Africa: nyaya yacho

Africa, ane nhoroondo izere zvakavanzika zvakavanzika kure kare uye ropa zviitiko enyika ino - mukondinendi rinonzi paucheche vanhu. map Huge akabata chimwe muzvishanu zvachose panyika kunharaunda yepasi, nyika yayo akapfuma nengoda uye zvicherwa. Kuchamhembe akatambanudza upenyu, hasha uye inopisa mumarenje zasi - mhandara anofukidza yakawanda endemic mhando nemhuka. Hazvibviri kuona kusiyana dzavanhu uye emadzinza pamusoro kondinendi, nhamba yavo kumativi zviuru zvishomanana. madzinza Small vaisvika maviri mumisha uye zvikuru marudzi - the creators yokukosha nemagariro uye rakasiyana "dema" kondinendi.

How nyika dzakawanda dziri kondinendi, apo kuva Africa, jogirafi uye nhoroondo yacho yokudzidza, nyika - izvi zvose uchadzidza kubva munyaya.

Kubva munhoroondo kondinendi

Nhoroondo kukura Africa ndiyo imwe yenzvimbo zvenzara nyaya iri mumatongo. Uye kana muIjipiti yekare akakwezva nyanzvi kubvira kare nguva, vamwe kondinendi akaramba ari "mumvuri" kusvikira remakore rechi19. Prehistory of kondinendi iri wakarebesa munhoroondo yevanhu. Pairi, tanga kungoda hominids akawanikwa, aigara mune yava kunzi Ethiopia. History of Asia uye Africa aiva neimwe nzira, nokuti nzvimbo yomugariro vakanga dzaibatanidzwa wezvokutengeserana uye wezvematongerwo enyika ukama kunyange pamberi Bronze Age.

Nezvayo anozivikanwa kuti chokutanga rwendo akapoteredza kondinendi kwave chinoitwa muEgipita Farao Neko mumakore 600 BC. KuMiddle Ages kufarira Africa akatanga kuratidza vokuEurope kuti vari kushingaira kutanga kutengeserana nemarudzi okumabvazuva. The rwendo yokutanga kondinendi kure yarongwa muchinda Portuguese, ndipo apo yakakanganiswa mhedziso Cape Boyador yakavhurwa uye yakaiswa kuti ndicho Kumaodzanyemba achitandadza Africa. Papera makore, mumwe Portuguese - Bartholomew Diaz muna 1487 vakawana Cape of Good Hope. Pashure kubudirira rwendo rwake Africa uye ukasvika mamwe masimba makuru European. Somugumisiro, pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi16 nharaunda yose rokumavirira egungwa dzakafukunurwa neDare Portuguese, Chirungu uye Spanish. Ipapo vakatanga yaitonga nhoroondo Africa uye zvinoshingaira muranda.

nenzvimbo nzvimbo

Africa - ichi ndicho chechipiri pakukura kondinendi, imwe nzvimbo ba mamiriyoni 30,3. ? km. Akatambanudza kubva kuchamhembe kusvika kumaodzanyemba pamusoro chinhambwe 8000 km uye kubva kumabvazuva kusvikira kumavirira - 7500? Km. Nokuti kondinendi inozivikanwa nokuda predominance kuti sandarara nomunzvimbo dzine. Kuchamhembe-dzokumadokero chikamu chipo Atlas Mountains uye Sahara Desert - Plateau Tibesti uye Ahaggar, kumabvazuva - muEtiopiya, kumaodzanyemba - uye Cape Drakensberg kumakomo.

Geographical Nhoroondo Africa hunonyatsobatana kuBritish. Dziri huru muzana remakore rechi19, vakanga vachishingaira nezvokumwe kwaari, kudura hunoshamisa norunako rwaro uye ukuru dzinongoitika nzvimbo: Victoria Falls, Lake Chad, Kivu, Edward, Albert nevamwe Africa ndiyo imwe nenzizi huru dzenyika - rwaNire, inova munhu. mavambo nguva kwaiva Dzinde Egyptian budiriro.

