Zvetsandanyama nemapfupa maitiro: nerevane nechivako. Kukura zvetsandanyama nemapfupa dzevanhu midziyo

Ose nhengo inofamba, kupa muviri uchifamba muchadenga ikashandiswa kuva chete hurongwa. Izvi zvinosanganisira mapfupa, majoini, tsandanyama nemarunda. Zvetsandanyama nemapfupa maitiro munhu anoita vamwe mabasa nokuda peculiarities ose inotungamirwa uye nemamiriro nhengo dzose pakufamba.

zvichireva locomotor

Human marangwanda anoita akawanda anokosha:

• kutsigira;
• inodzivirira;
• Inopa mafambiro;
• paChikoro chicherwa muviri uye hematopoiesis.

Kutyora zvetsandanyama nemapfupa hurongwa kunokonzera pathological pezvakaitwa akawanda enyika muviri. Tsandanyama vasiyana mapfupa rinoitwa sangano pachinhu mumwe, apo kufamba muviri uye anopiwa mune nzvimbo. Muscular hurongwa ine dzichipfekeka zvinhu:

• It runopoteredza muviri womunhu mhango, ichivadzivirira kubva zvokuimba kukuvadzwa;
• kuita rutsigiro basa, kutsigira muviri pane imwe nzvimbo.

In kukura locomotor midziyo womunhu anotokonya musimboti tsinga kukura. Kukura tsandanyama uye masero etsinga - vari novimba nemumwe pezvakaitwa. Kuziva chii zviri zvetsandanyama nemapfupa ezvinhu zvinodiwa dzose kushanda kwemuviri, zvinganzi vakagumisa kuti marangwanda kunokosha kuti muviri mamiriro.

Panguva embryogenesis, kana muviri chaizvo kwete sei chero mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira, fetus kufamba muchishungurudza kuti tsandanyama receptors. Kubva pulses izvi kuenda nechepakati tsinga, anotokonya pave Tutsinga tunofambisa mashoko utwu. Panguva iyoyowo, kukura tsinga kunomutsa kukura pakati tsandanyama hurongwa.

skeletal anatomi

Marangwanda - chine mapfupa kuti kuita rutsigiro, injini uye anodzivirira mabasa. Zvetsandanyama nemapfupa tsika yevanhu mapfupa anenge 200 (zvichienderana nezera), zvose zviri unmatched mijenya 33-34. Kusiyanisa centerline (thorax, dehenya, vertebrae), uye kuwedzerwa (vakasununguka richiripo) marangwanda.

Mapfupa kuumbwa pfupa rinenge chokuita zvakasiyana-siyana connective tishu. It rinoumbwa masero uye rizere extracellular chizvaro, chine muzvizhinji kuti collagen uye chicherwa zvinoriumba kuti anopa elasticity.

The marangwanda chinhu dzigare mairi zvinokosha nhengo dzakavandika dzevanhu: Nemadehenya ndiye uropi, ari musana Canal - musana, bhokisi anotidzivirira kuti yegurokuro, mapapu, mwoyo, chikuru arterial uye venous hunde dzacho, uye chiuno kunodzivirira kukuvadza nhengo yacho urogenital hurongwa. Kutyora zvetsandanyama nemapfupa ino zvinogona kukonzera kukuvara nhengo dzomukati, dzimwe nguva haawirirani upenyu.

pfupa mamiriro

The woman chirambe chakapfava pfupa uye chiine fuma. The reshiyo dzinosiyana-siyana zvichienderana nenzvimbo uye kushanda imwe chikamu zvetsandanyama nemapfupa hurongwa.

The tsindirana fuma iri mupasi mu nomubato mapfupa refu, izvo zvinopa rutsigiro uye locomotor chaitika. Chirambe chakapfava zvinhu anoiswa mukati sandara uye pfupi mapfupa. The pose yose pfupa (kunze vadyi) akafuka periosteum (periosteum).

pfupa inotungamirwa

The ontogeny pamusoro paumbwe ezvinhu ari zvetsandanyama nemapfupa ezvinhu mumatanho akawanda - webbed, shwashwa uye mapfupa. Kubva vhiki rechipiri pashure pamuviri mesenchyme pamusoro membranous marangwanda achiumbwa kuti shwashwa primordia. By rechi8 vhiki shwashwa rinenge riri zvishoma nezvishoma vanotanga pfupa.

Kutsiviwa cartilaginous mapfupa ingangowedzera munzira dzakawanda:

• perihondrialnoe Ossificação em - mapfupa paumbwe shwashwa mukomberedzo;
• periosteal Ossificação em - kugadzirwa vaduku osteocytes akaumba periosteum;
• enchondral Ossificação em - mapfupa inotungamirwa mukati shwashwa.

Pfungwa pfupa inotungamirwa ndiyo kumera midziyo uye connective zvinyama kubva shwashwa kupinda periosteum (munzvimbo idzi kuparadza shwashwa kunoitika). Part masero osteogenic vakazoroorwa kuva cancellous pfupa.

Munguva fetus kunoitika diaphyseal Ossificação em mapfupa refu (rinonzi chikuru pfungwa Ossificação em), zvino pashure pokuberekwa kunoitika Ossificação em epiphysis mapfupa refu (yechipiri pfungwa Ossificação em). Kusvikira makore 16-24 pakati epiphyses uye diaphysis zvabatwa cartilaginous epiphyseal ndiro.

Nemhaka ayo kuvapo kumwezve nhengo yacho zvetsandanyama nemapfupa hurongwa. Kamwe shwashwa kuchatsiviwa pfupa Fusion kunoitika diaphysis uye epiphysis mapfupa refu, kukura munhu anomira.

