 nyika: Bulgaria, Albania, Hungary, Poland, East Germany, Czechoslovakia.

MAD akanga liquidated muna 1991, pashure pokuwa mugovanisi kwomusasa.

Small dzakabatana muchiuto

Military enyika blocs remakore rechi20 paiva kwete munyika yose chete asiwo muAfrica nemhiri kwemakungwa. Between nyika hondo yakanga asika zvinoverengeka omunzvimbo mibatanidzwa kugadzirisa dambudziko remunharaunda, uye inonzi Versailles nyika murayiro. Iyi yaisanganisira Entente: Small, Mediterranean, Balkan, Middle East, reBaltic.

MuHondo Yemashoko akasika anoverengeka emunharaunda kutigumbura, chinangwa rakanga kudzivisa kupararira communism. Ava vaisanganisira SEATO (South East Asia), CENTO (Middle East), ANZYUK (Asia-Pacific).

nezvekugadzirwa CSTO

Muna 1992, vanoverengeka nyika dzaiumba Soviet Union akaumba sungano - the CSTO. mhando iyi emauto-enyika bloc weRussia, sezvo wakakurira hukuru mumabasa.

CSTO chinangwa ndiyo inonzi kuchengeteka nhengo dzayo uye kutsiga mune nzvimbo post-Soviet. Kuwedzera RF Unit chinosanganisira Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Armenia, Tajikistan. Pakuvamba, inosanganisirawo Uzbekistan, Georgia uye Azerbaijan.