Mainland ndiye Hottest munyika, ichi ndicho chikonzero chacho nenzvimbo chinzvimbo. Nharaunda yose Africa iri kupisa okunze, uye akayambuka neequator.

Zvikuru akapfuma kondinendi iri zviwanikwa. Worldwide anozivikanwa guru deposits pamusoro nengoda muZimbabwe uye South Africa, ndarama kuGhana, Mali uye Congo, mafuta Algeria uye Nigeria, simbi uye romutobvu-zingi ores kurutivi pamhenderekedzo.

Kutanga Colonisation

Yaitonga nhau Asia uye Africa ine kwazvo nemidzi kare. Yokutanga kuedza kukurira idzi vokuEurope vakapinza kunyange 7-5 emakore. BC, kana vaGiriki vaiva nemisha yakawanda pamwe nemahombekombe kondinendi. Izvi zvakateverwa yakareba Hellenization yeIjipiti pamusana kwaAlexander Mukuru.

Zvadaro, pasi kumanikidzwa mauto akawanda eRoma akanga yabatanidza anenge zvose kuchamhembe kweAfrica. Zvisinei, Romanization yave pasi zvishomanana, anongoti zvizvarwa Berber marudzi akadzikisa kurenje.

Africa kuMiddle Ages

Munguva kuderera of Byzantine Empire, nhoroondo Asia uye Africa akaita unopinza U-kutendeukira chose kune divi European budiriro. Yakawedzera Berbers pakupedzisira akaparadza yechiKristu nemagariro nzvimbo kuNorth Africa kuti "ainatse" mundima vakundi itsva - navaArabhu, wakakubudisai Islam naye uye akadzinga Byzantine Empire. Pakazosvika zana remakore rechinomwe kuvapo muna Africa ranneevropeyskih inoti kushanda wakaderedzwa kusvika razero.

Inokosha akazochinja chete okupedzisira nzendo Reconquista, kana vainyanya Portuguese uye vokuSpain reconquered Iberian Peninsula, uye akatarisisa mhiri ari Strait of Gibraltar. Muna 15-16 emakore, vaishingaira mune Africa mutemo akunde, anokunda nhamba akasimba pfungwa. Pakupera rechi15. vakanga vabatana ne French, Chirungu uye Dutch.

A New Nhoroondo Asia uye Africa nokuti zvinhu zvakawanda hwakada zvinodyidzana. Trade kuti rwezasi Sahara Desert iri kushingaira kutanga pamusoro chikamu dzemaArabhu kwakaita kuti zvishoma nezvishoma Colonisation uye yose kumabvazuva chikamu kondinendi. West Africa acharamba. Paiva Arab nharaunda, asi kuedza Morocco kukurira munharaunda dzaiva kubudirira.

Race nokuti Africa

Colonial weboka kondinendi panguva yechipiri yezana remakore rechi19 kusvikira World War First akanzi "munhangemutange Africa". nguva iyi dzinoratidzwa vanachandagwinyira uye yakaoma makwikwi mu kutungamirira masimba muEurope imperialist kuti mufambiro remapazi zvechiuto uye tsvakurudzo kuvhiyiwa munzvimbo, iyo pakupedzisira takaendeswa kukunda nyika itsva. Zvikurukuru simba muitiro zvinopindura pashure kuitwa pakati Berlin Conference 1885 General Act, iyo akadanidzira nheyo inoshanda basa. The ndopakaperawo of Africa chikamu chaiva kurwisana nemauto pakati France uye Great Britain muna 1898, iyo yakaitika Upper Nile.