The nemamiriro vertebral mbiru

The musana sa iri sequentially seari vertebrae ayo zvakabatana ne intervertebral discs, mapfundo nemarunda, iyo yakavakirwa zvetsandanyama nemapfupa hurongwa. musana basa havasi chete rutsigiro, asiwo achizvidzivirira, kudzivirira zvokuimba kuzotadzira zvomukati uye musana, kupfuura ari musana mugero.

Ko zvikamu mashanu musana - coccygeal, sacral, lumbar, thoracal uye remuromo. dhipatimendi rimwe nerimwe rine zvimwe dhigirii kufamba, zvachose immobile ndiyo chete sacral nomuzongoza.

kwebasa musana kana madhipatimendi ayo kunosimbiswa nemashoko skeletal tsandanyama. kukura zvakanaka zviri zvetsandanyama nemapfupa wemuTesitamende neonatal nguva, kunopa rutsigiro zvakakodzera zvomukati uye hurongwa hwavo kudzivirira.

Sechivako pechipfuva

Thorax - osteochondral inotungamirwa raiumbwa sternum uye mbabvu 12 thoracal vertebrae. Chimiro pechipfuva afanane kwemashifiti truncated cone. The rumbabvu keji ine masvingo zvina:

• mberi - akaumba sternum uye rumbabvu shwashwa;
• shure - aumbwa vertebrae pamusoro thoracal musana uye neshure miromo mbabvu;
• 2 divi - kuumbwa zvakananga mbabvu.

Also oga makomba maviri thorax - repamusoro uye yakaderera aperture. Pararira rokumusoro pakuvhurwa kufema nadzo uye zvomudumbu ino (yegurokuro, trachea, tsinga nemidziyo ropa). Rezasi aperture rinovharwa pedyo diaphragm, ine buri nokuda kwemutemo huru arterial uye venous hunde dzacho (yeropa, vaduku vena cava), uye yegurokuro.

The nemamiriro dehenya

The dehenya ndeimwe inokosha Zvivako zviri axial marangwanda, izvo anoumba zvetsandanyama nemapfupa hurongwa. Skull basa - kudzivirira uropi, kutsinga dzinouya nhengo, uye rutsigiro chikuru mapoka kufema uye zvomudumbu nehurongwa. Inoitwa aiwanzopiwa wokushanda uye unpaired mapfupa uye rakakamurwa uropi uye chiso madhipatimendi.

chikamu pamberi dehenya ndiko:

• of maxillary uye mapfupa mandibular;
• mapfupa maviri nasal;
• zygomatic pfupa.

The mamiriro neurocranium zvinosanganisira:

• ari frontal mapfupa ;
• aiwanzopiwa wokushanda rwenyama pfupa;
• chiutsi sphenoid pfupa;
• hwemvura parietal mapfupa ;
• occipital pfupa.

Brain dhipatimendi ane rwokudzivirira basa kuti uropi uye chiri mudziyo. Front hofisi hunotsigira kuti chikuru dhipatimendi kufema uye zvomudumbu maitiro uye kutsinga dzinouya zvomukati.

Zvetsandanyama nemapfupa maitiro: nerevane nechivako maoko nemakumbo

Mune Kushanduka muzvidimbu marangwanda awana zvakawanda mufambo nokuda articular nekunyatsotsanangura mapfupa (kunyanya TOUR uye carpal majoini). Govera thoracal uye pelvic nemabhanhire.

Yokumusoro bhandi (bhokisi) kunosanganisira maviri chipande uye clavicle pfupa, uye nechepasi (pelvic) inoumbwa ne peya pelvic mapfupa. The vakasununguka mugove rokumusoro muzvidimbu ndivo madhipatimendi zvinotevera:

• proximal - rine humerus;
• paavhareji - anomiririra ulna uye nharaunda;
• distal - Includes chiningoningo mapfupa, mapfupa metacarpal uye munwe mapfupa.

The vakasununguka Chikamu yepazasi muzvidimbu chinosanganisira zvinotevera madhipatimendi:

• proximal - rine femur;
• Zvenguva - inosanganisira tibia uye fibula;
• distal - mapfupa tarsal, mapfupa metatarsal namafupa minwe.

muzvidimbu marangwanda kunoita zvakawanda mabasa uye kunokosha nokuda dzose basa, izvo chinopa zvetsandanyama nemapfupa hurongwa. skeletal kushanda akasununguka muzvidimbu zvakaoma kuona, nekuti achibatsirwa dzavo vanhu kuita chinenge zvose zviito.

The nemamiriro zvetsandanyama nemapfupa hurongwa

Skeletal tsandanyama vari vasiyana pamwe rutapudzo mapfupa uye zvinopa kwebasa muviri kana ayo zvikamu muchadenga. At mumwoyo skeletal tsandanyama vari striated tsandanyama fibers. Kuwedzera rutsigiro uye injini mashandiro anoita tsandanyama zvinopa mashandiro kufema, pakuparadza, kutsenga, vari munyaya chiso chedu, kupisa kumarudzi nekunyatsotsanangura kutaura.

The chikuru ehupfumi pamusoro skeletal tsandanyama ndiwo:

• excitability - basa tsandanyama fibers rinoitwa pasi pokudzora etsinga nomunhu;
• conductivity - kubva tsinga harinzwi nezvebasa tsinga ndiyo nokukurumidza chikonzero conduction;
• contractility - somugumisiro tsinga zvairatidza motokari vakatakura contractility pamusoro skeletal tsandanyama.

Muscle rinoumbwa kumigumo mudzira (nemarunda, tsandanyama vari kuda mapfupa) uye dumbu (rinoumbwa striated tsandanyama fibers). basa kwakarongeka of zvetsandanyama nemapfupa gadziriro rinoitwa zvakakodzera kushanda tsandanyama uye zvakafanira kuti uyu Neural mutemo tsandanyama fibers.