Molal yevasungwa. Zvinorevei matadza uye molal yevasungwa?

Matadza uye molal yevasungwa, pasinei yakafanana mazita, tsika dzakasiyana. Musiyano chikuru ndechokuti kuziva molal wevasungwa kukarukureta chinoitwa kwete bhuku mhinduro sezvo vasabatwa molarity, apo kurema solvent.

General ruzivo pamusoro mhinduro uye solubility

mhinduro yechokwadi inonzi homogeneous ezvinhu, izvo zvinosanganisira ayo anoumba munhu nhamba yenhengo, vasingatungamirirwi nemumwe. Mumwe wavo ari solvent, uye vamwe vari zvinhu yakanyauka mairi. The solvent ichaongororwa kuva fuma iri mhinduro muya.

Solubility - mumwe chete zvimwe zvinhu vaite homogeneous gadziriro - umo chiri muchimiro munhu maatomu, ions, mamorekuru kana nezvimedu mhinduro. A wevasungwa - chiyero solubility.

Somugumisiro, solubility ose zvinhu zviri kugona kuti kuparadzirwa noruvara muchimiro zvepakutanga nezvimedu yose Vhoriyamu solvent.

zvingaitwa vechokwadi dzinoiswa sezvinotevera:

• nokuda mhando solvent - non-aqueous uye mvura;
• nokuda mhando solute - magasi zvinogadzirisa, acids, alkalis, munyu, etc.
• nokuti kudyidzana ane Magetsi - electrolytes (zvinhu kuti vane zvemagetsi conductivity) uye vasiri electrolytes (zvinhu kwete inokwanisa zvemagetsi conductivity);
• kufungisisa - rakasanganiswa uye pfungwa.

Wevasungwa uye achishandisa mashoko ayo

Vapukunyuki runhare kugutsikana (uremu) ane pfuma zvazvichanyungudutswa imwe mari (uremu kana vhoriyamu) ari solvent, kana mune vhoriyamu kurondedzerwa yose inowanwa zvichachipedza. Zvinoitika marudzi anotevera:

1. wevasungwa kufarira (runoratidzwa%) - chichiudza sei magiramu akawanda solute iri 100 magiramu kuti mhinduro.

2. matadza wevasungwa - inhamba giremu moles por 1 fő kuti mhinduro. Inoratidza vangani giremu-mamorekuru zviri 1 fő pakati mhinduro yacho fuma.

3. The renguva dzose pfungwa - inhamba giremu-neShanduro por 1 fő kuti mhinduro. Inoratidza vangani riine giremu neShanduro ane solute muna 1 fő kuti mhinduro.

4. molal pfungwa inoratidza moles vangani solute iri mari pa 1 kilogram kuti solvent.

5. Titer anosarudza zvirimo (mu magiramu) kuti solute zvazvichanyungudutswa 1 milliliter kuti mhinduro.

Matadza uye molal kuwanda zvakasiyana mumwe. Funga maitiro avo nomumwe.

The matadza wevasungwa

The yemaitiro nokuti Pakusarudza nayo:

CV = (ndima / V), sezvamakaropafadzwa

V - Nhamba zvinhu kudaro mol;

V - zvachose Vhoriyamu mhinduro fő kana ^m3.

Somuenzaniso, "0.1 M mhinduro kubva H ₂ SO _4" rinoratidza kuti muna 1 fő kwakadaro mhinduro aripo 0.1 mol (9.8 g) kuti sulfuric asidhi .

molal wevasungwa

Nguva dzose unofanira kufungawo chokwadi chokuti molal uye matadza kuwanda anoreva zvakasiyana zvachose.

Ndeipi molal wevasungwa chemhinduro? The yemaitiro nokuti Pakusarudza ndiko:

Cm = (ndima / m), apo

V - Nhamba zvinhu kudaro mol;

M - guru pakati solvent, makirogiramu.

Somuenzaniso, achinyora 0,2 M NaOH mhinduro zvinoreva kuti muna 1 kilogram mvura (iyi, ndiyo solvent) Kuparadzwa 0.2 mol NaOH.

Zvimwe Masvomhu zvakakodzera kuti Masvomhu

mashoko ebetsero akawanda kungadiwa kuti molal pfungwa yakanga dzaona. Yemaitiro, izvo zvinogona kubatsira kuti kugadzirisa matambudziko makuru ndeinotevera.

Used uwandu yamarudzi ν vanoziva imwe nhamba kwemaatomu, maerekitironi, mamorekuru, ions kana zvimwe zvacho izvozvo.

v = m / M = N / N A = V / V m, apo:

• M - guru mukomboni, g kana makirogiramu;
• M - matadza guru, g (kana kg) / mol;
• N - Nhamba STRUCTURAL dzakabatana;
• N _A - nhamba STRUCTURAL dzakabatana por 1 nhuta ane fuma, Avogadro kugara: ^6,02. October ²³ mol ^{- 1;}
• V - zvachose Vhoriyamu L kana mamita ^3;
• V _M - matadza vhoriyamu, marita / norwaivhi kana ^m3 / mol.

Last akaverenga sezvinotevera:

V _M = RT / P, apo

• R - Kugara 8,314 J / (mol ^K.);
• T - gasi tembiricha, K;
• P - gasi nevezera Pa.