Pakazosvika 1902, 90% kuti Africa rakanga pasi European kuzvidzora. Kudzivirira rusununguko uye rusununguko raiva Liberia uye Ethiopia chete. Sezvo pakutanga World War First kwakaguma yaitonga rudzi, izvo zvakazoita zvinenge yose Africa ikaparadzana. Nhoroondo kukura nyuchi rakanga dzakasiyana, zvichienderana nokuti, ane pasi protectorate zvakanga. The Holdings pakukura dzaiva muFrance uye UK, zvishoma zvishoma muPortugal uye Germany. For vokuEurope, Africa inokosha kunobva pakugadzira zvinhu, zvicherwa uye kokupata basa.

gore rusununguko

Kukurukurwa yakachinja 1960, apo mumwe pashure mumwe wechiduku inoti African vakatanga kubuda kubva pasimba yemo. Chokwadi, izvi hazvina atanga uye rakapedzwa muna yakadaro pfupi. "African" Zvisinei, izvozvo vakazivisa 1960.

Africa, ane nhoroondo haana kuva voga kubva munyika, akaratidza nzira imwe kana mumwe, asi kukwezverwa Hondo Yenyika II. The nechekuchamhembe kondinendi kukanganiswa nehondo, ungano dzaiva vairohwa kubva okupedzisira ehondo kupa guru pamwe yakatsvuka zvinhu uye zvokudya, uyewo vanhu. Mamiriyoni Africans vakatora chikamu ruvengo, vazhinji vavo vari "kugara" Papera muEurope. Pasinei political zvakatipoteredza munyika nokuda kondinendi "dema" mumakore ehondo akanga aionekwa dzisangopfuma, imwe nguva apo migwagwa dzinovakwa, zviteshi, airfields uye runways, mabhizimisi uye mafekitari, etc.

A itsva ose nhoroondo Africa akagashira pashure kuitwa kubudikidza England of Atlantic Charter, izvo zvinosimbisa kodzero dzavanhu Yokuzvisarudzira. Uye apo enyika akaedza kutsanangura kuti kwaiva mubvunzo pamusoro yaigarwa vanhu Japan uye Germany, ungano dzaiva kubatwa gwaro iri nyasha uyewo. Nezvezita kuzviwanira rusununguko Africa zvakanaka mberi zvikuru dzakabudirira Asia.

Pasinei hapana makakatanwa kodzero yokuzvitonga, asi vokuEurope hapana kukurumidza 'regai kuenda "nyuchi vayo kuyangarara pachena, uye munzvimbo yokutanga gumi pashure pehondo, chero mashoko kuzvimiririra akanga utsinye woutsinye. Muenzaniso zvakaita apo vokuBritain muna 1957, akapiwa rusununguko Ghana - kupfuura mari dzakabudirira. Pakazopera 1960 hafu Africa, vakawana rusununguko. Zvisinei, sezvo zvikazooneka, izvozvo hakurevi chinhu.

Kana tikatarisa map, uchaona kuti Africa, ane nhoroondo Zvinosiririsa chaizvo, nyika rakakamurwa zvakajeka uye kumeso nemitsetse. The vokuEurope haana yakawanda yokunyatsoongorora mumarudzi ose netsika zvinoitika yacho, nokungoti unonyatsoruramisa nzvimbo woga. Somugumisiro, vanhu vakawanda vakanga rakakamurwa akawanda anoti, apo vamwe ikashandiswa mune rimwe pamwe mhiko vavengi. Pashure rusununguko, izvi zvose akapa pave vakawanda kurwisana kwemarudzi, hondo, the vemauto, uye kwevanhu.

Freedom kwave kugamuchirwa, ndizvo chete kuita nayo, hapana aiziva. VokuEurope vasara, akatora zvose zvakanga zvichiita kutora. Zvinenge zvose hurongwa, kusanganisira dzidzo, utano yaifanira akasikwa kubva muvare. Pakanga pasina mudonzvo, kwete zvinhu, hapana Ukama wokumwe.

Countries uye nemataundi mundima Africa

Sezvambotaurwa pamusoro nyaya kuwanikwa Africa rakatanga kare. Zvisinei, nechisimba European colonialism uye emakore zvakakonzera kuti ano, yakazvimirira mamiriro munharaunda yacho akaumba sezvariri pakati kana yechipiri yezana remakore rechimakumi maviri. Zvakaoma kutaura kana akawana kodzero yokuzvitonga zvakanaka kuva munzvimbo idzi. Africa ichiri kunzi kupfuura shure kukura yakaoma, une ino zvakafanira zvose zvinhu nokuda hwandaiva upenyu.

Panguva iyoyo, mashoko kondinendi inogarwa 1.037.694.509 vanhu - vanenge 14% of zvachose kwevanhu panyika. Nharaunda huru rakakamurwa munyika 62, asi 54 vavo chete vanonzi yakazvimirira nenyika vemunharaunda. 10 chitsuwa marudzi kwavari, 37 - pamwe rwakafara kuwana mumakungwa uye nyanza, uye 16 kure negungwa.

In Nemuromo, Africa - mukondinendi, asi tsika chinowanzoonekwa chaidzo zvitsuwa pedyo. Vamwe vachiri ndezvaJehovha vokuEurope. Kusanganisira French Reunion, Zimbabwe, chiPutukezi Madeira, ari Spanish Melilla, Ceuta, ari Canary Islands, chitsuwa British Mutsvene Helena, Tristan Da Cunha uye Ascension.

Nyika dzomuAfrica conventionally akakamurwa 4 mapoka zvichienderana nenzvimbo nzvimbo: Northern, Western, Southern uye Eastern. Dzimwe dzinounzwa imwe yoga nechepakati nharaunda.

North Africa

North Africa rinonzi nharaunda huru kwazvo ba vanenge mamiriyoni 10. M ^2, uye kworutivi irenje Sahara. It iri huru kupfuura nyika kondinendi: Sudan, Libya, Ijipiti uye Algeria. inoti All kuchamhembe chikamu sere, saka dzakanyorwa anofanira kuwedzerwa South Sudan, Sadr, Morocco, Tunisia.

Contemporary Nhoroondo Asia uye Africa (kuchamhembe nharaunda) chaizvo zvinodyidzana. Pakazosvika mangwanani remakore rechi20 yacho yakanga zvizere pasi kudzivirira nyika dzokuEurope, rusununguko ivo vakawana mumakore 50-60. rokupedzisira remakore. The nenzvimbo napedyo mumwe kondinendi (Asia uye Europe) uye vakwegura zvetsika zvokutengeserana uye ukama kwoupfumi nazvo vakaita basa. Pakuurayiwa kukura North Africa ari nani zvikuru chinzvimbo kufananidzwa South. Kunze, zvichida, ndiyo chete Sudan. Tunisia ane zvikuru yemakwikwi upfumi munyika kondinendi yose, Libya, uye Algeria vabereke gasi uye mafuta, vari aivigirwa, Morocco ari mubasa kuchera padombo phosphate. The koshesa kuenderana chavagari ichiri vakashandisa mune zvokurima zvekutepfenyura. Zvisinganyanyi kukosha kwemauto hwenyika reRibhiya, Tunisia, Ijipiti Morocco vari kukura ushanyi.

The Kudeuka guta nevagari vanopfuura mamiriyoni 9 - Ijipiti Cairo, yevagari romumwe hakuiti pfuura miriyoni 2 - Casablanca, Alexandria. Vazhinji rwokumusoro vomuAfrica vanogara mumaguta, vaMuslim uye taura Arabic. Mune dzimwe nyika, mumwe mukuru vaiona kuti French. North African nzvimbo akapfuma Zvivako ekare kare uye mapurani, dzinongoitika zvinhu.

Asiwo anoronga kutanga chinzvimbo European chirongwa Desertec - kuvakwa makurusa dzinotenderera zuva simba wemuTesitamende Sahara murenje.