Mienzaniso zvinangwa molarity uye molality. basa №1

Kuti uone kuti matadza Kuwanda potassium hydroxide mhinduro iri vhoriyamu 500 Rine mamiririta. Kurema Koh mhinduro akaenzana 20 magiramu.

tsananguro

Matadza guru potassium hydroxide ndiko:

_Koh M = 39 + 16 + 1 = 56 g / mol.

Tinotarisira zvikuru potassium hydroxide iri huri mhinduro:

ν (Koh) = m / M = 20/56 = 0,36 nhuta.

Tinofunga kuti vhoriyamu kupedza kuratidzwa marita:

500 Rine mamiririta = 500/1000 = 0.5 litres.

Kuona matadza Kuwanda potassium hydroxide:

CV (Koh) = mundima (Koh) / V (Koh) = 0,36 / 0,5 = 0,72 mol / fő.

basa №2

Chii sarufa oxide (IV) pasi kwomuzvarirwo ezvinhu (i.e., kana P = 101325 Pa, uye T = 273 K) vanofanira kutora kuti kugadzirira sulfurous iine acid mhinduro ine Kuwanda 2,5 mol / fő kuti bhuku 5 litres?

tsananguro

Tinotsanangura sezvo sulfurous asidhi huri mhinduro:

ν (H ₂ SO ₃₎ = CV (H ₂ SO ₃₎ ∙ V (mhinduro) = 2,5 ∙ 5 = 12,5 mol.

Mukana wokuti vanhu vanga okutambirwa sulfurous asidhi ane zvinotevera fomu:

SO ₂ + H ₂ O = H ₂ SO ₃

Maererano ichi:

ν (SO ₂₎ = ν (H ₂ SO _3);

ν (SO ₂₎ = 12,5 mol.

Muchiyeuka kuti pasi kwomuzvarirwo ezvinhu 1 nhuta negasi ane bhuku 22.4 litres, vhoriyamu mberi ari oxide rwesarufa:

V (SO ₂₎ = ν (SO ₂₎ ∙ 22,4 = 12,5 ∙ 22,4 = 280 litres.

basa №3

Kuti uone kuti matadza Kuwanda NaOH iri mhinduro kana kwayo uremu chakapatsanurwa, akaenzana 25.5%, uye arambe achirema pamusoro 1.25 g / Rine mamiririta.

tsananguro

Accepted sezvo mharidzo yokugadzirisa ari Vhoriyamu 1 fő uye ona vakawanda yaro:

M (mhinduro) = V (mhinduro) ∙ P (mhinduro) = 1000 ∙ 1,25 = 1,250 giremu.

Tinotarisira zvikuru dzokuenzanisira uremu alkali:

M (NaOH) = (w ∙ mamita (mhinduro)) / 100% = (25,5 ∙ 1250) / 100 = 319 magiramu.

Matadza guru yavaibvisa hydroxide yakaenzana:

M _NaOH = 23 + 16 + 1 = 40 g / mol.

Tingatarisira sezvo yavaibvisa hydroxide iri huri sample:

V (NaOH) = m / M = 319/40 = 8 mol.

Kuona matadza wevasungwa of alkali:

CV (NaOH) = mundima / V = 8/1 = 8 mol / fő.

basa №4

In mvura (100 magiramu) vakanga ichiputswa 10 magiramu munyu NaCl. Set Kuwanda mhinduro (molality).

tsananguro

The matadza guru NaCl akaenzana:

M _NaCl = 23 + 35 = 58 g / mol.

Number NaCl, huri mhinduro:

ν (NaCl) = m / M = 10/58 = 0,17 nhuta.

Panyaya iyi, iyo solvent mvura:

100 magiramu mvura = 100/1000 = 0.1 makirogiramu H ₂ O ari kugadzirisa.

Molal wevasungwa chemhinduro achava akaenzana:

Cm (NaCl) = mundima (NaCl) / m (mvura) = 0,17 / 0,1 = 1,7 mol / makirogiramu.

basa №5

Kuona molal wevasungwa ane 15% NaOH alkali mhinduro.

tsananguro

15% alkali mhinduro zvinoreva kuti ose 100 magiramu ose mhinduro ine 15 magiramu pamusoro NaOH uye 85 magiramu mvura. Kana kuti mune rimwe 100 makirogiramu ose mhinduro ine 15 makirogiramu NaOH uye 85 makirogiramu mvura. Kuti kuigadzira, zvinokosha magiramu 85 (makirogiramu) H ₂ O ichiputswa 15 magiramu (kg) kuti alkali.

Matadza gobvu ndiro yavaibvisa hydroxide:

M _NaOH = 23 + 16 + 1 = 40 g / mol.

Zvino tinoona uwandu yavaibvisa hydroxide mune mhinduro:

ν = m / M = 15/40 = 0.375 mol.

Weight solvent (mvura) mu makirogiramu:

85 magiramu pamusoro H ₂ O = 85/1000 = 0.085 makirogiramu H ₂ O ari kugadzirisa.

Zvadaro tsunga molal pfungwa:

Cm = (ν / m) = 0.375 / 0.085 = 4,41 mol / makirogiramu.

Maererano izvi chaiwo dambudziko kunogona kugadziriswa, uye vakawanda vamwe kuona molality uye molarity.