West Africa

The ndima West Africa kunosvika kune rwezasi nechepakati Sahara, Atlantic Ocean, kumabvazuva nenzira Cameroonian kumakomo. Kune nemapani uye masango anogara achinaya, uyewo vasina zvinomera Sahel. Kusvikira nhambo apo pamahombekombe vokuEurope netsoka muchikamu chino Africa kwatova munyika dzakadai Mali, Ghana uye Songhai. Guinea nharaunda kwenguva refu nguva yainzi "kumakuva ari chena" nokuda zvinorwarisa kujairika kuti vokuEurope zvirwere. Fivha, marariya, avete kurwara uye zvichingodaro D. Panguva, boka West dzomuAfrica vari: Cameroon, Ghana, Gambia, Burkina Faso, Benin, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Cape Verde, Liberia, Mauritania, Côte d'Ivoire, Niger, Mali, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Togo, Senegal.

Nhoroondo kuchangobva kunyika African munzvimbo dzakapiswa nemauto Kusanzwisisana. Territory dzakaparadzaniswa vakawanda kusawirirana pakati anglophone uye vaimbova mapoka francophone European. Kuzvipokanidza nhema kwete romutauro, asi nemaonero uye mafungiro. Pane inopisa makwapa muLiberia uye muSierra Leone.

Road kubatanidza simba chaizvo uye, chokwadi, iri nhaka pakati dzayaitonga. State of West Africa vari pakati varombo munyika. Nepo Nigeria Somuenzaniso, une hombe matura mafuta.

East Africa

Nzvimbo Nharaunda kuti zvinosanganisira nyika kumabvazuva rwaNire (kunze Ijipiti), vanodzidza nezvavanhu kuzodana paucheche vanhu. Zviri pano kuti, maererano navo, namadzibaba edu akararama.

Nharaunda iri zvikuru kusagadzikana, kurwisana ikava hondo, kusanganisira kakawanda zvavo. Vanenge vose vari kuumbwa pamusoro dzemadzinza chikonzero. East Africa iri pakazara pamusoro mapoka mazana maviri madzinza kuva mapoka mana mutauro. Mumazuva ichitongwa nharaunda yakakamurwa pasina kufungisisa chokwadi ichi, sezvo yave akati, vasina kuremekedzwa tsika uye dzinongoitika dzinza nemiganhu. Raizoshandiswa kunetsana kunokanganisa zvikuru kukura nharaunda.

For East Africa inosanganisira zvinotevera nyika: Mauritius, Kenya, Burundi, Zambia, Djibouti, Comoros, Madagascar, Malawi, Rwanda, Mozambique, Seychelles, Uganda, Tanzania, Somalia, Ethiopia, South Sudan, Eritrea.

South Africa

South African nharaunda chinhu chinoshamisa chikamu kondinendi. Kune nyika shanu. Zvinoti: Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, Swaziland, South Africa. Vose vari vakabatana Southern African Tsika Union, mumwe mugodhi uye zvokutengeserana kunyanya mafuta uye mangoda.

Nhoroondo ichangobva kuitwa Africa kumaodzanyemba chokuita zita rakakurumbira enyika Nelson Mandela (yaifananidzira), uyo akatsaurira upenyu hwake kuna kurwira rusununguko kubva mumaguta nharaunda.

South Africa, ane mutungamiri akanga kwemakore 5 years, ndiyo yakatanga nyika pamusoro kondinendi uye oga usingabereki chokuita "World Wechitatu" muchikwata. Dzakabudirira upfumi kunoita kuti uitore yechi30 nzvimbo pakati penyika dzose maererano IMF. It ane akapfuma chaizvo matura zviwanikwa. Uyewo chimwe chezvinhu akabudirira huchangotanga Africa ndiyo emari Botswana. Pakutanga pane zvipfuwo uye kurima pamwero vari mined ngoda, uye zvicherwa.